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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Preface
• Organization and Content: What’s New in the Ninth Edition
• Part One: Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues
• Part Two: Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems
• Features to Promote Learning
• Art Program
• Ancillaries
• Acknowledgments
• Part One: Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues
• Unit I: The Cell
• 1. Cellular Biology
• Chapter Outline
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Cellular Functions
• Structure and Function of Cellular Components
• Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
• Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
• Cellular Metabolism
• Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
• Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle
• Tissues
• Summary Review
• References
• 2. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
• Chapter Outline
• Cellular Adaptation
• Cellular Injury
• Manifestations of Cellular Injury
• Cellular Death
• Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
• Somatic Death
• Summary Review
• References
• 3. The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
• Chapter Outline
• Distribution of Body Fluids
• Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids
• Alterations in Water Movement
• Alterations in Sodium, Water, and Chloride Balance
• Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance
• ACID-Base Balance
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit II: Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction
• 4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
• Chapter Outline
• DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level
• Chromosomes
• Elements of Formal Genetics
• Transmission of Genetic Diseases
• Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping
• Summary Review
• References
• 5. Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases
• Chapter Outline
• Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease in Populations
• Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance
• Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genes and Environment
• Genetics of Common Diseases
• Summary Review
• References
• 6. Epigenetics and Disease
• Chapter Outline
• Overview of Epigenetic Mechanisms
• Epigenetic Mechanisms
• Three Types of Epigenetic Processes
• Exploring the Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States
• Epigenetic Change Over the Lifespan
• Tools for Exploring Epigenetic States
• Epigenetics and Cancer
• Epigenetics and Covid-19
• Epigenetic Modification of mRNA
• Future Directions
• References
• Unit III: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
• 7. Innate Immunity Inflammation and Wound Healing
• Chapter Outline
• Innate Immunity
• First Line Of Defense: Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome
• Second Line of Defense: Inflammation
• Wound Healing
• Summary Review
• References
• 8. Adaptive Immunity
• Chapter Outline
• Overview of Adaptive Immunity
• Antigens
• Lymphocyte Development
• Induction of the Immune Response
• Humoral Immunity
• Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Immunologic Memory
• Summary Review
• References
• 9. Alterations in Immunity
• Chapter Outline
• Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Deficiencies in Immunity
• Summary Review
• References
• 10. Infection
• Chapter Outline
• Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship
• Infectious Disease
• Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
• Vaccines and Protection Against Infection
• Summary Review
• References
• 11. Stress and Disease
• Chapter Outline
• Background and General Concepts of Stress
• The Stress Systems
• The Impact of Chronic Stress Across the life Span
• Coping and Intervention Strategies
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit IV: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
• 12. Cancer Biology
• Outline
• Cancer Terminology and Characteristics
• The Biology of Cancer Cells
• Activating Invasion and Metastasis
• Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
• Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer
• Treatment of Cancer
• Targeted Disruption of Cancer
• Summary Review
• References
• 13. Cancer Epidemiology
• CHAPTER Outline
• Incidence, Mortality Trends, and Race
• Genetics, Epigenetics, Tumor Microenvironment, and Cellular Signaling in Cancer
• In Utero and Early Life Conditions
• Environmental-Lifestyle Factors
• Summary Review
• References
• 14. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
• Chapter Outline
• Incidence and Types of Childhood Cancer
• Etiology
• Prognosis
• Summary Review
• References
• Part Two: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems
• Unit V: The Neurologic System
• 15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
• Chapter Outline
• Overview and Organization of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Nerve Impulse
• Central Nervous System
• Blood Supply
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Tests of Nervous System Structure and Function
• Summary Review
• References
• 16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
• Chapter Outline
• Pain
• Temperature Regulation
• Sleep
• The Special Senses
• Somatosensory Function
• Summary Review
• References
• 17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
• Chapter Outline
• Alterations in Cognitive Systems
• Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics
• Alterations in Neuromotor Function
• Chronic Diseases and Disorders Involving Motor Function
• Summary Review
• References
• 18. Alterations of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves
• Chapter Outline
• Central Nervous System Disorders
• Infection and Inflammation of the Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
• Tumors of the Central Nervous System
• Summary Review
• References
• 19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Chapter Outline
• Schizophrenia
• Mood Disorders: Depression And Bipolar Disorder
• Anxiety Disorders
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Summary Review
• References
• 20. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Development of the Nervous System in Children
• Structural Malformations
• Alterations In Function: Encephalopathies
• Cerebrovascular Disease in Children
• Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders in Children
• Childhood Tumors
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit VI: The Endocrine System
• 21. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
• Chapter Outline
• Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
• Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands
• Aging and the Endocrine System
• Summary Review
• References
• 22. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
• Chapter Outline
• Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations
• Alterations of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary System
• Alterations of Thyroid Function
• Alterations of Parathyroid Function
• Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
• Alterations of Adrenal Function
• Summary Review
• References
• 23. Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging
• Chapter Outline
• Adipose Tissue
• Obesity
• Starvation
• Anorexia of Aging
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit VII: The Reproductive Systems
• 24. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
• Chapter Outline
• Development of the Reproductive Systems
• The Female Reproductive System
• Structure and Function of the Breast
• The Male Reproductive System
• Tests of Reproductive Function
• Aging and Reproductive Function
• Summary Review
• References
• 25. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
• Chapter Outline
• Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract
• Alterations of Sexual Maturation
• Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
• Disorders of the Female Breast
• Summary Review
• References
• 26. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
• Chapter Outline
• Alterations of Sexual Maturation
• Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
• Disorders of the Male Breast
• Summary Review
• References
• Online References
• 27. Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Chapter Outline
• Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Infections of other body Systems
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit VIII: The Hematologic System
• 28. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
• Chapter Outline
• Components of the Hematologic System
• Development of Blood Cells
• Mechanisms of Hemostasis
• Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System
• Pediatrics and the Hematologic System
• Aging and the Hematologic System
• Summary Review
• References
• 29. Alterations of Hematologic Function
• Chapter Outline
• Anemia
• Myeloproliferative Red Cell Disorders
• Alterations of Leukocyte Function
• Alterations of Lymphoid Function
• Alterations of Splenic Function
• Hemorrhagic Disorders and Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation
• Summary Review
• References
• 30. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis
• Postnatal Changes in the Blood
• Disorders of Erythrocytes
• Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets
• Neoplastic Disorders
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit IX: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• 31. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Chapter Outline
• Circulatory System
• Heart
• Structures that Direct Circulation Through the Heart
• Heart Wall
• Great Vessels
• Chambers of the Heart
• Valves of the Heart
• Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
• Intracardiac Pressures
• Blood Flow during the Cardiac Cycle
• Structures that Support Cardiac Metabolism: Coronary Circulation
• Structures that Control Heart Action
• Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
• Systemic Circulation
• Lymphatic System
• Tests of Cardiovascular Function
• Cardiac and Coronary Artery Evaluation
• Systemic Vascular Evaluation
• Aging and the Cardiovascular System
• Summary Review
• References
• 32. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
• Chapter Outline
• Diseases of the Veins
• Diseases of the Arteries
• Disorders of the Heart Wall
• Manifestations of Heart Disease
• Summary Review
• References
• 33. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit X: The Pulmonary System
• 34. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
• Chapter Outline
• Structures of the Pulmonary System
• Function of the Pulmonary System
• Tests of Pulmonary Function
• Summary Review
• References
• 35. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
• Chapter Outline
• Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations
• Disorders of the Chest wall and Pleura
• Pulmonary Disorders
• Summary Review
• References
• 36. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Disorders of the Upper Airways
• Disorders of the Lower Airways
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit XI: The Renal and Urologic Systems
• 37. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
• Chapter Outline
• Structures Of The Renal System
• Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
• Kidney Function
• Tests of Renal Function
• Pediatric Considerations
• Geriatric Considerations
• Summary Review
• References
• 38. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
• Chapter Outline
• Urinary Tract Obstruction
• Urinary Tract Infection
• Glomerular Disorders
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Summary Review
• References
• 39. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Structure and Function of the Urinary System in Children
• Alterations in Renal and Bladder Function in Children
• Glomerular Disorders
• Nephroblastoma
• Bladder Disorders
• Urinary Incontinence
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit XII: The Digestive System
• 40. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
• Chapter Outline
• The Gastrointestinal Tract
• Accessory Organs of Digestion
• Tests of Digestive Function
• GERIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS
• Summary Review
• References
• 41. Alterations of Digestive Function
• Chapter Outline
• Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Disorders of the accessory Organs of Digestion
• Cancer of the Digestive System
• Summary Review
• References
• 42. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Disorders Of The Liver
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit XIII: The Musculoskeletal System
• 43. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
• Chapter Outline
• Structure and Function of Bones
• Structure and Function of Joints
• Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Tests of Musculoskeletal Function
• Geriatric Considerations
• Summary Review
• References
• 44. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
• Chapter Outline
• Musculoskeletal Injuries
• Disorders of Bones
• Disorders of Joints
• Disorders of Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle Tumors
• Summary Review
• References
• 45. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Musculoskeletal Development In Children
• Musculoskeletal Alterations In Children
• Rheumatologic Disorders
• Avascular Disease Of The Bone
• Musculoskeletal Tumors In Children
• Nonaccidental Trauma
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit XIV: The Integumentary System
• 46. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
• Chapter Outline
• Structure and Function of the Skin
• Disorders of the Skin
• Disorders of the Hair
• Disorders of the Nail
• Summary Review
• References
• 47. Alterations of the Integument in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Acne Vulgaris
• Dermatitis
• Infections of the Skin
• Insect Bites and Parasites
• Vascular Anomalies
• Other Skin Disorders
• Summary Review
• References
• Unit XV: Multiple Interacting Systems
• 48. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults
• Chapter Outline
• Shock
• Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
• Thermal Injury and Burns
• Summary Review
• References
• 49. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children
• Chapter Outline
• Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
• Burns
• Summary Review
• References
• Glossary
• Index
• Common Laboratory Values