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• Preface
• About the Authors
• Part I Foundations of Policing
• Chapter 1 Policing in the United States
• Law Enforcement Today
• Public Scrutiny in Our Modern Society
• Increased Danger for Police
• Police and the Public Trust
• The Concept and Mandate of the Police
• Police Stories 1.1 Commander Dan Koenig, LAPD Retired
• Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
• Levels of Policing
• State Police
• Local Police
• Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs
• Federal Law Enforcement
• A Changing Landscape
• You Decide 1.1
• A Changing Workforce
• Case in Point 1.1
• Additional Types of Police/Security
• Private Security
• Special Jurisdiction Police
• Auxiliary, Reserve, and Special Purpose Police
• Conservation Police Officers and Game Wardens
• Tribal Police Officers
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 2 A Brief History of Police in the United States
• English Roots of Policing
• The Evolution of Early U.S. Policing
• The Political Era
• Feature 2.2 Origin of the Term Sheriff
• Case in Point 2.1
• Police Accountability
• The Reform Era
• The Era of Social Upheaval (1960s and 1970s)
• Research on Police Effectiveness
• Feature 2.3 Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies
• The Community-Policing Era (1980–2000)
• Police Stories 2.1 Greg Seidel, Captain (Retired), Petersburg, Virginia
• You Decide 2.1
• The Homeland Security Era (2001–Present)
• Some Contemporary Policing Strategies
• Intelligence-Led or Intelligence-Based Policing
• Terrorism-Oriented Policing
• Case in Point 2.2
• Feature 2.4 How the Long Beach Police Department Has Adapted to the Terrorism Threat
• Policing in the Past, Present, and Future
• Feature 2.5 Contemporary Police Issues
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 3 Police Organization and Administration
• Organizational Structures
• Police Hierarchy
• Hierarchy and Communication
• Feature 3.1 Incident Command System (ICS)
• The Paramilitary Structure
• You Decide 3.1
• Police Militarization
• Decentralized and Proactive Organizations
• Feature 3.2 CompStat
• Police Organizations in Context
• Operations Division
• Patrol
• Investigations
• Case in Point 3.1
• Administrative or Staff Services Division
• Feature 3.3 Civilian Staff
• Organizational Substructures
• Functional Design
• Geography
• Scheduling
• Police Stories 3.1 Commander Dan Koenig, LAPD Retired
• Handling Change in Police Organizations
• Police Unions and Collective Bargaining
• Police Unions and Professionalism
• Police Professionalism
• You Decide 3.2
• Professional Literature and Research
• Code of Ethics
• Professional Associations
• Self-Improvement
• Academic Field
• Accreditation
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Part II Police Operations
• Chapter 4 Recruitment and Selection of Police Officers
• The Importance of Recruitment and Selection
• Feature 4.1 Traits and Principles of an Effective Police Officer
• Generational Issues
• Feature 4.2 Boomers to Generation Z
• The Process
• Antidiscrimination Legislation
• Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action
• Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Feature 4.3 Ricci v. DeStefano
• The Age Discrimination in Employment Act
• The Americans with Disabilities Act
• Entry-Level Recruitment and Selection
• Costs of Outreach
• Targeted Recruiting
• Diversity
• Monitoring and Evaluating
• Recruiting and Retaining Women Officers
• Feature 4.4 Recruiting Female Officers
• Women and Promotions
• Police Stories 4.1 Chief Bernadette DiPino of the Sarasota Police Department, Retired Chief of the Ocean City Police Department
• Recruiting and Retaining Officers of Color
• Feature 4.5 Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST)
• Testing of Candidates
• Status Tests
• U.S. Citizenship
• Preference Points
• Age
• Physical Tests
• Physical Agility Tests
• Height–Weight Proportion Tests
• Vision Requirements
• Medical Examinations
• Mental Tests
• Tests of Intelligence, Knowledge, or Aptitude
• Psychological Tests
• Tests of Morality
• Background Investigations
• Drug Tests
• Polygraph Examinations
• Case in Point 4.1
• Feature 4.6 Polygraph Examination Areas
• Tests of Ability to Communicate
• The Oral Board
• Police Stories 4.2 Gene L. Scaramella, Former Police Officer, Author, and Educator
• Feature 4.7 Typical Performance Dimensions
• Supervisory Recruitment and Selection
• Grooming Supervisors
• Testing Candidates
• Assessment Centers
• Strengths of the Assessment Center
• Recruitment and Selection of Police Chiefs
• You Decide 4.1
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 5 Police Training and Education
• Police Education
• Background
• You Decide 5.1
• Higher Education and the Police: A Debate
• Arguments in Favor of Education
• What Do Agencies Require?
• What Do the Police Think?
• Research on College Education and Police Performance
• Research Results
• Positive Results
• Inconclusive Results
• The Importance of Leadership in Education: What Are Leaders to Do?
• Evaluating Leaders
• Police Training
• Purposes of Training
• What Kind of Training and How Much?
• De-Escalation Training
• Implicit Bias Training
• Department Support for Training
• Types of Training
• Recruit Training
• Police Stories 5.1 Dave King, Commander, Vancouver Police Department
• Training and Community-Oriented Policing
• Field Training
• Ongoing In-Service Training
• Licensing
• Technological Advances and Online Training
• Case in Point 5.1
• Feature 5.1 Internet-Based Training Portal Topics
• Who Should Conduct Police Training?
• Challenges
• Funding for Training
• Mandatory Versus Voluntary Training
• Training and Police Leadership
• Training Effectiveness
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 6 Police Work: Operations and Functions
• Basic Police Functions
• Order Maintenance and Law Enforcement
• Broken Windows and Zero Tolerance Policing
• Police Stories 6.1 Doreen Jokerst, Commander, Parker Police Department
• Policing the Mentally Ill
• Investigations and Forensic Science
• Investigations and Community-Oriented Policing
• Forensics
• Styles of Policing
• Watchman Style
• Legalistic Style
• Service Style
• You Decide 6.1
• Patrol Strength and Allocation
• Intuitive Approach
• Comparative Approach
• Case in Point 6.1
• Workload Analysis
• Patrol Staffing Requirements
• Other Types of Patrol
• Evaluating Patrol
• Evaluating Police Performance
• Evaluating Officer Performance
• Evaluating Agency Performance
• Case in Point 6.2 Baltimore Police Reforms Move Forward Slowly and Behind the Scenes
• Police and the Media
• Media Relations Programs
• Social Media
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 7 Contemporary Strategies in Policing
• Community Policing
• Feature 7.1 Implementing Community-Oriented Policing
• The LEMAS Survey
• Problem-Oriented Policing
• Feature 7.2 SARA
• Research on Community and Problem-Oriented Policing
• Criticisms of Community Policing and Effect of the Pandemic
• Rhetoric Versus Practice
• Crime Reduction
• Costs
• Corruption
• The Current Status of COP and POP
• Feature 7.3 CAPS: Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy
• Innovations in Policing Strategies
• Police Stories 7.1 Doreen Jokerst, Commander, Parker Police Department
• Information Innovations
• CompStat
• Intelligence-Led Policing
• Evidence-Based Policing
• Hot-Spot Policing
• Patrol Response Policing
• Directed Patrol
• Differential Response Policing
• Saturation Patrol and Crackdowns
• Changing Up the Environment
• Situational Crime Prevention
• Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
• Collaboration and Organization
• Pulling Levers Policing
• Policing Processes
• Broken Windows
• Procedural Justice Policing
• Case in Point 7.1
• You Decide 7.1
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Part III Police Conduct
• Chapter 8 The Police Culture and Work Stress
• What Is Culture?
• Feature 8.1 The Stigma of Being a Cop
• Socialization, Isolation, and the Code
• Erosion of the Public’s Trust
• Coping
• Analyzing Police Subculture
• Police Stories 8.1 Dave Carlson, Sergeant, Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
• You Decide 8.1
• Contributing Factors
• Danger
• Authority
• Case in Point 8.1
• Performance
• Feature 8.2 The Police Subculture
• The Police Personality: How Real?
• Types of Stresses in Police Work
• Feature 8.3 Working Personalities
• Task Demands
• Role Demands
• Interpersonal Demands
• Physical Demands
• Effects and Consequences of Police Stress
• Feature 8.4 Categories of Stressors
• Personal Pitfalls
• Desensitization
• Prejudice
• Feature 8.5 Positive Effects of Stress
• Cynicism
• Burnout
• Feature 8.6 Four Stages That Lead to Police Cynicism
• Stress and Police Families
• Feature 8.7 A Day in the Life
• Police Officer Suicide
• Research on Police Suicide
• Police Deaths and Critical Incidents
• Feature 8.8 Law Enforcement Officer Deaths, 2021
• Police Stories 8.2 Victor Allende, Captain (retired), Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
• Counteracting Police Stress
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 9 Law, Court Decisions, and the Police
• The First Amendment
• You Decide 9.1
• The Second Amendment
• The Fourth Amendment
• Case in Point 9.1 Concealed Weapons
• Probable Cause and Reasonableness
• Searches and Seizures With and Without a Warrant
• Police Stops
• Police Stories 9.1 Gene L. Scaramella, Former Police Officer, Author, and Educator
• Police Searches Incident to Arrest
• Consent Searches
• The Fifth Amendment
• The Fourteenth Amendment
• The Exclusionary Rule
• Police Use of Force
• The USA PATRIOT Act, Homeland Security, and Terrorism
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 10 Ethics and Decision-Making
• Police Discretion
• Factors That Influence Discretion
• The Situation, Setting, and Suspect
• Departmental Policy and Culture
• The Law
• Political and Economic Pressure
• The Challenge of Discretion
• Quotas
• Police Stories 10.1 Connie Koski, Author, Professor, and Former Police Officer
• Ethics and Police Conduct
• Ethics in Police Education
• You Decide 10.1
• Evaluating Police Ethics
• Biased Enforcement and Racial Profiling
• Leadership and Improving Decision-Making
• Media Relations
• Police Stories 10.2 Dave King, Commander, Vancouver Police Department
• Intolerance of Malfeasance
• Case in Point 10.1
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 11 Police Misconduct and Accountability
• Corruption
• What Is Corruption?
• Background of Corruption
• Official Investigation Into Corruption
• Other Types of Police Misconduct
• Nonfeasance, Misfeasance, and Malfeasance
• You Decide 11.1
• Drug-Related Corruption
• Perjury
• Emotional Abuse and Psychological Harassment
• Corruption of Authority
• Gratuities
• Kickbacks
• Shakedowns
• Bribery
• Case in Point 11.1 Corruption and Conspiracy
• Opportunistic Theft
• Protection of Illegal Activities
• Excessive Use of Force
• Police Stories 11.1 John Crombach, Former Chief of Police, Oxnard Police Department
• Research on Police Misconduct and Use of Force
• The Impacts of Misconduct
• Race and Police Harassment
• Research on Profiling
• Causes of Misconduct—Bad Apples or Bad Barrels?
• Individual
• Case in Point 11.2
• Agency
• Feature 11.1 Justifications for Misconduct
• Society
• Noble Cause Corruption
• Misconduct: Management and Administrative Issues
• Whistleblowing
• Addressing Misconduct
• Accountability
• Accountability and Community Policing
• Citizen Oversight Groups
• Internal Affairs
• Police Discipline
• Police Stories 11.2 Chief David C. Massey, Author and Retired Chief of the Ocean City Police Department
• Cameras
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Appendix
• Part IV Contemporary Issues in Policing
• Chapter 12 Policing in a Diverse Society
• Policing in a Multicultural and Multiethnic Society
• Changing Demographics
• Immigration
• Mentally Ill
• The Problem and Promise of Diversity
• Police–Community Conflict
• Police–Minority Encounters
• Feature 12.1 Prejudice and Discrimination
• Peer Pressure
• Forms of Discrimination
• Profiling
• Feature 12.2 Arrest Rates by Race, by Crime
• Profiling the Muslim Community
• Legislation on Profiling
• Driving or Walking While Black
• Research on Police Discrimination
• Police Stories 12.1 Connie Koski, Author, Professor, and Former Police Officer
• Case in Point 12.1 Use “Terrorist” Label Carefully
• Public Image of the Police
• Police in the Community
• Cultural Diversity and Awareness Training
• Police Responsiveness
• The Community Role in Multicultural Relations
• Citizen Complaints
• A Representative Workforce
• Women in Policing
• Background
• Women of Color
• Challenges for Women Police Officers
• Police Stories 12.2 Connie Koski, Author, Professor, and Former Police Officer
• Minority Police Officers
• African American Police Officers
• Background
• Why Become Police?
• Department Benefits
• Challenges for African American Police Officers
• Hispanic Police Officers
• Challenges for Hispanic Police Officers
• Asian Police Officers
• Feature 12.3 Clarifying Terminology
• LGBTQ Police Officers
• Recruiting and Retaining Minorities as Police Officers
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 13 Technology and the Police
• The Costs and Benefits of Technology
• Case in Point 13.1
• Computers
• You Decide 13.1
• Video Cameras
• Vehicle Cameras
• Body-Worn Cameras
• Mobile Phone Cameras
• Surveillance Technology
• Feature 13.1 A Policy Framework for the Deployment of Police Technology
• Drones, and Robots
• Crime Mapping
• Case in Point 13.2
• Case in Point 13.3 Legislature Could Try Again on Eavesdropping
• Biological Identifiers
• Fingerprints
• Facial Recognition
• Feature 13.2 Facial Recognition Software
• DNA
• Case in Point 13.4 Drones Offer New Advantages for Police
• Genealogy
• Feature 13.3 Police Databases
• Bacterial Forensics
• Speed Detection Devices or Systems
• Driverless Vehicles
• Armor and Weapons
• Body Armor
• Police Weapons
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Chapter 14 Organized Crime, Homeland Security, and Global Issues
• Transnational Crime
• Transnational Organized Crime
• Types of TOC
• Feature 14.1 Data Sources
• Case in Point 14.1 The Complexity of Investigating Cybercrime at the Local Level
• You Decide 14.1
• White-Collar Crime
• Costs of White-Collar Crime
• You Decide 14.2
• Terrorism
• Foreign and Domestic Terrorists
• Types of Terrorism
• Intersecting Crime Flows
• Feature 14.2
• Nuclear Trafficking Incidents
• Local Response to Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime
• Antiterrorism and Organized Crime Legislation
• Department of Homeland Security
• The USA PATRIOT Act and Information Sharing
• Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act
• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
• Race, Ethnicity, and the Police Response to Transnational Crime
• First-Responder Preparedness
• Police Stories 14.1 John Crombach, Former Chief of Police, Oxnard Police Department
• The Role of the Public
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Appendix
• Part V Looking Ahead
• Chapter 15 The Future of Policing in the United States
• The Changing Context
• Demographics
• Case in Point 15.1 Computer Hacking
• Economics
• Research and Planning
• Ongoing and Strategic Change
• Trust and Legitimacy
• Policy and Oversight
• Technology and Social Media
• Policing Strategies
• Patrol
• You Decide 15.1
• Community-Oriented Policing
• Predictive Policing
• Evolving Police Personnel
• Training and Education
• Police Leadership
• Police Stories 15.1 Connie Koski, Author, Professor, and Former Police Officer
• Civilianization
• Accreditation
• Officer Wellness and Safety
• Terrorism and Future Policing
• Intelligence-Led Policing and Terrorism
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Discussion Questions
• Internet Exercises
• Glossary
• Endnotes
• Index