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• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1 Research Design
• Purposes and goals of the chapter
• Introduction: What Is Research Design?
• Designing Research Is an Iterative Process
• Research Design as a Messy, Complex, and Demanding Thought-Driven Process
• Research Design: Working With the Literature
• Using Relevant Literature When Designing Research
• Working With the Literature Is Not the Same as Simply Reviewing It
• How Do You Make Decisions About Which Literature to Trust or Rely On?
• Journal Articles
• Books and Book Chapters
• Other Types of Literature That Might Be Useful if Used With Care
• Research Design: Considering Methodology and Methods
• Methods
• Research Design: Considering Theory
• The Importance of Reflexive Thinking When Designing Research
• What Does Reflexivity Mean?
• Putting Reflexive Thinking Into Practice When Designing Research
• Ethics: Much More Reflexive Thinking Still to Do
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 2 Ethical Issues in Research Design
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• What Is Research Ethics?
• Putting Informed Consent Into Practice
• Informed Consent—Who, What, and When
• Informed Consent in Relation to “Vulnerable” Populations
• Putting Confidentiality and Anonymity Into Practice
• The Use of a Pseudonym Does Not Necessarily Ensure Anonymity
• What You Need to Think About When Reusing, Repurposing, and Sharing Data
• How to Address These Types of Questions?
• What You Need to Think About When Using Information on the Internet as Data
• Blurring the Boundary Between Public and Private
• Working With Ethics Committees
• Focusing on the Principles, Not the Requirements
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 3 Developing Your Research Questions
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• Bringing Research Questions Into Focus
• Feasibility Considerations
• Putting the Idea of “Think Big, Plan Big, but Do a Small, Well-Contained Study”3 Into Practice.
• Using the Literature When Developing Research Questions
• What Is Missing in the Existing Body of Knowledge in the Literature Related to Your Problem?
• Caution: Mind the Gap
• Beyond the Gap
• Different Forms of Reasoning and How They Shape the Form That Research Questions Take
• Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning
• Putting Iterative and Reflexive Research Question Development Into Practice—Learning From Others
• Scratching the Underbelly of Research Design: Developing Clear Research Question(s). Reflections by Maxi Miciak and Christine Daum.7
• A Bit About Us, Our Projects, and What Makes Us “Qualified” to Write This.
• In the Beginning There Was …
• Generating the Question(s)
• Embracing Rather Than Running From Critique
• Landing on a Question(s)
• Key Messages
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 4 Why Methodology Matters When Designing Research
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• Thinking Methodologically
• Data: A Concept Shaped by Methodological Assumptions
• The Importance of Bringing Methodological Considerations Related to Data Into Focus
• Paradigms: Sets of Basic Beliefs That Guide Methodological Thinking
• Onto-Epistemological Derived Assumptions Underpin Methodological Thinking
• Inquiry Paradigms and How They Connect to Methodological Thinking
• Positivism
• Critiques of Positivism
• Post-Positivism
• Constructivism
• Inquiry Paradigms Affect Thinking About Whether Research Is Credible
• Why Is Thinking About Your Paradigmatic Stance Important?
• The Importance of Asking Methodological Questions of Your Research Design
• Avoiding the Misuse of Methods
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 5 Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Designing Research
• Purposes and Goals of Chapter
• Qualitative and Quantitative Research Strategies
• Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Reflect Different Research Purposes
• A Word of Caution
• Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Reflect Different Logic of Inquiry
• Quantitative Approaches Employ Deductive Reasoning
• Qualitative Approaches Predominantly Draw on Inductive Reasoning
• Another Word of Caution
• Rounding Off Our Introductory Discussion of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Strategies
• Common Features Associated With Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
• Common Features Associated With Quantitative Ways of Thinking When Designing Research
• Common Features Associated With Qualitative Ways of Thinking When Designing Research
• Variation Within Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches
• Quantitative Inquiry as a Diverse Approach
• Quantitative Approaches Vary in the Methods That They Use
• Capturing the Variety in Quantitative Approaches
• Qualitative Research Approaches as Diverse Strategies of Inquiry
• More Specialized Forms of Qualitative Research
• Ethnography as an Example of a Specialist Qualitative Approach
• Discourse Analysis—Another Form of Specialized Qualitative Inquiry
• How Many Specialist Types of Qualitative Inquiry Are There and What Are They?
• Capturing the Variety of Qualitative Approaches
• Summing Up: Design Considerations in Light of the Variety Within Qualitative Research
• Which Are Better: Qualitative or Quantitative Research Approaches?
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 6 Obtaining Data Using Qualitative Approaches
• Purpose and Goals of the Chapter
• Qualitative Methods Are Not Stand-Alone Data Collection Techniques
• Different Qualitative Methods Use Different Strategies of Inquiry
• Key Questions to Ask Yourself When Choosing Types of Qualitative Methods or Strategies of Inquiry
• Navigating the Diversity Between and Within Qualitative Strategies of Inquiry When Designing Your Research
• How Structured Will Your Qualitative Interviews Be and Why?
• Choices About Structure Are Choices About the Degree of Control You Have Over the Interview
• Using the Same Reflexive Thinking When Collecting Data Using Other Qualitative Methods
• Will You Interview Your Participants Individually or in Some Form of Group and Why?
• Focus Groups—A Specific Type of Interview
• Which to Choose?
• What Will You Ask Your Participants in the Interview and Why?
• Developing Lines of Inquiry
• How Many Lines of Inquiry and Associated Questions Are Ideal for an Interview Guide?
• Designing Good Interview Questions
• Ask One Question at a Time
• Avoid Asking Dichotomous and Therefore Redundant or Limiting Questions
• Don’t Ask Leading Questions or Make Leading Comments, When Interviewing
• Try Out Your Draft Lines of Inquiry and Questions Before You Do Your Interviews
• Applying the Same Type of Thinking to Other Types of Qualitative Methods
• Who Will You Interview and Why?
• Choosing Between Different Types of Purposeful Sampling Plans in Your Study Design
• Putting Purposeful Sampling Into Practice When Designing Your Research
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 7 Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• Analysis of Qualitative Data: An Iterative and Dynamic Strategy
• When Does Analysis “Begin” When Designing and Conducting Qualitative Research?
• Using Memos to Capture Your Analytic Thinking and Hunches
• Why You Should Not Wait to Begin Analyzing Your Qualitative Data Until All Your Data Is Collected
• Developing an Iterative Qualitatively Driven Analytic Strategy
• Strategies for Organizing the Data You Collect and Keeping Track of Your Analytical Thinking About That Data
• Strategies for Deciding What Parts of the Data You Have Collected Are Relevant for Addressing Your Research Problem
• The Process of Data Condensation
• Coding—A Strategy to Condense Your Data
• More Choices and Decisions to Make When Putting Coding Into Practice
• Methodological Choices About Whether to Employ an Inductive or Deductive Approach to Your Coding
• Choosing a Coding Strategy Congruent With the Theoretical Pillars of Your Design
• Coding in Grounded Theory
• Rounding Off Our Discussion of Coding
• The Art of Interpretation
• Ways of Establishing the Credibility of the Interpretations You Make and Therefore the Rigor and Trustworthiness of Your Research
• Collecting and Analyzing Data—When Do You Know That You Are “Done”?
• Connecting Analytical Considerations to Decisions About Sample Size
• Principles to Guide Sample Size Considerations in Your Qualitative Research Design
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 8 Foundational Design Issues When Using Quantitative Methods
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• What You Need to Think About in Order to Design Credible Quantitative Research
• Key Questions to Ask Yourself When Designing Quantitative Research
• Why You Need to Ask Yourself All These Key Questions Simultaneously
• Where to Begin? Deciding Who You Will Collect Numerical Data From and Why
• What You Will Need to Think About When Using a Sample in Your Research Design
• How Do I Design a Sampling Strategy That Enables a Representative Sample?
• Are There Other Sampling Strategies I Can Consider if Probability Sampling Is Not Feasible?
• Rounding Off: Important Things to Keep in Mind if You Decide to Use a Sample in Your Research Design
• Choosing an Analysis Procedure Suitable for Answering Your Research Question
• Research Questions About What Is Going On in a Study Population
• Descriptive Procedures
• Correlational Procedures
• Research Questions About Why Something Happens in a Study Population
• When the Research Question Takes the Form of a Hypothesis
• Aspects That Affect Whether or Not the Conclusions From Testing a Hypothesis Are Statistically Reasonable
• Still More Thinking to Do
• What Types of Data Are There?
• Nominal Data
• Ordinal Data
• Interval/Ratio Data
• How Different Types of Data Enable Different Types of Knowledge
• Why Making Sure You Collect Data of the “Right” Type Is Not Enough to Ensure That Your Research Design Is Statistically Reasonable
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 9 Collecting Data Using Quantitative Methods
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• Measuring Variables to Enable Valid Research Findings
• Are You Measuring What You Think You Are?
• Making Sure the Measurements You Make Measure What They Claim to
• Example 1
• Example 2
• What Can We Conclude From These Examples?
• Taking a Closer Look at What Enables Variables to Be Measured
• How to Make Abstract Variables Measurable
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• Step 1: Clarify Your Understandings (i.e., Develop the Constructs) of the Variables
• Step 2: Identify Quantifiable Factors That Will Enable Measuring the Constructs
• Developing Measurement Items to Actually Measure the Variables
• Developing a Measurement Instrument
• Developing Measurement Items That Measure What You Intend Them to Measure
• Do Your Measurement Items Demand Too Much From the Respondents?
• Will the Measurement Items Enable Consistent Measurements of the Quantifiable Aspects They Are Intended to Measure?
• Is the Form a Measurement Item Takes in Keeping With What That Item Is Supposed to Measure?
• Takeaways From This Section
• Putting a Measurement Instrument Into Practice
• Response Rates and How They Relate to Sampling and Validity
• Ways of Collecting Data When Doing Survey Research, and Why They Matter
• Scenario 1
• Scenario 2
• Scenario 3
• Take-Home Messages From These Scenarios
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 10 Designing Research Using Mixed Methods
• Purposes and Goals of the Chapter
• What Is a Mixed Methods Research Approach?
• Mixed Methods Research as Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches
• Snapshot 1: Mixed Methods as a Method That Combines Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
• Snapshot 2: Mixed Methods as a Way of Thinking That Combines Aspects of Qualitative and Quantitative Thought
• A Different Definition and View of What Mixed Methods Research Is
• Snapshot 3: Mixed Methods As a Single Study, but Where One of the Methods Is Incomplete and Cannot Stand Alone
• What Can We Learn From These Snapshots About What Mixed Methods Is?
• Why Use a Mixed Methods Research Design?
• The Importance of Thinking About Why You Might Use a Mixed Methods Approach
• Priority and Timing of the Components in a Mixed Methods Study
• Thinking About Matters Related to Priority or Weighting of Components
• Thinking Through, and Deciding About, Matters Related to the Timing of the Components
• An Example of How to Connect Purpose, Priority, and Timing and Why This Matters
• Option One: A QUAL → Quan Design
• Option Two: A QUAN → Qual Design
• What Can We Learn From This Example?
• Mixing—A Central Consideration in Mixed Methods Research
• “Mixing” as a Concept Not Just a Procedure
• Incorporating Different Levels of Focus Into Your Thinking About Mixing
• What About Paradigmatic-Related Considerations When Mixing Methods?
• Summing Up Our Discussion of Mixing
• Strategies for Navigating the Complex and Contested Field of Mixed Methods Research
• Strategy One: Use Diagramming (Not Just Diagrams) as a Way of Keeping Track of the Decisions You Make About Your Emerging Mixed Methods Design.
• Strategy Two: Keep Folding Back Reflexively on Your Own Thinking, and the Decisions You Are Making or Have Made, When Designing and Reporting Your Mixed Methods Research.
• Strategy Three: Don’t Go It Alone. Get Help and Find Support Along the Way.
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Chapter 11 Why Knowing and Declaring Your Research Design Hand Matters
• Purpose and Goals of the Chapter
• Knowing and Declaring What Your Research Design Related Hand Is
• Pulling Up a Chair at the Research Design Table
• Putting All of Your Cards on the Table and Declaring Your Hand: An Important Part of Research Design
• Declaring Your Hand: Missing in Action in Much of the Reporting of Research
• What Happened Along the Way?
• How to Declare Your Research Hand: Circling Back to Tell the Story of the Designing of Your Research
• How to Reflexively Circle Back to Tell the Story of Your Project When Reporting on Your Research
• Capturing All This in a Diagram of Some Sort
• Developing, and Then Diagramming, an Overview of the Process of Research Design
• The Importance of If … Then Thinking
• Conclusions
• Summary of Key Points
• Key Research-Related Terms Introduced in This Chapter
• Supplemental Activities
• Further Readings
• Notes
• Glossary
• References
• Index