Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of illustrations
• List of boxes
• Illustration acknowledgements
• Introduction
• The Middle Ages as a period in European history
• The terms ‘Middle Ages’, ‘humanism’ and ‘Renaissance’
• The Middle Ages: continuity and change
• The Middle Ages: cultural diversity
• Which Europe?
• Contested areas and new questions
• Medievalism
• The book’s arrangement
• Part I The early Middle Ages, 300–1000
• 1 The end of the Roman Empire in the West
• Governing an empire
• Government structure and bureaucracy
• Emperor and court
• Local government
• Taxation and fiscal policy
• The Roman army and the frontier
• Economic structure and prosperity
• The barbarian world of the North
• The collapse of the Roman order in the West
• The early Migration Period
• The later Migration Period
• Migrations and ethnogenesis
• The barbarian kingdoms in the West
• The nature of barbarian settlement
• Segregation or integration?
• Proto-nation formation
• Polities outside the former Roman Empire
• Balance: the end of Roman civilisation?
• The survival of the Roman Empire in the East
• Justinian
• Implosion and consolidation
• Renewed expansion
• 2 The establishment of two world religions: Christianity and Islam
• The Christian Church in the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages
• The relationship between Emperor and Pope
• Material wealth, accumulation and distribution
• Church organisation
• The clergy and its tasks
• Church hierarchy: episcopate and diocese
• Metropolitans and archbishops, patriarchs and popes
• Parishes
• Church councils
• Monasticism
• Orthodoxy and heterodoxy
• The heterodoxies of Donatus and Pelagius
• The iconoclast controversy
• Saints and miracles
• Spreading the faith
• Missions and conversion
• Christianisation and syncretism
• The rise of Islam and the establishment of the Arab Empire
• Dissension and the origins of Shi’ism
• The nature of Arab occupation
• The Abbasid Revolution
• 3 The powerful and the poor: society and economy in the Frankish kingdoms and beyond
• Early medieval society
• Warlords to landlords
• Aristocratic values: allegiance and commendation
• Aristocratic values: honour and blood
• The social position of ordinary free men
• Grundherrschaft, serfdom and slavery
• Large landownership and manorialism
• Trade and gift-exchange
• Reciprocity and redistribution
• Traders, trade routes and trading posts
• Early medieval politics: the Carolingian core
• Frankish royal dynasties and the Carolingian century
• Military conquest and the Frankish armies
• An incipient state
• Creating loyalty: oaths of allegiance, vassals and benefices
• The fiction of a united empire
• Dynamic peripheries
• The British Isles and Viking Scandinavia
• Slav principalities
• Moorish Iberia
• Part II The Central Middle Ages, 1000–1300
• 4 Early kingdoms and principalities
• Charlemagne’s legacy
• What became of the East Frankish and West Frankish kingdoms
• The German kingship
• The restoration of Roman emperorship
• The imperial Church and the contest for supreme power
• The Norman intrusion into southern Italy
• The Mediterranean ambitions of the Hohenstaufen
• Vassal states in central Europe
• France: the concentric model
• The making of England
• The Norman Conquest
• The Anarchy and the House of Plantagenet
• Scandinavia
• Iberia
• The institutionalisation of the state
• The sacralisation of kingship
• Early states as feudal states
• Servants of the state
• The king and his court
• 5 Accelerated growth
• Population growth
• Volume and nature of agricultural production
• The commercialisation of the countryside
• New types of local lordship
• Local lordships and castles
• Local lordship bridled by feudalisation
• Local lordship bridled by the decline of manorialism
• Knights and peasants: image and reality
• Horsemen become knights
• Knighthood and chivalry
• Chivalry and courtliness: new rules for moving in high circles
• Knighthood and nobility: ranking and closure
• Peasants and village communities
• 6 Religious reform and renewal
• Aspirations to reform
• Pope versus emperor: the investiture controversy
• The reform programme
• The impulse for the Crusades
• Papal claims to the highest authority in the world
• The papal monarchy
• Reformation and renewal in monastic life
• Cluny and the Ecclesia Cluniacensis
• The new orders
• Vita apostolica, imitatio Christi and the new spirituality
• The mendicants
• The faithful become visible
• God’s peace and God’s truce
• The formation of a persecuting society
• Among the believers
• Pastoral care
• Churches as the visualisation of Christian knowledge
• Part III Expansion and maturation, 1000–1500
• 7 The beginnings of European expansion
• The West becomes more aggressive
• Clashes of civilisations
• Greeks, Turks and Egyptians
• The multicultural Near East
• Crusades, crusader states and Western colonies in the East
• The later crusades
• Far East meets West: the Mongol invasions
• The Baltic Crusades
• Expansion and trade
• Europe and the First World System
• Europe’s Commercial Revolution
• Mediterranean colonialism and the revival of the slave trade
• Key innovations of the Commercial Revolution
• The transport revolution
• Forms of association
• Trading Posts
• Fairs
• Companies
• Bills of exchange
• Accountancy
• A negative balance of payments
• 8 Thinking about man and the world
• The medieval view of the world and mankind
• Greek origins
• Athens and Jerusalem
• The heavy burden of auctoritas
• The higher education programme of Late Antiquity and its survival in the early Middle Ages
• The Carolingian Renaissance
• The rationalist turn and the twelfth-century Renaissance
• Making sense of the world in new ways
• The formation of universities
• University scholarship in action: grades, curriculum, teaching methods
• The ‘war between science and religion’
• The humanism of the late Middle Ages
• Studia humanitatis and the new humanism in Italy
• The new humanism outside Italy
• 9 Towns and the urbanisation of medieval society
• The phenomenon of the pre-industrial town
• The scale of towns and of urbanisation
• The morphology of the medieval town
• The beginnings of urban society
• Merchant guilds and urban patriciates
• Political participation of the middle classes
• Autonomy and liberty
• Urban law and privileges
• Urban government and public order
• Common good and public health
• Urban networks and hierarchies
• Urban society and economy in the later Middle Ages
• A burgher world view
• Professional structures
• Craft guilds and guild regimes
• Corporative organisation
• Class conflict
• Political participation
• Corporative protectionism
• Part IV The Late Middle Ages, 1300–1500
• 10 Between crisis and contraction: population, economy and society
• War, famine and pestilence
• Famines and subsistence crises
• The damage and suffering of war
• The Black Death and its echo epidemics
• Demographic decline and economic development
• The agrarian crisis of the late Middle Ages
• Symptoms
• Solutions
• Economic crisis or contraction?
• Characteristics of late medieval society
• Openness and closure
• The position of women
• Social contrasts and social conflicts
• Town and country
• Social conflict and revolt in the late Middle Ages
• Peasant uprisings
• Urban revolts
• A new culture of revolt?
• A world of ubiquitous poverty
• 11 The consolidation of states
• From suzerainty to sovereignty
• The course of events
• State-making and nation building through warfare: English and French kingship united?
• The Holy Roman Empire and Italy: stalemate
• Iberia: kings and cortes
• Scandinavian dynastic unions
• Central Europe and the Baltic
• Riurikid Russia
• The end of Byzantium and the formation of the Ottoman Empire
• Driving forces in the consolidation of states
• Dynasties, territories, institutions, nations
• War
• State institutions and growth of government
• Supreme law courts
• Bureaucratisation
• Taxation
• The state’s subjects
• Orders of chivalry
• Balance of power
• 12 Crisis in the Church and the reorientation of the faithful
• Who leads Christendom?
• Spiritual and secular power
• The popes in Avignon and the bureaucratisation of the Curia
• The Great Schism and the conciliar movement
• Religious life
• Observance and devotion
• Mysticism
• The ordinary believers
• Popular devotion
• Room for unbelief?
• Epilogue
• Europe’s position at the end of the Middle Ages globally compared
• Europe accelerates
• The medieval roots of modern culture
• Timeline
• Glossary
• Bibliography of secondary literature
• Index