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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• Part I Introduction
• 1 Medical Sociology
• The Social Determinants of Health
• The Development of Medical Sociology
• Parsons
• Defining Health
• Contrasting Ideas About Health and Social Behavior
• Modern Medicine and the Regulation of the Body
• The Public’s Health
• The Germ Theory of Disease and the Search for “Magic Bullets”
• Return to the “Whole” Person
• The Reemergence of Infectious Diseases
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 2 Social Epidemiology
• Epidemiological Measures
• The Development of Epidemiology
• Disease and Modernization
• The Complexity of Modern Ills
• Heart Disease
• Obesity
• Pandemics
• HIV/AIDS
• Influenza
• SARS
• MERS
• Ebola
• Zika
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 3 COVID-19
• COVID-19: Origin, Transmission, and Spread
• Airborne Transmission and Asymptomatic Individuals
• COVID-19’s Initial Impact on Society
• China
• The Middle East and Europe
• India, Africa, and Latin America
• The United States
• Canada
• COVID-19: Social Patterns
• Comorbid Conditions
• Age
• Race
• Gender
• Social Class
• Resolution
• Social Effects
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 4 The Social Demography of Health: Social Class
• The Components of Social Class
• Social Class and Health Disparities
• Equality of Care and the Social Gradient in Mortality: The British Experience
• Neighborhood Disadvantage
• Socioeconomic Status as a Fundamental Cause of Sickness and Mortality
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 5 The Social Demography of Health: Gender
• Male–Female Life Expectancy
• Gender Differences in Morbidity
• The Narrowing Gender Gap in Longevity
• Rural Residence
• Smoking
• Gender and Mental Health
• Gender and LGBTQ Health
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 6 The Social Demography of Health: Age and Race
• Age
• Social Trends in Aging and Health
• Life Course Theory
• Race
• Race as a Social Construction
• Racism and Health
• The Current Demographic Transition
• Black Americans
• Hispanic Americans
• Native Americans
• Asian Americans
• Race and Mental Health
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• Part II Health and Illness
• 7 Social Stress and Health
• Cooley, Thomas, and Goffman: Symbolic Interaction
• Durkheim: The Larger Society
• Stress and the Body
• Physiological Responses to Stress
• Biomarkers
• Social Factors and Stress
• The Stress Process
• Stress Adaptation
• Stress and the Social Group
• Social Capital
• Stress and Socioeconomic Status
• Life Changes
• Extreme Situations
• Life Events
• Gene–Environment Interaction
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 8 Health Behavior and Lifestyles
• Health Lifestyles: Background
• Weber: Lifestyles
• Bourdieu: Lifestyles
• A Theory of Health Lifestyles
• Health Lifestyles: A Final Note on the Influence of Social Class
• Preventive Care
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 9 Illness Behavior and the Sick Role
• Illness as Deviance
• Self-Care
• Social Networks
• Sociodemographic Variables
• Age and Gender
• Race
• Socioeconomic Status
• The Sick Role
• The Physician–Patient Role Relationship
• Criticisms of the Sick Role
• Medicalization/Biomedicalization
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• Part III Providing Health Care
• 10 Doctor–Patient Interaction
• Models of Interaction
• Misunderstandings in Communication
• Communication and Class Background
• Male Physicians and Female Patients
• Women Physicians
• Cultural Differences in Communication
• Patient Compliance/Adherence
• The Future of Doctor–Patient Relations
• Doctor–Patient Relations and New Technology
• Internet Medicine
• Telemedicine
• Other Developments
• The New Genetics
• Privacy and Gene Ownership
• Human Cloning
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 11 Physicians
• The Professionalization of the Physician
• The American Medical Association
• The Control of Medical Education
• The Socialization of the Physician
• Osteopaths
• The Social Hierarchy of American Medicine
• The Hospital
• The Clientele
• The Inner Fraternity–Sorority
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 12 The Physician in a Changing Society
• Social Control of Medical Practice
• Countervailing Power
• Government Regulation
• Managed Care
• The Coming of the Corporation
• The Changing Doctor–Patient Relationship
• The Deprofessionalization of Physicians
• The Organization of Medical Practice
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 13 Nurses, Physician Assistants, Pharmacists, and Midwives
• Nursing Past and Present
• The Early Development of Nursing as an Occupation
• Florence Nightingale
• Nursing Education
• Nursing Students
• Gender and “the Doctor–Nurse Game”
• Nursing: Future Trends
• Hospital Administration
• The Nurse Practitioner/Clinician
• Physician Assistants
• Pharmacists
• Midwives
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 14 Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
• Overview
• Chiropractors
• Religion and Faith Healing
• Folk Healing
• Black Folk Healers
• Curanderismo Healing
• Native American Healing: The Navajo and the Cree
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• Part IV Health Care Delivery Systems
• 15 Hospitals
• The Development of the Hospital as a Social Institution
• Hospitals as Centers of Religious Practice
• Hospitals as Poorhouses
• Hospitals as Deathhouses
• Hospitals as Centers of Medical Technology
• Hospitals in the United States
• Hospital Ownership
• The Organization of the Non-profit Community Hospital
• The Hospital: Dual Authority
• The Hospital Patient Role
• The Rising Cost of Hospitalization
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 16 Health Care Reform and Health Policy in the United States
• Rising Costs
• The Road to Health Care Reform
• The Emergence of Managed Care
• State Efforts at Health Care Reform
• Enactment of the Affordable Care Act
• Legal Challenges to the Affordable Care Act
• Trump’s Health Care Reforms and the Failed Repeal of the Affordable Care Act
• Biden and the Future of Health Care Reform
• Equity in Health Services
• Geographic Distribution of Services
• Overview of Health Care Delivery
• Fee-for-Service Health Care
• Health Care: A Right or a Privilege?
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• 17 Global Health Care
• Socialized Medicine: Canada, Britain, and Sweden
• Canada
• Britain
• Sweden
• Decentralized National Health Programs: Japan, Germany, and Mexico
• Japan
• Germany
• Mexico
• Socialist Medicine: Alterations in Russia and China
• Russia
• China
• Conclusion
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Suggested Readings
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index