Efnisyfirlit

• Front Matter
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Contributors
• Preface
• New in this Edition
• Organization of the Book
• Special Features
• Student and Instructor Resources
• A Note on Dating
• Reviewers
• 1 Introduction: The Study of the Human Past: Chris Scarre, Durham University
• What Is Archaeology?
• Prehistory vs. History
• The Relevance of World Archaeology
• A Brief History of Archaeology
• Renaissance Beginnings
• Advances in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: The First Excavations
• Developments in the Nineteenth Century: Understanding Chronology and Evolution
• Methods and Techniques
• Dating
• Radiocarbon Dating
• Potassium-Argon Dating
• Uranium-Series
• Electron Spin Resistance
• Luminescence Dating
• Paleomagnetism
• Tree-Ring Dating
• Other Field and Laboratory Methods
• Reconstructing Ancient Environments
• Genetics in Archaeology
• Archaeological Fieldwork
• Archaeological Theory
• Processual and Postprocessual Archaeology
• Cultural Ecology and Agency Theory
• Common Models in Archaeology
• Innovation, Diffusion, Emulation, and Migration
• Key Themes: Humans in Long-Term Perspective 38 Linear and Cyclical Patterns
• Linear and Cyclical Patterns
• The Responsibilities of Archaeology
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• Part I The Evolution of Humanity: 6 million to 11,600 years ago
• 2 African Origins: Nicholas Toth and Kathy Schick, Indiana University
• Evolution and Human Origins
• The Human Evolutionary Record
• The Primate Ancestors of Apes and Humans
• What Is a Primate?
• Our Ape Ancestry: The Comparative Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
• Anatomical Evidence
• Genetic Evidence
• The Environmental Background
• Key Discovery: Ardipithecus ramidus and Other Early Fossils
• Climate Change and Early Hominin Evolution
• The Rise of the Earliest Hominins
• Key Theme: Climate Change Evolutionary Change
• The Australopithecines
• The Emergence of Homo: Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo rudolfensis
• Key Sites: Hadar and Laetoli: “Lucy,” the “First Family,” and Fossil Footsteps
• The First Stone Tools and the Oldowan
• Technology
• Who Made the Oldowan Tools?
• Key Site: Olduvai Gorge: The Grand Canyon of Prehistory
• The Nature of Oldowan Sites
• Key Controversy: Modern Apes as Oldowan Toolmakers?
• Key Discovery: Australopithecus garhi: The First Stone Toolmaker?
• Food Procurement and Diet
• Hunters or Scavengers?
• Food for Thought: Diet and Encephalization
• The Behavior of Oldowan Hominins
• Social Organization
• Diet
• Fire
• Art, Ritual, and Language
• Recent Trends in Approaches to the Oldowan
• Isotopic Studies
• Key Controversy: What Were Oldowan Tools Used For?
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 3 Hominin Dispersals in the Old World: Richard Klein, Stanford University
• Homo ergaster
• Anatomy
• The Turkana Boy
• Human Evolution and Inferences from the Turkana Boy
• Key Controversy: Distinguishing Homo Ergaster and Homo Erectus
• The Acheulean
• The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
• Key Discovery: The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
• Hand Axe Function
• Variation within the Acheulean Tradition
• The Dispersal of Homo ergaster
• The Initial Expansion of Homo ergaster from Africa
• The Expansion of Homo ergaster to Eurasia: The Dmanisi Discoveries
• Key Controversy: The “Hobbit”: Homo floresiensis, a Unique Species?
• Dating the Dmanisi Fossils
• Homo erectus
• The Discovery and Dating of Homo erectus in Java and China
• China and the Peking Man
• The Movius Line
• Key Theme: Climate Change Human Evolution and Adaptability
• The Persistence and Fate of Homo erectus
• Homo heidelbergensis and the Initial Occupation of Europe
• Key Controversy: When Did Humans First Colonize Europe?
• Key Site: The Gran Dolina TD6 and the History of Cannibalism
• Brain Expansion and Change within the Hand Axe Tradition
• Key Theme: Migration Homo Ergaster As the First Afro-Eurasian Hominin
• The European Origin of the Neanderthals
• Evidence for Early Human Behavior apart from Stone Artifacts
• Other Raw Materials
• Site Modification and Housing
• Fire
• Art
• Diet and Food Procurement
• Plant Foods: Foraging
• Key Controversy: Is Homo Erectus Represented by DNA From Denisova Cave?
• Animal Foods: Hunting and Scavenging
• Key Site: The Mystery of Dinaledi Cave and Homo naledi
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 4 The Rise of Modern Humans: Paul Pettitt, Durham University
• The Climatic Background
• Competing Hypotheses for the Origin of Homo sapiens
• The Multi-Regional Evolution Hypothesis
• The Out of Africa Hypothesis
• Other Hypotheses and Attempts at Consensus
• Key Theme: Climate Change Oscillations and Human Dispersal
• Evidence for the Rise of Modern Humans in Africa
• Earliest Homo sapiens
• Transitional Homo sapiens
• Anatomically Modern Humans
• Genetic Keys to the Origins of Modern Humans
• Mitochondrial DNA and the Theory of an Early African “Coalescence”
• Other Theories and Potential Consensus
• Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo neanderthalensis
• Archaeology and the Emergence of “Modern” Behavior in Middle Stone Age Africa
• Hunting and Dietary Evidence
• Key Site: Klasies River Mouth: Middle Stone Age Hunters?
• Evidence of Site Modification and Art
• Key Controversy: The Evolution of Language
• The Neanderthals
• Key Site: Blombos Cave and the Origins of Symbolism
• The Anatomy of Homo neanderthalensis
• Exploitation of Resources: Hunting, Gathering, and Scavenging
• The Mousterian Lithic Industry
• Neanderthal Behavior
• Key Discovery: The Neanderthal Genome
• Early Dispersals of Homo sapiens into the Levantine Corridor
• Key Theme: Migration Changing Pleistocene Environments Drove Human Dispersals
• The Colonization of East Asia and Australia
• The Colonization of Europe, and the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
• The Aurignacian
• Key Controversy: The Initial Upper Paleolithic and the Emergence of Modern Behavior
• The End of the Neanderthals and their Relationship to Incoming Homo sapiens
• Developments in Human Behavior: The European Mid- and Later Upper Paleolithic
• The Gravettian
• Gravettian Behavior
• Key Sites: Four Sites with Upper Paleolithic Art
• The Magdalenian and Mezinian
• Key Controversy: The Meaning of “Venus” Figurines
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 5 The Origins, Antiquity, and Dispersal of the First Americans: David J. Meltzer, Southern Methodist
• Pleistocene Bridges and Barriers to America (35,000–11,600 Years Ago)
• The Archaeology of Beringia
• Colonization Complexities
• Key Discovery: Genetics and the First Americans
• When and How
• Key Sites: Pushing the Antiquity Envelope: Folsom, Clovis, and Monte Verde
• Key Theme: Migration Motives and Methods
• Learning New Landscapes
• The Clovis Occupation of North America (13,400–12,600 Years Ago)
• Key Theme: Climate Change The Effects of Climate Change on the First Americans
• North America after Clovis
• Key Controversy: Pleistocene Extinctions
• The Earliest South Americans
• Adapting to Diversity
• Summary and Conclusions
• Changes on the Horizon
• Further Reading
• Part II After the Ice Age: 11,600 years ago to the Early Civilizations
• 6 The World Transformed: From Foragers and Farmers to States and Empires: Chris Scarre, Durham Unive
• From Glacial to Postglacial
• Climate Change and Faunal Extinction at the End of the Pleistocene
• The Early Holocene Environment
• Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations to the Holocene
• The Adoption of Agriculture
• What Is Agriculture?
• The Development of Domesticates
• The Geography of Domestication
• Key Theme: Domestication The Domestication of the Dog
• Why Agriculture?
• Key Controversy: Explaining Agriculture
• The Spread of Agriculture
• The Consequences of Agriculture
• Settlement
• Social Complexity
• Material Culture
• Warfare
• Agricultural Intensification
• Cities, States, and Empires
• Key Controversy: Cities, States, and Civilizations Defined and Explained
• The Development of States
• The Geography of State Formation
• Archaeological Features of States
• Toward History: The Adoption of Writing
• States and Empires
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Website
• 7 From Mobile Foragers to Complex Societies In Southwest Asia: Trevor Watkins, University of Edinbur
• Terminologies in Southwest Asia
• Landscapes and Environments of Southwest Asia: Defining the “Core Area”
• Changing Climate and Environments
• A Crescendo of Change (20,000–8800 bce)
• The Epipaleolithic in the Levant (c. 20,000–9600 bce)
• Key Controversy: Explaining the Neolithic Revolution
• Key Theme: Climate Change Environmental Shocks in Southwest Asia
• The Natufians in the Late Epipaleolithic Levant
• Key Site: Ohalo II: Epipaleolithic Lifeways in the Levant
• The Epipaleolithic beyond the South Levant
• Key Site: Abu Hureyra: The Transition from Foraging to Farming
• The Early Aceramic Neolithic: A Burst of New, Permanent Settlements
• Key Site: Jerf el Ahmar: A Neolithic Village
• Pre-Domestic Cultivation
• A Cascade of Rapid Change: The Later Aceramic Neolithic (8800–6500 bce)
• Settlements and Communities
• Key Site: Göbekli Tepe: Religious Structures at a “Central Place”
• Special Buildings for Special Purposes
• Ritual Cycles of Burial, Skull Retrieval, and Curation
• Key Site: Çatalhöyük
• Regional and Supra-Regional Networks of Sharing and Exchange
• Key Theme: Domestication A Story of Unintended Consequences
• Transformation, Dispersal, and Expansion (6500–6000 bce)
• The Levant
• Central and West Anatolia
• Key Site: Tell Sabi Abyad I
• What Was the Cause of Dispersal and Expansion?
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 8 East Asian Agriculture and Its Impact: Charles Higham, University of Otago
• Northern China
• The Origins of Millet Cultivation: The Yellow River Valley to 7000 bce
• The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yellow River Valley (c. 7000–5000 bce)
• Key Site: Jiahu: The Transition to Agriculture in the Huai River Valley
• Key Theme: Domestication The Consequences and Significance of Agriculture
• The Growth of Agricultural Communities (c. 5000–2600 bce): Neolithic Cultures in the Yellow River
• Central Plains and the Loess Plateau: The Yangshao Culture (c. 5000–3000 bce)
• The Middle Yangshao (c. 4000–3500 bce)
• Eastern China: The Dawenkou Culture (c. 4150–2600 bce)
• The Yangzi Valley
• The Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Yangzi River Valley
• Gathering Wild Rice: Yuchanyang
• The Transition from Wild to Cultivated Rice: Diaotonghuan and Xianrendong
• Key Controversy: The Origins of Rice Cultivation
• The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yangzi Valley
• The Middle Yangzi Valley
• The Lower Yangzi Valley
• Summary: The Origins of Rice Domestication
• Key Site: Tianluoshan
• The Expansion of Neolithic Settlement in the Yangzi River Valley
• The Daxi Culture (c. 4500–3300 bce)
• The Qujialing Culture (c. 3300–2500 bce)
• The Lower Yangzi Region: The Majiabang and Songze Cultures (c. 5000–3300 bce)
• The Expansion of Rice and Millet Farmers
• The Expansion of Farmers into Southeast Asia
• Initial Dispersal into Southern China
• From Southern China into Vietnam
• Early Rice Farmers in Northeast Thailand
• Key Site: Man Bac
• Cambodia and the Dong Nai River
• The Bangkok Plain
• Khok Phanom Di
• Key Site: Ban Non Wat: Hunter-Gatherers and Early Rice Farmers
• The Expansion of Farmers into Korea and Japan
• Korea
• Key Theme: Social Inequality The Role of Agriculture and Metallurgy
• Japan
• Yayoi Rice Farmers
• Key Discovery: Sedentism without Agriculture
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 9 Australia and the Indo-pacific Islands During the Holocene: Peter Bellwood, Australian National Un
• Australia
• Early Foragers in a Changing Landscape
• Key Site: South Molle Quarry: Aboriginal Foragers at the End of the Ice Age
• Technology in Uncertain Times
• Changing Life in Tasmania
• Key Controversy: Explaining Technological Change in Australia
• Changes in Aboriginal Perceptions of the Landscape: The Rainbow Serpent
• Key Controversy: Why Did the Tasmanians Stop Eating Fish?
• The Growth of Trade Networks
• Population and Settlement Change
• The Effects of Historic Foreign Contacts
• Key Site: Barlambidj: Aboriginal Contact with Southeast Asia
• The Indo-Pacific Islands of Southeast Asia and Oceania
• The First Homo sapiens in Island Southeast Asia
• Early Agriculturalists in New Guinea
• The Austronesian Dispersal
• Key Discovery: Early Farming in the New Guinea Highlands
• A Basic History of the Austronesian Languages
• The Archaeology of Early Austronesian Dispersal
• Taiwan
• Further Dispersals into Island Southeast Asia and to Madagascar
• Recent Debate over Movement through Taiwan
• The Colonization of Oceania: Lapita
• Key Site: Beinan and the Jade Trade
• Lapita Economy
• The Settlement of Polynesia
• Key Controversy: The Origins of Lapita 285
• Eastern Polynesia
• Key Sites: Talepakemalai and Teouma
• Key Controversy: Expert Navigation or Sheer Good Luck?
• Why Migrate?
• Key Controversy: Easter Island and South America
• The Austronesian World after Colonization
• Polynesian Complex Societies: Easter Island and Elsewhere
• Hawai‘i and New Zealand: Varying Social Responses to Environmental Constraints
• Key Theme: Climate Change Human Impact, Environmental Change, and Migration
• The Chiefdoms of Polynesia: Comparative Ethnographic Perspectives
• Theories of Social Evolution
• Seaborne Trade and the Transformation of Tribal Society in Southeast Asia
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 10 Origins of Food-producing Economies: David L. Browman and Gayle J. Fritz, Washington University i
• The Mexican Archaic and the Origins of Mesoamerican Agriculture, c. 9500–2500 bce
• The Earliest Cultigens
• Eastern North America
• Early to Middle Archaic, c. 9500–4000 bce
• Key Theme: Climate Change Changing Climates and Early Agricultural Developments in the Americas
• Key Site: Koster: An Archaic Camp in Illinois
• The Beginnings of Agriculture in the Middle and Late Archaic
• Key Sites: Watson Brake and Poverty Point, Louisiana
• Late Archaic Lifeways and Social Elaborations (c. 4000–1000 bce)
• The Carlston Annis Shell Mound in West Central Kentucky
• Horr’s Island, Florida
• The Earliest Pottery
• Key Discovery: The Archaic Dog
• Early Woodland Period, c. 1000–200 bce
• Later Agricultural Developments
• Tobacco
• Southwest North America
• The Archaic Period (c. 7500 bce–1 ce)
• Agricultural Beginnings
• The Economic Impact of Maize and Other Crops
• Key Controversy: The Domestication of Maize
• Models of Agricultural Adoption and Dispersal
• Later Agricultural Developments and Systems
• Western North America: Alternatives to Agriculture
• Great Plains Bison Hunting
• The Pacific Northwest Maritime Cultures
• The Great Basin Desert Archaic
• The Archaic Period in California
• The South American Pacific Lowlands
• The North Pacific Coast
• The Peruvian Coast
• North Coast
• South Coast
• Key Theme: Migration Early Agricultural Developments in the Americas
• The Chilean Coast
• Key Sites: La Paloma and Chilca: Archaic Villages of the Peruvian Coast
• Key Discovery: The Chinchorro Mummies
• Southern Chile and Southern Argentina
• The Andean Highlands
• The Northern Andes
• The Central Andes
• Northern Peru
• Central Peru
• Southern Peru
• The Southern Andes
• Andean Animal and Plant Domestication
• Key Site: Caral and Norte Chico
• The Amazonian Lowlands
• The Atlantic Lowlands
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 11 Holocene Africa: Graham Connah, Australian National University
• Intensified Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing, c. 9000–5000 bCE
• Southern and Central Africa
• Southern African Rock Art
• Key Controversy: Symbolism in Southern African Rock Art
• Northern, Eastern, and Western Africa
• North Africa and the Sahara
• Key Controversy: Climate and Adaptation in the Sahara
• East Africa
• West Africa
• Key Theme: Domestication Agriculture for a Broad Range of Environments
• The Beginnings of Farming
• The Sahara
• The Nile Valley
• West Africa
• Northeast and East Africa
• Ironworking and Early Farming in Central and Southern Africa
• Movements of Bantu-Speaking Peoples
• Ironworking Farmers
• Key Controversy: The Origins of African Ironworking
• Key Discovery: Nok: Unique Sculptures by Forgotten People
• Domesticated Plants and Animals
• Interaction between Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers
• Urbanization and Social Complexity in Ancient Egypt
• The Predynastic Period
• The Early Dynastic Period
• The Old Kingdom
• The First and Second Intermediate Periods and the Middle Kingdom
• Key Discovery: Insights from the Pyramids
• The New Kingdom and After
• Key Theme: Urbanization The Concept of Urbanization in Africa
• Urbanization and State Formation in the Rest of Africa
• Nubia and Ethiopia
• Kerma
• Napata and Meroë
• Aksum
• North and West Africa
• Key Sites: Ethiopia’s Rock-Cut Churches
• Key Site: Old Jarma: Urbanism in the Middle of Nowhere
• Eastern, Southern, and Central Africa
• The Swahili Coast
• Key Site: Great Zimbabwe
• The Zimbabwe Plateau
• Remoter Parts of Central Africa
• Africa and the World
• The Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and the Red Sea
• The Indian Ocean
• Key Site: Igbo-Ukwu
• Key Site: Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade
• The Atlantic Coast
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 12 Holocene Europe: Chris Scarre, Durham University
• From Foraging to Farming
• After the Ice: Europe Transformed
• Key Site: Star Carr: A Mesolithic Campsite in Northeast England
• Farming Comes to Europe
• Key Theme: Migration The Spread of Farming to Europe
• Southeastern Europe
• The First Neolithic Settlements, c. 6600–6000 bce
• Developing Societies, c. 6000–3200 bce
• Key Theme: Migration Incursions from the Steppes
• Copper, Gold, and Secondary Products
• Key Site: The Varna Cemetery
• The Mediterranean Zone
• Social Distinctions in Mediterranean Europe, c. 3500–2500 bce
• Central Europe
• Key Discovery: The “Iceman”
• The Bandkeramik Culture, c. 5600–5000 bce
• Regional Diversification, c. 5000–3000 bce
• Key Discovery: The Talheim Death Pit
• Atlantic Europe
• Monuments and Society
• Polished Stone Axes
• Key Controversy: Stonehenge: Symbolism and Ceremony
• Northern Europe
• Monuments and Ritual
• Toward Complexity: Europe from c. 2500 bce to the Roman Empire
• Later Prehistoric Societies in Central and Western Europe
• Beaker Pottery and Metalwork
• Chiefly Elites and Long-Distance Contact
• Key Controversy: Rock Art—Representation of Myth or Reality?
• Key Theme: Social Inequality Centers of Power in Late Hallstatt Europe
• “Princely Centers”
• Later Prehistoric Societies in Eastern Europe
• The Earlier Bronze Age in Eastern Europe, c. 2300–1300 bce
• Urnfields, c. 1300–700 bce
• European Society at the Dawn of History
• European Societies beyond the Mediterranean
• The So-Called “Celtic” Societies
• Bog Bodies
• Key Controversy: Who Were the Celts?
• The Expansion of Roman Control
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 13 Peoples and Complex Societies of Ancient Southwest Asia: Roger Matthews, University of Reading
• Farmers of the Early Chalcolithic: The Halaf and Ubaid Periods, c. 6000–4200 bce
• The Halaf Period, c. 6000–5400 bce
• The Ubaid Period, c. 5900–4200 bce
• Eridu
• Ubaid Sites beyond Lower Mesopotamia
• Key Discovery: Early Steps toward Social Complexity on the Iranian Plateau
• Urban Communities of the Late Chalcolithic: The Uruk Period, c. 4200–3000 bce
• The Lower Mesopotamian Site of Uruk: The “First City”
• Key Theme: Urbanization The World’s First True Cities
• The Invention of Writing
• Cylinder Seals
• Uruk Expansion and Trade
• City States, Kingdoms, and Empires of the Early Bronze Age, c. 3000–2000 bce
• Sumerian City States
• Upper Mesopotamian, Iranian, and Anatolian Communities
• Kingdoms and Empires of the Later Third Millennium bce
• Key Site: Ebla
• Commerce and Conflict in the Middle Bronze Age, c. 2000–1650 bce
• Lower Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf
• Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant
• Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia, c. 2000–1650 bce
• Empires and States at War and Peace: The Late Bronze Age, c. 1650–1185 bce
• Anatolia and the Hittites
• Key Site: Hattusa, Capital of the Hittites
• The Levant in the Late Bronze Age
• Ugarit
• Upper Mesopotamia and Syria: Hurrian Mittani
• Key Discovery: The Uluburun Shipwreck
• The Rise of Assyria
• Lower Mesopotamia: Kassite Babylonia
• Elam
• The End of the Late Bronze Age
• New and Resurgent Powers of the Iron Age, c. 1185–330 bce
• The Levant: Philistines, Phoenicians, Neo-Hittites
• The Philistines
• The Phoenicians
• The Neo-Hittites
• The Assyrian Empire
• The Levant: Israel and Judah
• Anatolian States
• Babylonia
• The Achaemenid Empire and the Conquest of Southwest Asia
• Key Theme: Migration Small and Large Movements across Southwest Asia
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 14 The Mediterranean World: Susan E. Alcock and John F. Cherry, Brown University
• Defining the Mediterranean, Redefining Its Study
• The Bronze Age, c. 3500–1000 bce
• The Aegean Early Bronze Age
• Crete
• Key Theme: Social Inequality The Emergence of Social Inequality in the Mediterranean
• The Cyclades
• Key Controversy: Early Cycladic Marble Figures
• The Greek Mainland and Troy
• Minoan Crete: The Palace Period
• The Palace at Knossos
• Peak Sanctuaries
• Life outside the Palaces
• Key Site: Troy
• The End of the Minoan Palaces
• Mycenaean Greece: Mycenae and the Mycenaean Kingdoms
• Key Discovery: Linear B
• Other Mycenaean Palaces
• Overseas Influence
• The End of the Aegean Bronze Age
• Cultural Variety in the First Millennium bce
• Greece and the Aegean
• The Early Iron Age
• The Orientalizing and Archaic Periods
• Key Theme: Migration Human Trafficking in the Mediterranean World
• The Classical Period
• Key Sites: Olympia and Other Panhellenic Sanctuaries
• Features of the Classical City
• Key Controversy: What Did Greek Sculptures Really Look Like?
• Greek Colonization
• Key Site: The Necropolis at Metapontum
• The Phoenicians and Phoenician Expansion
• The Etruscans and the Italian Peninsula
• Growing Powers, Growing Territories
• Alexander and the East
• The Conquests of Alexander
• The Hellenistic World
• Carthage and the Carthaginian Empire
• Key Site: Alexandria-by-Egypt
• The Rise of Rome
• Growth and Crisis
• A Mediterranean Empire
• Rome, Center of the World
• The Provinces and Frontiers
• Reactions to Roman Annexation
• Key Controversy: Pompeii—All Problems Solved?
• Key Discovery: The Mahdia Shipwreck
• The Roman Army
• The Later Empire
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 15 South Asia: From Early Villages to Buddhism: Robin Coningham, Durham University
• Land and Language
• The Foundations, c. 26,000–6500 bce
• Western India
• The Ganga Plain
• Central India
• Sri Lanka
• Seasonality and Mobility
• Early Neolithic Villages: The First Food Producers
• Western Pakistan
• Kashmir and the Swat Valley
• Key Site: Mehrgarh: An Early Farming Community
• The Ganga Basin
• Peninsular India
• An Era of Regionalization: Early Harappan Proto-Urban Forms
• Kot Diji and Early Pointers toward the Indus Civilization
• Key Controversy: Foreign Contact and State Formation 1: The Indus Cities
• An Era of Integration: The Indus Civilization, c. 2600–1900 bce
• A Hierarchy of Settlement Forms
• Key Controversy: The Decipherment of the Indus Script
• Key Theme: Social Inequality Uniformity within the Indus Civilization
• Key Sites: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
• Character of the Indus Civilization
• Subsistence and Trade
• The Western Borderlands
• An Era of Localization: The Eclipse of the Indus Civilization, c. 1900 bce
• The Core Cities
• Key Theme: Migration The Aryan Migration and the End of the Indus Cities
• Peripheral Areas
• Gandharan Grave Culture
• The Ganga–Yamuna Doab
• The Western Deccan
• The Re-Emergence of Regionalized Complexity, c. 1200–500 bce
• Developments in the Northwest and East
• Painted Gray Ware
• Key Controversy: Foreign Contact and State Formation 2: The Early Historic Cities
• “Great Territories”
• Southern India and Sri Lanka
• Reintegration: The Early Historic Empires, c. 500 bce–320 ce
• The Mauryan Empire
• Key Controversy: Early Historic Hierarchy and Heterarchies
• Post-Mauryan Dynasties
• The Kushan, Satavahana, and Later Dynasties
• Key Controversy: Roman Contact and the Origins of Indian Ocean Trade
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 16 Complex Societies of East and Southeast Asia: Charles Higham, University of Otago
• Early States of China
• The Longshan Culture, c. 3000–1900 bce
• The Xia Dynasty, c. 2070–1500 bce
• The Shang Dynasty, c. 1500–1045 bce
• Key Site: Zhengzhou: A Shang Capital
• Key Discovery: The Origins of Chinese Writing
• Southern Rivals to Shang Culture
• The Western Zhou Dynasty, 1045–771 bce
• Key Site: Sanxingdui
• Western Zhou Bronzeworking
• The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, 770–221 bce
• Technological and Social Changes
• Key Controversy: Confucianism and Buddhism
• Key Site: Tonglushan: A Copper Mining Site
• Imperial China
• The Qin Dynasty, 221–207 bce
• Key Controversy: The Origins of Chinese Metallurgy
• The Han Dynasty, 206 bce–220 ce
• Administration
• Key Theme: Urbanism Feeding a State
• Agriculture
• Religious Beliefs
• KEY Site: Mawangdui
• Korea
• Koguryo, 37 bce–668 ce
• Paekche, 18 bce—680 ce
• Silla, 37 bce–668 ce
• Great Silla, 668–918 ce
• Japan
• Early Yamato
• The Growth of Yamato Power
• Decline and Civil War
• The Asuka Enlightenment
• The Transition from Yamato to Nara
• Silk Roads
• The Central Asian Silk Road
• Khotan
• A Maritime Silk Road
• Funan, the Mekong Delta
• Angkor, Cambodia
• The Pyu of Burma
• Key Controversy: Khao Sam Kaeo and the Origins of Southeast Asian Indianized States
• The Dvaravati of Thailand
• The Cham of Vietnam
• Key Theme: Social Inequality Social Status and the Built Environment
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 17 Mesoamerican Civilization: David Webster and Susan Toby Evans, The Pennsylvania State University
• The Landscape and Its Peoples
• Key Discovery: The Mesoamerican Ball Game
• The Spread of Agriculture and the Rise of Complex Societies in Preclassic Mesoamerica
• Early Sedentism
• Key Theme: Domestication Social Consequences of Agriculture
• Key Site: Paso de la Amada and the Emergence of Social Complexity
• The Olmecs, c. 1200–400 bce (Early to Middle Preclassic)
• San Lorenzo and La Venta
• Key Controversy: The Olmecs: Mesoamerica’s “Mother Culture”?
• West Mexican Polities, c. 1500 bce–400 ce
• Late Preclassic Mesoamerica, c. 400 bce–250 ce
• Key Controversy: Metallurgy in Mesoamerica
• Calendars and Writing
• Kings, Courts, and Cities
• Key Discovery: The Mesoamerican Calendar
• Key Controversy: Who Invented Mesoamerican Writing?
• Monte Albán
• Teotihuacán
• Key Site: Teotihuacán
• The Classic Period: Teotihuacán and Its Neighbors
• Key Controversy: The Teotihuacán Writing System
• Teotihuacán’s Wider Influence: The Middle Horizon
• Key Site: Classic Monte Albán
• Cholula, Cantona, and the Teuchitlan Cultural Tradition—Independent Polities?
• The Demise of Teotihuacán
• Epiclassic Mesoamerica, c. 600–900 ce
• The Classic Maya
• Kingdoms and Capitals
• Key Theme: Urbanism Defining a City in Mesoamerica
• Maya Society
• Royalty
• Key Site: Tikal
• Lords and Officials
• Commoners
• Key Controversy: How Sudden Was the “Collapse” of Maya Civilization?
• Warfare
• Postclassic Mesoamerica
• The Rise of the Toltecs
• The Postclassic Maya
• The Puuc Florescence
• Chichén Itzá
• Mayapan
• Mesoamerica Contacted: What the Spaniards Found
• The Maya of the Early Sixteenth Century
• The Aztecs and the Late Horizon: History and Myth
• The Aztec Empire in 1519
• Key Site: Tenochtitlán: The Aztec Capital
• Aztec Society
• The Spanish Conquest
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 18 From Village to Empire in South America: Michael E. Moseley and Michael J. Heckenberger, Universi
• A Continent of Extremes
• The Andes
• Amazonia
• Coasts
• Floodplains
• Uplands
• Preceramic (Prepottery) Civilization in the Andes, c. 3000–1800 bce
• Temple Mounds and Sunken Courts
• Key Controversy: The Maritime Hypothesis
• The Initial Period and the Early Horizon, c. 1800–400 bce: Civilization Reconfigured
• The Initial Period, c. 1800–400 bce
• Key Site: Sechín Alto
• The Early Horizon, c. 400–200 bce
• Paracas
• Pukara
• The Early Intermediate Period, c. 200 bce–650 ce: Andean Confederacies and States
• Key Site: Sipán and the Presentation Theme
• The Moche
• The Temples of the Sun and the Moon
• Nazca and the South Coast
• Nazca Lines
• The Rise and Fall of the Andean Empires
• The Middle Horizon, c. 650–1000 ce: Tiwanaku and Wari
• Key Theme: Social Inequality Descent and the Kurakas
• The Late Intermediate Period, c. 1000–1476 ce: Lambayeque and Chimor
• Chimor and Chan Chan
• Lambayeque and Batán Grande
• The Late Horizon, 1476–1533: Cuzco and the Incas
• Origins and Expansion
• Cuzco and the Trappings of Empire
• Key Site: The Sacred Valley of the Incas and Machu Picchu
• Amazonia
• The Amazonian Formative Period, c. 1000 bce–500 ce
• The Linguistic Evidence
• The Archaeological Evidence
• Key Controversy: The Rank Revolution
• Regionalism and Complexity in Amazonia, c. 1–1500 ce
• The Lower Amazon
• Key Controversy: Amazonian Mound Builders
• Key Controversy: “Amazonian Dark Earths” and Anthropogenic Landscapes
• Key Theme: Urbanism Amazonian Urbanism?
• The Central Amazon
• The Upper Amazon
• The Orinoco and the Caribbean
• The Southern Amazon
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 19 Complex Societies Of North America: George R. Milner, The Pennsylvania State University, and W. H
• Eastern Woodlands
• Adena and Hopewell: The Early and Middle Woodland Period, c. 800 bce–400 ce
• Pervasive Intergroup Connections
• Key Site: Hopewell
• Establishing Food-Producing Economies
• Late Woodland Period, c. 400–1000 ce
• Changes in Social Relationships and Diets
• Mississippian Period, c. 1000–1650 ce
• Integral Roles of Mounds and Burials
• Key Controversy: The Size and Influence of Cahokia
• How People Lived
• Northern and Eastern Periphery, c. 1000–1650 ce
• Southwest
• Preclassic and Classic Hohokam, c. 700–1450 ce
• Key Discovery: Hohokam Ball Courts
• Key Theme: Social Inequality Identifying Social Distinctions in North America
• Pueblo Villages on the Colorado Plateau
• Agricultural Foundations
• Key Theme: Migration Movement and Abandonment in North America
• Pueblo I, c. 750–900 ce
• The Great Kiva
• Pueblo II, c. 900–1150 ce
• The Chaco Phenomenon
• Key Discovery: Chocolate at Pueblo Bonito
• Pueblo III, c. 1150–1300 ce
• Pueblo IV, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ce: Abandonment of the Colorado Plateau
• Pottery Innovations and Group Expression
• Population Decline
• Plains
• Village Life
• Widespread Exchange
• Pacific Coast
• Southern California
• Pacific Northwest
• Life in Villages
• Key Site: Ozette
• Warfare and Population Loss
• Arctic and Subarctic
• Dorset and Thule Cultures
• Key Site: L’Anse aux Meadows
• Two Worlds Collide
• Summary and Conclusions
• Further Reading and Suggested Websites
• 20 The Human Past: Retrospect and Prospect: Chris Scarre, Durham University
• Demographic Increase
• Intensification and Degradation
• Biological Exchange
• Climate Change and Human Society
• The Wider Relevance of Archaeology
• Climate Change
• Domestication
• Urbanization
• Social Inequality
• Migration
• Glossary
• References
• Sources of Illustrations
• Index