Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Endorsements
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• Preface to the Seventh Edition
• Acknowledgements
• A Note About Place Names and Transliteration
• Part One The Development of Islamic Civilisation to the Eighteenth Century
• 1 The Rise and Expansion of Islam
• Pre-Islamic Arabia
• Muhammad and the Foundations of Islam
• The Arab Conquests and the First Empire
• The First Civil War and the End of the Rashidun Caliphate
• From Arab Exclusivism to Islamic Universalism: The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires
• Conclusion
• 2 The Development of Islamic Civilisation to the Fifteenth Century
• Patterns of Islamic History
• The Creation and Uses of Wealth
• Islamic Rituals and Institutions
• Two Versions of Leadership: Sunni Caliph and Shi’a Imam
• The Middle East From the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries: An Overview
• Conclusion
• 3 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis
• The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Ruling Institutions and Attitudes
• The Loss of Ottoman Superiority
• The Triumph of Shi’ism: The Safavid Empire of Iran, 1501–1736
• Conclusion: The Sunni-Shi’a Struggle for Iraq
• Part Two The Beginnings of the Era of Transformation
• 4 Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789–1849
• Selim III (1789–1806): Between Old and New
• A Revived Centre of Power: The Egypt of Muhammad Ali, 1805–1848
• Nationalism and Great Power Intervention: The Greek Revolt, 1821–1829
• Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839): Centralisation and Transformation
• Conclusion
• 5 The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat
• The Tanzimat: Continued Ottoman Reform Under the Bureaucrats
• The Arab Provinces of Greater Syria During the Tanzimat
• Egypt During the Era of Civilian Reform
• Conclusion: The Dualism of the Nineteenth-Century Reforms
• 6 Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century
• England on the Nile: The British Occupation of Egypt, 1882–1914
• Iran During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
• Conclusion
• 7 The Response of Islamic Society
• Religious Assertiveness and Authoritarian Reform: The Era of Abdul Hamid II
• Islamic Puritanism on the Tribal Frontiers: The Wahhabi, Sanusi, and Mahdiyyah Movements
• The Reform of High Islam
• Emerging Currents of Arab Cultural Distinctiveness
• Conclusion
• 8 The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists
• The Revolt of 1908 and the Young Turks in Power
• The Period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
• Conclusion
• 9 World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order
• The Middle East in World War I: An Overview of Military and Diplomatic Initiatives
• The Peace Settlement
• Conclusion: The End of the Ottoman Order in the Middle East
• Part Three The Struggle for Independence: The Inter-war Era to the End of World War II
• 10 Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran
• The Atatürk Era in Turkey
• Iran Under Reza Shah
• Turkey and Iran During World War II: Sovereignty and Occupation
• Conclusion
• 11 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan From the Inter-war Era to 1945
• The Struggle for Power in Egypt in the Inter-war Period
• An Overview of World War II
• Egypt During World War II: Pivot of the British Defence System
• Iraq Between the Wars
• Iraq During World War II
• Transjordan: The Desert Mandate
• Conclusion
• 12 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia From the Inter-war Era to 1945
• The French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon
• Lebanon Under the Mandate: The Establishment of Confessional Politics
• Syria and Lebanon During World War II: The Troubled Path to Independence
• New Kingdom in Arabia: The Rise of the Saudi State
• The Search for Identity: Regionalism, Arabism, Islam
• Conclusion
• 13 The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel
• The Emergence of Political Zionism
• The Balfour Declaration
• The Mandate for Palestine: British Administration
• The Palestinian Arab Community: Leadership and Institutions
• The Jewish Community: Leadership and Institutions
• Immigration and Land
• Communal Conflict and the British Response
• World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel
• The First Arab-Israeli War
• Conclusion
• Part Four The Independent Middle East From the End of World War II to the 1970s
• 14 Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran
• The Role of the United States in the Post-war Years
• Turkey: The Transition to a Multiparty System
• Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question
• Iran: The Re-establishment of Royal Autocracy
• Conclusion
• 15 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base
• The Paralysis of the Old Regime, 1945–1952
• The Free Officers and the Coup d’État of 1952
• Foreign Relations After 1952
• The Adoption of Arab Socialism
• Conclusion
• 16 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Radicalisation of Arab Politics
• Syria: The Military in Politics
• Iraq: The End of the Monarchy
• The Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan: The Survival of Monarchy
• Lebanon: The Precarious Sectarian Balance
• Israel, the Arab States, and the June War
• Conclusion: The Nasser Era in Perspective
• 17 Israel and the Palestinians From 1948 to the 1970s
• The Israeli Political System and Political Culture
• The Elections of 1977: Israel in Transition
• The Palestinian Factor After 1948
• Conclusion
• Part Five The Resurgence of Islam: The Middle East From the 1970s to the 1991 Gulf War
• 18 The Iranian Revolution and the Revival of Islam
• The Stages of Revolution in Iran
• The Revival of Islam
• Conclusion
• 19 Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s
• Egypt Under Sadat: Domestic and Diplomatic Realignments
• The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
• Egypt in the 1980s
• Conclusion
• 20 The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era
• The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• Kuwait, Oman, and the Smaller Gulf States
• Conclusion
• 21 The Consolidation of Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: The Regimes of Hafiz al-Asad and Saddam Husayn
• Syria in the al-Asad Era
• Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Ba’th
• The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988
• Conclusion
• Part Six Challenges to the Existing Order: The Middle East in the 1990s and 2000s
• 22 The Palestinian Intifada and the 1991 Gulf War
• The Intifada From 1987 to 1991
• The Gulf Crisis of 1990–1991
• The Aftermath of the Gulf War
• Conclusion
• 23 A Peace So Near, a Peace So Far: Israeli-Palestinian Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War
• The Road to the Oslo Peace Accords
• The Unravelling of the Oslo Peace Process
• The One-State Reality
• Conclusion
• 24 Patterns of Continuity and Change in Turkey, Iran, and Lebanon Since the 1990s
• Turkey and Iran: Nations at a Crossroads
• Hizbullah and the Struggle for Lebanon
• Conclusion
• 25 America’s Troubled Moment in the Middle East
• The Policy of Dual Containment
• Al-Qa’ida and the Attacks of September 11, 2001
• The Occupation of Iraq
• Iran’s Nuclear Program
• Conclusion
• Part Seven Revolution and Counter-Revolution: The Middle East Since 2011
• 26 The 2011 Arab Uprisings and Their Aftermath
• Understanding the Uprisings’ Dynamics
• Egypt
• Syria
• Yemen and Libya
• Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Monarchies
• Conclusion: Connecting Threads
• 27 A Shifting Geopolitical Landscape
• The Gulf Divided
• Saudi-Qatar Rift
• Saudi-Iranian Rivalry
• Multipolarity
• Conclusion
• List of Major Leaders
• Glossary
• Select Bibliography
• Index