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• Half-title
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Epigraph
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Further Reading
• Introduction
• 1 The Anthropocene and the Earth System
• Defining the Anthropocene
• The Earth System
• The Anthropocene and the Earth System
• The Anthropocene Defaunation
• History Is Important
• 2 A Short Detour: The Fossil Record and the Geological Time Scale
• Limitations of the Fossil Record
• Biodiversity
• Origination and Extinction
• Extinction, Origination, and the Geological Time Scale
• Recognising Origination and Extinction in the Fossil Record
• The Sepkoski Data Set and the Beginning of Modern Extinction Studies
• 3 The Origin of Animals and the Emergence of the Earth System
• Introduction
• Brachina Creek
• The Ediacara Fauna
• The Cambrian Explosion
• The Deep History of Oxygen
• The Earth System Emerges
• 4 Documenting Ancient Biodiversity
• Introduction
• First Attempts
• Sepkoski 1984 – A Classic Study
• Better Data Sets, More Uncertainty?
• Bring on the Supercomputers
• 5 Mass Extinctions: The Basics
• The Restaurant at the End of the Cretaceous
• What Exactly Is a Mass Extinction?
• How Big Are the ‘Big Five’, and How Do We Know That?
• Cycles of Extinction
• The Rise and Fall of Nemesis
• Mass Extinctions and the Earth System
• 6 Causes of the End-Permian and End-Cretaceous Extinction Events
• Introduction
• The End-Permian Mass Extinction
• The 95% Effect
• The Environment at the End of the Permian
• The Siberian Traps
• The End-Cretaceous Mass extinction
• A Dramatic Introduction
• A More Formal Introduction
• More on the Meteorite
• An Accident Waiting to Happen
• The Boundary in Meghalaya
• The Boundary in Gubbio
• The Boundary in Antarctica
• 7 Time Heals All: Recovering from a Mass Extinction
• Replacing Species
• Ecosystem Recovery
• Earth System Succession
• 8 The Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions
• The Youngest Mass Extinction?
• Small Island Extinctions
• Continental Extinctions – A Confusion of Causes
• Dating Problems
• A Meteorite (or Comet) Did It
• Humans Did It
• Climate Did It
• Humans Plus Climate Equals Extinction?
• 9 Surviving the Anthropocene
• Are We There Yet?
• What If We Did Nothing?
• The Resilience of the Earth System
• Living and Dying in the Margin of Error
• Appendix 1: The Geological Time Scale
• Appendix 2: How Long Will It Take to Count to 1 Million? A Rough Guide
• Further Reading
• Introduction
• The Anthropocene and the Earth System
• A Short Detour: The Fossil Record and the Geological Time Scale
• The Origin of Animals and the Emergence of the Earth System
• Documenting Ancient Biodiversity
• Mass Extinctions: The Basics
• Causes of the End-Permian and End-Cretaceous Extinction Events
• Time Heals All: Recovering from a Mass Extinction
• The Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions
• Surviving the Anthropocene
• Index