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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of contributors
• Guided tour
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction Getting started: ‘doing’ media studies
• What is media studies?
• First steps
• Defining media: what are the media of media studies?
• The context of media and media studies
• Validating the field: why study media?
• Evidence: the argument against media studies?
• Studying media: becoming a scholar and theorist
• Producers as theorists
• Using the tools of the trade
• How to use this book
• Organisation of the book
• What then will this book enable you to do?
• Getting started – just do it!
• Suggested reading sources
• Further reading
• Part One Media texts and meanings
• Chapter 1 How do media make meaning?
• Thinking about media meanings
• Thinking about media as texts
• Making sense of textual meaning
• Why analyse media texts?
• Tools for analysing media texts
• Analytical tools: rhetoric
• Rhetoric, language and meaning
• Rhetorical conventions and media
• Identifying rhetorical media tools and techniques
• Analysis and the individual perspective
• Analytical tools: semiology
• Foundations of semiology
• Semiology in textual analysis: sign, signifier and signified
• Identifying semiological tools and techniques
• Organisation of signs in texts: media rhetoric and signification
• Uses and limits of semiology
• Summary: conducting textual analyses
• Further reading
• Chapter 2 Organising meaning in media texts: genre and narrative
• What are genre and narrative?
• Studying genre
• Problems of definition
• Genre: dynamism and exhaustion
• Genre in context: production and consumption
• Genre and limiting the horizon of expectations
• Interim summary
• Narrative, narratology and genre study
• Narrative as structure
• Stability – disruption – enigma – resolution
• Narration: point of view (POV), perspective and closure
• What about other media forms?
• Bringing genre and narrative together
• Summary: exploring genre and narrative
• Further reading
• Chapter 3 Media representations
• Asking questions about representations
• Conceptualising and defining representation
• Representation in particular: individuals and groups
• Typing: archetype and stereotype
• Stereotypes: nature and function
• Gender and representation
• Sexuality and representation
• Media professionals and the ‘politics’ of representation
• Method: content analysis
• Representations of individuality: stars, personalities, celebrities
• Defining stars
• Stars as texts and signs
• Construction of the image
• What stardom represents
• Summary: researching representation
• Further reading
• Chapter 4 Reality media
• What are ‘reality media’?
• Conceptualising reality and realism
• Defining ‘reality media’
• Historical realisms
• Semiology and the real
• Dominant practices and forms of reality media
• Truth, honesty and documenting the real
• Reality media, democracy and ordinary people
• The sound of the real
• Reality, truth, freedom, ethics and responsibility
• Summary: investigating reality media
• Further reading
• Appendix: analysing texts
• Part Two Producing media
• Chapter 5 The business of media
• Thinking about media businesses
• Investigating media businesses
• Political economy of media
• Media organisations in the free market
• Commodity relations
• Audience as commodity
• Audience as producer
• Mass and niche audiences
• Controlling uncertainty
• Cost structure and managing risk
• Size, concentration and media corporations
• Television and globalisation
• Global media, free markets and regulation
• Distribution
• Media structures
• Mapping divisions, departments and executive control
• Mapping worker’s roles and functions
• Mapping production processes, gatekeeping points and transformations
• Gatekeeping and routine in production
• The culture of production: media professionals, creative workers
• Participatory culture
• The death of scarcity
• Summary: studying the business of media
• Further reading
• Chapter 6 Media regulation and policy
• Thinking about media regulation and policy
• Regulation and public policy
• Why do we have regulation?
• Defining policy and regulation
• Policy and regulation analysis
• Policy analysis: identifying policy
• Getting the big picture: surveying government media and cultural policy
• Identifying regulatory practice
• The changing landscape of regulation
• Regulation and policy at a global level
• Policy issues surrounding global media production
• Studying the impact of global media
• Global information: roots of global media businesses and forms
• Media without regulation?
• Evaluating and resisting globalisation
• Focusing on issues in policy and regulation
• Regulating popular music
• Summary: investigating media regulation and policy
• Further reading
• Chapter 7 Media audiences
• Producing audiences: what do media do to people?
• Thinking about audiences
• What is an audience?
• Media output and consumption
• Media audiences: artefact, commodity, text revisited
• Media organisations produce audiences
• Media scholars produce audiences
• Contextualising ‘media effects’ research
• Propaganda and manipulating audiences
• Twenty-first century propaganda and Web 2.0
• Media effects and moral panics
• From effects to influence
• Audiences as producers: what do people do with media?
• Uses and gratifications
• Theorising audiences: encoding/decoding media meanings
• Subcultures and fandom
• Online audience activity: creating communities, meaning and identity
• What is a virtual community?
• Identity and deception
• New virtual spaces, new audiences
• Summary: investigating media audiences
• Further reading
• Part Three Media and social contexts
• Chapter 8 Media power
• Thinking about media power
• Conceptualising power
• Locating power
• Media and power
• Powerful media
• Media make people powerful
• Media as agents of power
• Ideology
• Unpacking ideology: the contribution of Marxism
• Antonio Gramsci and hegemony
• Louis Althusser and structuralism
• Discourse, power and media
• Michel Foucault and discourse
• Summary: investigating media power
• Further reading
• Chapter 9 Mass society and media
• Asking questions about ‘mass society’ and media
• Contexts: mass society, mass media and social change
• Theories of mass society
• The culture and society tradition
• The American context
• The Frankfurt School
• Defining the culture industry
• Authentic culture
• Features of the culture industry
• Assessing the culture industry
• Who are ‘the masses’?
• Culture is ordinary
• Culture and multiculturalism
• Summary: conceptualising mass society
• Further reading
• Chapter 10 Postmodernism and post-truth
• Asking questions about postmodernism and post-truth
• Conceptualising the modern
• Modernity and media
• After the modern: postmodernism
• Themes of postmodernism
• Postmodern media texts
• Critiquing postmodernism?
• Summary: exploring postmodernity and post-truth
• Further reading
• Chapter 11 The consumer society and advertising
• Conceptualising consumer society
• Historical context of consumerism and advertising
• Cultures of consumption
• Theorising the consumer society
• Branding, identity and consumption
• The organisation and practice of advertising in the digital age
• Data mining
• The (continuing) changing face of advertising and marketing
• Summary: investigating the consumer society and advertising
• Further reading
• Chapter 12 Media histories
• Exploring media and history
• Thinking about media history
• Defining the past, history and historiography
• Thinking about the past
• What is media history?
• Media as history
• Doing historiography
• Producing chronologies: a sense of time
• Sources and archives: distinguishing between primary and secondary sources
• Archives: collections of primary sources
• Oral histories
• Evaluating sources
• Writing media history
• Aesthetics: histories of rhetoric, form, text
• Political-economic histories of media
• Technological history
• Social and cultural histories of media
• Summary: investigating and producing media history
• Further reading
• Conclusion Doing your media studies
• What you will need to do
• What you will need to cover
• What to do next
• Glossary
• References
• Index