Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Special Collaborators
• Contributors
• Reviewers
• Contents
• Part 1: Introduction to Clinical Hematology
• Chapter 1: Morphology and Maturation of Human Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis
• Basic Morphology and Basic Concepts
• Morphology of Cells on the Normal Blood Smear
• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
• Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
• Hematopoiesis
• Description
• Origin of Hematopoiesis
• Erythropoiesis
• Pronormoblast (Rubriblast, Proerythroblast)
• Basophilic Normoblast (Prorubricyte, Basophilic Erythroblast)
• Polychromatophilic Normoblast (Rubricyte, Polychromatophilic Erythroblast)
• Orthochromatic Normoblast (Metarubricyte, Orthochromatic Erythroblast)
• Reticulocyte (Diffusely Basophilic Erythrocyte, Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte)
• Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell, Discocyte)
• Myelopoiesis (Granulocytopoiesis)
• Morphological Changes
• Stages of Differentiation and Maturation
• Monopoiesis
• Monoblasts and Promonocytes
• Monocytes and Macrophages
• Lymphopoiesis
• Lymphoblasts and Prolymphocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Plasmablasts and Proplasmacytes
• Plasmacytes (Plasma Cells)
• Megakaryocytopoiesis
• Bone-Derived Cells
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Cell Line Ontogeny (Evolution)
• Multipotent Stem Cells—Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) (Hematopoietic Stem Cell)
• Trends in Therapeutic Manipulation of Hematopoiesis
• Recombinant Cytokines
• Clinical Trials of Recombinant Cytokines
• Clusters of Differentiation Nomenclature
• Clinical Applications of Cell Surface Markers
• Chapter 2: The Red Blood Cell: Structure and Function
• The Red Blood Cell Membrane
• Red Blood Cell Membrane Proteins
• Deformability
• Permeability
• Red Blood Cell Membrane Lipids
• Hemoglobin Structure and Function
• Hemoglobin Synthesis
• Hemoglobin Function
• Abnormal Hemoglobins of Clinical Importance
• Maintenance of Hemoglobin Function: Active Red Blood Cell Metabolic Pathways
• Erythrocyte Senescence and Hemolysis
• Extravascular Hemolysis
• Intravascular Hemolysis
• Chapter 3: Bone Marrow Structure and Function
• Bone Marrow Structure
• Erythropoiesis
• Granulopoiesis
• Megakaryopoiesis
• Lymphopoiesis
• Stem Cells
• Hematogones
• Marrow Stromal Cells
• Mast Cells
• Bone-Forming Cells
• Bone Marrow Function
• Indications for Bone Marrow Studies
• Obtaining and Preparing Bone Marrow for Hematologic Studies
• Equipment
• Aspiration
• Preparation of Bone Marrow Aspirate
• Histologic Marrow Particle Preparation
• Bone Marrow Core Biopsy
• Preparation of Trephine Biopsy
• Bone Marrow Examination
• Estimation of Bone Marrow Cellularity
• Bone Marrow Differential Count
• Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Interpretation Based on Cellularity and M:E Ratio Changes
• Bone Marrow Iron Stores
• Bone Marrow Report
• Chapter 4: Examination of the Peripheral Smear: Red Cell, White Cell, and Platelet Morphology
• Automation in the Hematology Laboratory
• Examination of the Peripheral Blood Smear
• Low-Power (10×) Scan
• High-Power (40×) Scan
• Oil Immersion (100×) Examination
• The Normal Red Blood Cell
• Assessment of Red Cell Abnormality
• Variations in Red Cell Distribution
• Normal Distribution
• Abnormal Distribution
• Variations in Red Cell Size
• Anisocytosis
• Normocytes
• Macrocytes
• Microcytes
• Hemoglobin Content—Red Cell Color Variations
• Normochromia
• Hypochromia
• Hyperchromia
• Polychromasia
• Variations in Red Cell Shape
• Poikilocytosis
• Target Cells (Codocytes)
• Spherocytes
• Stomatocytes
• Ovalocytes and Elliptocytes
• Sickle Cells (Drepanocytes)
• Fragmented Cells
• Burr Cells (Echinocytes)
• Acanthocytes (Thorn Cells, Spur Cells)
• Teardrop Cells (Dacrocytes)
• Red Cell Inclusions
• Howell–Jolly Bodies
• Basophilic Stippling
• Pappenheimer Bodies and Siderotic Granules
• Heinz Bodies
• Cabot Rings
• Hemoglobin C Crystals
• Hemoglobin SC Crystals
• Protozoan Inclusions
• Examination of Platelet Morphology
• Examination of White Blood Cell Morphology
• Immature White Blood Cells
• White Blood Cell Morphology
• WBC Cytoplasmic Inclusions
• Chapter 5: Quality Management in the Hematology Laboratory
• Quality Management
• Legal Implications
• Quality Management Plans
• Quality Approaches
• Quality System Essentials
• Quality Assurance and Quality Control
• Key Definitions
• General Quality Assurance Control Activity Guidelines
• Preanalytical, Analytical, and Postanalytical Factors in Testing
• Accuracy, Precision, and Error
• Method Validation
• CLIA Minimum Quality Control Requirements
• Levy–Jennings Graphs
• Westgard MultiRule Quality Control
• Peer Group Quality Control
• Hematology Laboratory Applications
• Quality Plan Example
• Method Validation Studies
• Quality Control
• Part 2: Anemias
• Chapter 6: Anemia: Diagnosis and Clinical Considerations
• Causes, Considerations, and Compensatory Mechanisms
• Clinical Diagnosis of Anemia
• Classification of Anemia
• Laboratory Classification of Anemias
• Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Levels
• Morphological Classification of Anemias
• Other Laboratory Tests
• New RBC Parameters in Testing for Anemia
• Overview of the Treatment of Anemia
• Chapter 7: Iron Metabolism and Hypochromic Anemias
• Normal Iron Metabolism
• Distribution and Requirements
• Daily Iron Requirements
• Sources of Iron
• Iron Absorption and Transport
• Iron Regulation
• Iron Storage
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Serum Iron
• Total Iron-Binding Capacity
• Transferrin Saturation
• Ferritin
• Transferrin Receptor
• Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin and Zinc Protoporphyrin
• Bone Marrow Iron
• Reticulocyte Count and Reticulocyte Corpuscular Hemoglobin (CHr)
• Hepcidin
• Iron-Deficiency Anemia
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Treatment
• Anemia of Chronic Inflammation
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Treatment
• Sideroblastic Anemia
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Treatment
• The Porphyrias
• Iron Overload and Hemochromatosis
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Treatment
• Chapter 8: Megaloblastic Anemias and Other Macrocytic Anemias
• Etiology: Biochemical Aspects
• Clinical Manifestations
• Hematologic Features
• Ineffective Hematopoiesis
• Bone Marrow Morphology
• Peripheral Blood Morphology
• Etiology: B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency
• Vitamin B12 Deficiency
• Folic Acid Deficiency
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Megaloblastic Anemia
• Laboratory Tests for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiencies
• Treatment
• Therapy for Vitamin B12 Deficiency
• Therapy for Folic Acid Deficiency
• Response to Therapy
• Macrocytic Nonmegaloblastic Anemias
• Vitamin-Independent Megaloblastic Changes
• Inherited
• Acquired
• Drug and Toxin Induced
• Chapter 9: Hemolytic Anemias: Intracorpuscular Defects: Hereditary Defects of the Red Cell Membrane
• Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
• Approach to Diagnosis of a Hemolytic State
• Tests Reflecting Increased Red Cell Destruction
• Tests Reflecting Increased Red Cell Production
• Establishing the Cause of Hemolysis
• Hereditary Defects of the Red Cell Membrane
• Red Cell Membrane Structure
• Classification of Hereditary Defects of the Red Cell Membrane
• Hereditary Spherocytosis
• Hereditary Elliptocytosis
• Disorders of Red Cell Hydration
• Hereditary Hydrocytosis and Hereditary Xerocytosis
• Chapter 10: Hemolytic Anemias: Intracorpuscular Defects: Hereditary Enzyme Deficiencies
• Enzyme Deficiencies: Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
• Enzyme Deficiencies: Glycolytic Pathway
• Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD)
• Other Enzyme Deficiencies of the Glycolytic Pathway
• Enzyme Deficiencies: Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
• Methemoglobin Reductase Deficiency
• Methemoglobinemia
• Chapter 11: Hemolytic Anemias: Intracorpuscular Defects: The Hemoglobinopathies
• Review of Normal Hemoglobin Structure
• Overview of the Hemoglobinopathies
• Classification
• Nomenclature
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Historic Overview
• Definition
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Sickle Cell Trait
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Laboratory Screening for Sickle Cell Disease
• Treatment
• Hemoglobin C Disease and Trait
• Hemoglobin D Disease and Trait
• Hemoglobin E Disease and Trait
• Hemoglobin OArab Disease and Trait
• Hemoglobin S With Other Abnormal Hemoglobins
• Hemoglobin SC Disease
• Hemoglobin SD Disease
• Hemoglobin SOArab and S-Oman Disease
• Hemoglobin S/β-Thalassemia Combination
• Laboratory Diagnosis of HbS With Other Abnormal Hemoglobins
• Unstable Hemoglobins
• Methemoglobinemia
• Chapter 12: Hemolytic Anemias: Intracorpuscular Defects: Thalassemia
• Genetics of Hemoglobin Synthesis
• Pathophysiology
• Thalassemia Syndromes
• A Broad Clinical Classification of Thalassemia Syndromes
• Beta Thalassemia
• Alpha Thalassemia
• Other Thalassemias and Thalassemia-Like Conditions
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Routine Hematology Procedures
• Flow Cytometry
• Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
• High Performance Liquid Chromatography
• Hemoglobin Quantitation
• Routine Chemistry
• Differential Diagnosis of Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia
• Treatment
• Blood Transfusion
• Other Treatments
• Curative Treatment
• Prevention
• Chapter 13: Rare Normocytic Normochromic Anemias: Aplastic Anemia and Related Disorders and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
• Aplastic Anemia
• Pathogenesis
• Etiology
• Clinical Findings of Aplastic Anemia
• Laboratory Evaluation of Acquired Aplastic Anemia
• Treatment of Aplastic Anemia
• Congenital Aplastic Anemia
• Pure Red Cell Aplasia
• Acquired Pure Red Cell Aplasia
• Congenital Pure Red Cell Aplasia: Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
• Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias
• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Treatment
• Relationships Among Conditions of Bone Marrow Hypoplasia
• Chapter 14: Hemolytic Anemias: Extracorpuscular Defects
• Immune Hemolytic Anemia
• Immune Hemolysis
• Classification of Immune Hemolytic Anemia
• Nonimmune Hemolytic Anemia
• Intracellular Infections
• Extracellular Infections
• Mechanical Etiologies
• Chemical and Physical Agents
• Acquired Membrane Disorders
• Chapter 15: Anemia Associated With Systemic Diseases
• Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Treatment
• Anemia of Liver Disease
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Treatment
• Anemia of Endocrine Disease/Disorders
• Diabetes
• Adrenal Insufficiency
• Thyroid Disease
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypogonadism
• Pituitary Dysfunction
• Myelophthisic Anemia
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Treatment
• Anemia Associated With Viral Infections
• SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
• HIV and AIDS
• Anemia of Prematurity
• Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Treatment
• Acknowledgment
• Part 3: White Blood Cell Disorders
• Chapter 16: Benign White Blood Cell Disorders
• Neutrophils
• Neutrophil Function
• Disorders of Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Absolute Lymphocytosis: Reactive Versus Malignant Causes
• Lymphocytopenia
• Chapter 17: Introduction to Leukemia and the Acute Leukemias
• Overview of Leukemia
• Incidence and Prevalence
• Clinical Findings
• Historical Perspectives
• Etiology and Risk Factors
• Acute Leukemia
• Incidence
• Clinical Findings
• Evaluation of Morphology
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• FAB Classification
• WHO Classification
• Laboratory Testing of Acute Leukemia
• Specimens
• Cytochemistry
• Immunological Marker Studies
• Flow Cytometry
• Genetic Analysis
• Cytogenetics and FISH
• Molecular Studies
• Six Major Categories of the WHO Classification
• AML With Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities
• AML With Myelodysplasia-Related Changes
• Therapy-Related Myeloid Neoplasms
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified
• Myeloid Sarcoma
• Myeloid Proliferations Related to Down Syndrome
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (ALL/LBL)
• Review of Lymphocyte Ontogeny
• Clinical Findings
• Morphology
• Historical Classification: FAB Classification of ALL
• World Health Organization Classification of ALL
• T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL)
• Burkitt’s Leukemia/Lymphoma (Mature B-CELL ALL)
• Childhood versus Adult ALL
• Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage
• Acute Leukemia of Ambiguous Lineage, Not Otherwise Specified
• Treatment of Acute Leukemia
• Chapter 18: Myeloproliferative Neoplasms I: Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
• Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Findings
• Phases
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Differential Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Treatment
• Atypical Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
• Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia
• Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified
• Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Unclassifiable
• Chapter 19: Myeloproliferative Neoplasms II: Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythemia, and Primary Myelofibrosis
• Overview of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
• History of the World Health Organization Classification
• Genetic Basis of Classical MPNs
• General Differentiation of MPNs
• Polycythemia Vera
• Definition
• Incidence
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Differential Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Essential Thrombocythemia
• Definition
• Incidence
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Differential Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Primary Myelofibrosis
• Definition
• Incidence
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Differential Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Chapter 20: Myelodysplastic Syndromes
• Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathogenesis
• MDS and Precursor States: Clonal Proliferative Diseases
• Genetic Anomalies
• Biological Characteristics of Disease Progression
• Ineffective Hematopoiesis
• Clinical Findings
• Prognosis
• Morphological Characteristics of Blood and Bone Marrow
• Definitions of Specific Morphological Characteristics
• Lineage Dysplasias
• Classification of MDS Subtypes
• MDS With Single Lineage Dysplasia
• MDS With Multilineage Dysplasia
• MDS With Ring Sideroblasts
• MDS With Isolated del(5q)
• MDS With Excess Blasts
• MDS, Unclassified
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Bone Marrow Histology
• Flow Cytometry
• Cytogenetic and Molecular Abnormalities
• Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndromes
• Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Children
• Diagnostic Challenges
• Reactive Causes of Dysplasia
• Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings Without Morphological Dysplasia
• MDS With Hypoplastic Marrow
• Treatment
• Supportive Care and Hematopoiesis-Improving Therapies
• Therapies Oriented Toward Improving Survival
• Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Overlap Syndromes
• Chapter 21: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders
• Overview of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Normal B-Cell Development
• Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms
• Hematologic Abnormalities
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Phenotypic Features and Methods for Studying Lymphocytes
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Genetic Abnormalities and Molecular Pathophysiology
• Clinical Course, Prognostic Factors, and Staging
• Treatment
• Differential Diagnosis
• CLL versus ALL
• B-Prolymphocytic Leukemia
• Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
• Mantle Cell Lymphoma
• Small Cleaved-Cell Follicular Lymphoma
• Hairy Cell Leukemia
• Sézary Syndrome
• Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
• Chronic T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Reactive (Atypical) Lymphocytosis
• Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
• Chapter 22: The Lymphomas
• Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathogenesis
• Pathology
• Clinical Findings
• Staging and Treatment
• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathogenesis
• Pathology
• B-Cell Lymphomas
• T-Cell and Natural Killer (NK)-Cell Lymphomas
• Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Tumors
• Diagnostic Evaluation of Lymphoid Neoplasia
• Treatment and Prognosis
• Acknowledgment
• Chapter 23: Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma Cell Disorders
• Plasma Cell Development
• Immunoglobulin
• Structure and Function
• Abnormal Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Level Recognition and Measurement
• Laboratory Recognition and Measurement
• Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
• Smoldering Myeloma
• Multiple Myeloma
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Diagnostic Criteria
• Staging
• Treatment
• Variants of Plasma Cell Syndromes
• Solitary Plasmacytoma
• Plasma Cell Leukemia
• Nonsecretory Myeloma
• POEMS Syndrome
• Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
• Light-Chain Amyloidosis
• Light-Chain Deposition and Heavy-Chain Diseases
• Chapter 24: Lipid (Lysosomal) Storage Diseases and Histiocytosis
• Overview of Lipid Storage Diseases
• Gaucher’s Disease
• Historical Perspective
• Classification and Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Prognosis
• Treatment
• Niemann–Pick Disease
• Classification and Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Prognosis and Treatment
• Tay–Sachs Disease
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Prognosis and Treatment
• Mucopolysaccharidoses
• Classification
• Clinical Findings
• Laboratory Testing and Results
• Prognosis and Treatment
• Histiocytosis
• Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome
• Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
• Part 4: Hemostasis and Introduction to Thrombosis
• Chapter 25: Hemostasis
• Platelets and the Hemostatic Mechanisms
• Stages of Hemostasis
• Vascular System
• Primary Hemostasis
• Platelet Structure
• Platelet Function and Platelet Plug Formation
• Secondary Hemostasis: Fibrin-Forming (Coagulation) System
• Classification of Coagulation Factors by Hemostatic Function
• Classification of Coagulation Factors by Physical Properties
• Blood Coagulation: The “Cascade” Theory
• Extrinsic Pathway (Factor VII)
• Intrinsic Pathway (Factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII)
• Common Pathway (Factors X, V, II, and I)
• Thrombin-Mediated Reactions in Hemostasis
• Thrombin-Mediated Platelet Aggregation
• Thrombin Formation: Role of Extrinsic Pathway
• Thrombin Formation: Role of Common Pathway
• Thrombin-Mediated Anticoagulant Activity
• Thrombin-Mediated Tissue Repair
• Fibrin-Lysing (Fibrinolytic) System
• Kinin System
• Complement System
• Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis
• Chapter 26: Disorders of Primary Hemostasis: Quantitative and Qualitative Platelet Disorders and Vascular Disorders
• Laboratory Evaluation of Disorders of Primary Hemostasis
• Quantitative Platelet Disorders: Thrombocytopenia
• Deficient Platelet Production
• Abnormal Distribution of Platelets
• Increased Destruction of Platelets
• Quantitative Platelet Disorders: Thrombocytosis
• Primary Thrombocytosis
• Reactive Thrombocytosis
• Qualitative Platelet Disorders
• Congenital Disorders of Platelet Function
• Acquired Qualitative Platelet Disorders
• Vascular Disorders
• Primary Purpura
• Secondary Purpura
• Vascular and Connective Tissue Disorders
• Chapter 27: Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis: Plasma Clotting Factors
• Plasma Clotting Factors, Associated Disorders, Laboratory Evaluation, and Treatment
• Fibrinogen (Factor I)
• Factor II (Prothrombin)
• Factor V (Proaccelerin; Labile Factor)
• Factor VII (Proconvertin; Stable Factor)
• Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor) and von Willebrand Factor
• Factor IX (Christmas Factor; Plasma Thromboplastin Component [PTC])
• Factor X (Stuart–Prower Factor)
• Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent [PTA])
• Factor XII (Hageman Factor)
• Factor XIII (Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor)
• Prekallikrein (Fletcher Factor)
• High Molecular Weight Kininogen (Fitzgerald Factor; Flaujeac Factor; Williams–Fitzgerald–Flaujeac Factor)
• Circulating Anticoagulants/Acquired Inhibitors
• Specific Inhibitors
• Nonspecific Inhibitors: The Lupus Anticoagulant and Antiphospholipid Antibodies
• Chapter 28: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Primary Fibrinolysis
• Components of the Fibrinolytic System
• Plasminogen
• Plasminogen Activators
• Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
• Plasmin
• α2-Antiplasmin
• Thrombomodulin
• Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor
• Fibrin and Fibrinogen
• Congenital Abnormalities of the Fibrinolytic System
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Triggering Mechanisms and Associated Clinical Disorders
• Clinical Presentation
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Related Disorders
• Chapter 29: Introduction to Thrombosis and Anticoagulant Therapy
• History
• Regulation of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
• Role of Endothelium
• Platelets
• Procoagulant Factors and Thrombin Generation
• Natural Inhibitors of Coagulation Factors (Plasma Components)
• Fibrinolytic System
• Inherited Thrombophilia
• Activated Protein C Resistance
• Protein C Deficiency
• Protein S Deficiency
• Antithrombin Deficiency
• Prothrombin (F2) G20210A Mutation
• Hyperhomocysteinemia
• Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Deficiency
• Factor XII Deficiency
• Dysfibrinogenemia
• Elevated Plasma Factor VIII Coagulant Activity
• Lipoprotein a and Thrombosis
• Other Coagulant Factors Associated With Thrombosis
• Acquired Thrombotic Disorders
• Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Syndrome
• Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
• Other Acquired Conditions Associated With Thrombosis
• Thrombosis With Pregnancy and Use of Oral Contraceptives
• Thrombosis and Nephrotic Syndrome
• Cancer-Associated Thrombosis (CAT)
• Diagnostic Approach and Issues in Laboratory Testing
• Complete History and Physical Examination
• Conditions That Can Interfere With Test Results
• Testing in the Appropriate Clinical Setting
• Functional Assays
• Anticoagulant Therapy
• Unfractionated Heparin Therapy
• Low Molecular Weight Heparin
• Vitamin K Antagonists
• Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
• Antiplatelet Agents
• Thrombolytic Therapy
• Part 5: Select Laboratory Methods
• Chapter 30: Body Fluid Examination: Analysis of Serous, Cerebrospinal, and Synovial Fluids
• Types of Body Fluids and Anatomy
• Serous Fluids: Pericardial, Pleural, and Peritoneal
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Synovial Fluid
• Specimen Collection and Preparation
• Collection
• Preparation
• Laboratory Analysis and Clinical Correlations
• Cellular Components of Body Fluids
• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Macrophages
• Tissue Cells
• Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells
• Serous Fluids: Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal
• Effusions: Transudates and Exudates
• Cellular Responses, Microorganisms, and Malignant Cells
• Types of Effusions, Laboratory Analysis, and Clinical Correlations
• Pleural and Pericardial Effusions
• Peritoneal Effusions
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Specimen Collection and Processing
• Laboratory Analysis and Clinical Correlations
• Synovial Fluid
• Specimen Collection and Processing
• Laboratory Analysis and Clinical Correlations
• Crystal Analysis and Clinical Correlations
• Artifacts
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 31: Hematology Methods
• Analytical Phases of Testing
• Specimen Collection
• Patient Identification
• Safety
• Verification of Laboratory Orders
• Method 31–1. Venipuncture
• Method 31–2. Capillary Blood Collection
• Labeling the Blood Specimen
• Specimen Accessioning
• Manual Cell Counts
• Method 31–3. Red Blood Cell Counts
• Method 31–4. White Blood Cell Counts
• Method 31–5. Platelet Counts
• Evaluation of the Peripheral Blood Smear
• Method 31–6. Slide Preparation and Wright Stain
• Alternate Staining Options
• Method 31–7. The White Blood Cell Differential
• Methods Used in Detection and Monitoring of Anemia
• Method 31–8. Hemoglobin Determination
• Method 31–9. Microhematocrit Determination
• Method 31–10. Red Blood Cell Indices
• Method 31–11. Reticulocyte Counts
• Method 31–11A. Reticulocyte Counts Using the Miller Disc
• Standard Methods for Specific Anemias
• Method 31–12. SickledexTM (aka sickle solubility testing)
• Method 31–13. Helena SPIFE® Alkaline Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
• Method 31–14. Helena SPIFE® Acid Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
• Method 31–15. Hemoglobin A2 Determination
• Method 31–16. Isoelectric Focusing
• Method 31–17. Hemoglobin F Acid Stain (Modified Kliehauer-Betke Test)
• Method 31–18. Screening Test for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
• Method 31–19. Staining for Heinz Bodies
• Method 31–20. Screening Method for Detection of Red Cell Pyruvate Kinase
• Nonspecific Tests of Inflammation
• Method 31–21. Westergren Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• Method 31–22. Alifax® Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Analyzer
• Chapter 32: Principles of Automated Differential Analysis
• Specimen Evaluation by Cell Volume and VCS Technology: DxH Analyzer Series, Beckman Coulter®
• Red Cell Analysis
• Platelet Analysis
• Leukocyte Analysis
• Reticulocyte Analysis
• Nucleated Red Blood Cell Detection
• Abnormal Flags
• Body Fluid Analysis
• Additional Parameters
• Specimen Evaluation by Light Scattering and Cytochemical Analysis: ADVIA® Hematology Systems, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics
• Red Cell Analysis
• Platelet Analysis
• Leukocyte Analysis
• Reticulocyte Analysis
• Nucleated Red Blood Cell Detection
• Abnormal Flags
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
• Specimen Evaluation With Hydrodynamic Focusing, RF/DC Technology, and Fluorescent Flow Cytometry: The Sysmex XN and XN-L Series Hematology Analyzers
• Red Cell Analysis
• Platelet Analysis
• Leukocyte Analysis
• Reticulocyte Analysis
• Nucleated Red Blood Cell Detection
• Abnormal Flags
• Body Fluid Analysis
• Specimen Evaluation by Multi-Angle Polarized Scatter (MAPSSTM) Technology: Abbott Alinity h-Series
• Red Cell Analysis
• Platelet Analysis
• Leukocyte Analysis
• Reticulocyte Analysis
• Nucleated Red Blood Cell Detection
• Abnormal Flags
• Body Fluid Analysis
• Additional Parameters
• Digital Morphology Analyzers: CellaVision Systems
• Quality Control and Quality Assurance Measures for Automated Complete Blood Count Instruments
• Quality Control Procedures
• Quality Assurance Measures
• Result Verification and Decision Rules
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 33: Coagulation Methods
• Platelet Function Instrumentation and Tests
• Method 33–1: Bleeding Time
• Method 33–2: Closure Time—PFA-100® (Siemens)
• Method 33–3: Platelet Aggregation
• Coagulation Instrumentation
• General Types of Coagulation Instrumentation
• Methods of Endpoint Detection
• Complete Hemostasis Assessment
• Coagulation Screening Tests
• Method 33–4: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
• Method 33–5: One-Stage Prothrombin Time (Quick)
• Method 33–6: Thrombin Time
• Method 33–7: Mixing Studies—aPTT or PT 1:1: Mix
• Coagulation Factor Assays
• Method 33–8: One-Stage Quantitative Assay Method for Factors II, V, VII, and X
• Method 33–9: One-State Quantitative Assay Method for Factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII
• Method 33–10: Factor XIII Chromogenic Assay (Activity)
• Coagulation Inhibitors
• Tests to Monitor Anticoagulant Therapy
• Monitoring Anticoagulant Therapy With Coagulation Screening Assays
• Method 33–11: Anti-FXa Assay (Heparin Activity)
• Monitoring Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
• Tests to Measure Fibrin Formation
• Method 33–12: Reptilase Time
• Method 33–13: Fibrinogen Activity
• Tests for von Willebrand Disease
• Method 33–14: von Willebrand Factor Antigen
• Method 33–15: von Willebrand Factor Activity (vWF:RCo, Ristocetin Cofactor)
• von Willebrand Collagen Binding Activity
• von Willebrand Factor Multimer Analysis
• Molecular Analysis in vWD
• Tests to Assess Hereditary Thrombotic Risk
• Method 33–16: Activated Protein C Resistance/Factor V Leiden
• Antithrombin Assays
• Method 33–17: Antithrombin Functional Assay (Activity)— Chromogenic Substrate Assay
• Method 33–18: Antithrombin Immunological Assay (Antigen)—Microlatex Particle Immunological Assay
• Protein C Assays
• Method 33–19: Protein C Immunological Assay (Antigen)
• Method 33–20: Protein C Functional Assays (Activity)—Chromogenic Substrate Assay
• Method 33–21: Protein C Clot-Based Assay
• Protein S Assays
• Method 33–22: Protein S Functional Assay (Activity)— Clotting Assay
• Protein S Immunological Assay (Antigen)
• Prothrombin G20210A (Factor II) Mutation
• Tests for the Evaluation of Lupus Anticoagulants
• Confirmatory Tests for Lupus Anticoagulants
• Method 33–23: Platelet Neutralization Procedure
• Hexagonal Phospholipid Neutralization Assay
• Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Assays
• Tests for Fibrinolysis
• D-Dimer Quantitative Test
• Method 33–24: Euglobulin Lysis Time
• Method 33–25: Fibrin Degradation Products: Latex Aggulination Method
• Markers of Coagulation Activation and Thrombin Generation
• Chapter 34: Applications of Flow Cytometry to Hematopathology
• Basic Concepts of Flow Cytometry
• Threshold
• Photodetectors
• Amplification
• Fluorescence Compensation
• Flow Cytometric Analysis
• Sample Preparation
• Cytometer Operation
• Data Analysis
• Applications of Flow Cytometry
• Lymphocyte Subset Analysis and CD4 T-Cell Enumeration
• Leukemia and Lymphoma Immunophenotyping
• Leukemia and Lymphoma DNA Content Analysis
• Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Enumeration
• Flow Crossmatching
• Detection of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
• Residual White Blood Cell Enumeration
• Detection of Fetomaternal Hemorrhage
• Bead-Based Assays for Soluble Factors
• Chapter 35: Molecular Techniques in Hematopathology
• Structure of DNA and RNA
• Applications of DNA Technology in Laboratory Medicine
• Sample Sources for Molecular Procedures
• Nucleic Acid Extraction
• DNA Extraction From Cells or Tissue
• RNA Extraction
• Nucleic Acid Qualification
• Sequence-Specific DNA Fragmentation by Restriction Endonucleases
• Molecular Procedures
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
• In Situ Hybridization to Tissue Immobilized on Glass Slides
• Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
• DNA Sequencing
• Future Prospects of Molecular Assays
• Answers to Chapter Critical Thinking Questions
• Answers to Review Questions Chs 1-35
• Glossary
• Index
• Hematologic Values