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• Cover
• Halftitle Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• CONTENTS
• 1 Methods
• OVERVIEW OF METHODS USED IN HISTOLOGY
• TISSUE PREPARATION
• Folder 1.1 Clinical Correlation: Frozen Sections
• HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY
• Folder 1.2 Clinical Correlation: Frozen Sections
• Folder 1.3 Functional Considerations: Feulgen Microspectrophotometry
• MICROSCOPY
• Folder 1.4 Functional Considerations: Proper Use of the Light Microscope
• HISTOLOGY
• 2 Cell Cytoplasm
• OVERVIEW OF THE CELL AND CYTOPLASM
• MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
• Folder 2.1 Clinical Correlation: Lysosomal Storage Diseases
• NONMEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
• Folder 2.2 Clinical Correlation: Abnormalities in Microtubules and Filaments
• INCLUSIONS
• Folder 2.3 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Duplication of Centrioles and Cancer
• CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX
• HISTOLOGY
• 3 The Cell Nucleus
• OVERVIEW OF THE NUCLEUS
• NUCLEAR COMPONENTS
• Folder 3.1 Clinical Correlation: Cytogenetic Testing
• Folder 3.2 Clinical Correlation: Regulation of Cell Cycle and Cancer Treatment
• CELL RENEWAL
• CELL CYCLE
• CELL DEATH
• HISTOLOGY
• 4 Tissues: Concept and Classification
• OVERVIEW OF TISSUES
• EPITHELIUM
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MUSCLE TISSUE
• NERVE TISSUE
• HISTOGENESIS OF TISSUES
• Folder 4.1 Clinical Correlation: Ovarian Teratomas
• IDENTIFYING TISSUES
• HISTOLOGY
• 5 Epithelial Tissue
• OVERVIEW OF EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
• CELL POLARITY
• THE APICAL DOMAIN AND ITS MODIFICATIONS
• Folder 5.1 Clinical Correlation: Epithelial Metaplasia
• Folder 5.2 Clinical Correlation: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome)
• THE LATERAL DOMAIN AND ITS SPECIALIZATIONS IN CELL-TO-CELL ADHESION
• Folder 5.3 Clinical Correlation: Junctional Complexes as a Target of Pathogenic Agents
• THE BASAL DOMAIN AND ITS SPECIALIZATIONS IN CELL-TO-EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ADHESION
• Folder 5.4 Functional Considerations: Basement Membrane and Basal Lamina Terminology
• GLANDS
• EPITHELIAL–MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION
• EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL
• Folder 5.5 Functional Considerations: Mucous and Serous Membranes
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 5.1 Simple Squamous and Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
• PLATE 5.2 Simple and Stratified Epithelia
• PLATE 5.3 Stratified Epithelia and Epithelioid Tissues
• 6 Connective Tissue
• OVERVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
• Folder 6.1 Clinical Correlation: Collagenopathies
• Folder 6.2 Clinical Correlation: Sun Exposure and Molecular Changes in Photoaged Skin
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
• Folder 6.3 Clinical Correlation: Role of Myofibroblasts in Wound Repair
• Folder 6.4 Functional Considerations: The Mononuclear Phagocyte System
• Folder 6.5 Clinical Correlation: The Role of Mast Cells and Basophils in Allergic Reactions
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 6.1 Loose and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
• PLATE 6.2 Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Tendons, and Ligaments
• PLATE 6.3 Elastic Fibers and Elastic Lamellae
• 7 Cartilage
• OVERVIEW OF CARTILAGE
• HYALINE CARTILAGE
• Folder 7.1 Clinical Correlation: Osteoarthritis
• ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• FIBROCARTILAGE
• CHONDROGENESIS AND CARTILAGE GROWTH
• Folder 7.2 Clinical Correlation: Malignant Tumors of the Cartilage: Chondrosarcomas
• REPAIR OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 7.1 Hyaline Cartilage
• PLATE 7.2 Hyaline Cartilage and the Developing Skeleton
• PLATE 7.3 Elastic Cartilage
• PLATE 7.4 Fibrocartilage
• 8 Bone
• OVERVIEW OF BONE
• GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES
• Folder 8.1 Clinical Correlation: Joint Diseases
• TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
• CELLS OF BONE TISSUE
• Folder 8.2 Clinical Correlation: Osteoporosis
• BONE FORMATION
• BIOLOGIC MINERALIZATION AND MATRIX VESICLES
• BONE AS A TARGET OF ENDOCRINE HORMONES AND AS AN ENDOCRINE ORGAN
• BIOLOGY OF BONE REPAIR
• Folder 8.3 Clinical Correlation: Nutritional Factors in Bone Formation
• Folder 8.4 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 8.1 Bone, Ground Section
• PLATE 8.2 Bone and Bone Tissue
• PLATE 8.3 Endochondral Bone Formation I
• PLATE 8.4 Endochondral Bone Formation II
• PLATE 8.5 Intramembranous Bone Formation
• 9 Adipose Tissue
• OVERVIEW OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
• WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE
• BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE
• Folder 9.1 Clinical Correlation: Obesity
• Folder 9.2 Clinical Correlation: Adipose Tissue Tumors
• Folder 9.3 Clinical Correlation: PET Scanning and Brown Adipose Tissue Interference
• BEIGE ADIPOSE TISSUE
• TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 9.1 Adipose Tissue
• 10 Blood
• OVERVIEW OF BLOOD
• PLASMA
• ERYTHROCYTES
• Folder 10.1 Clinical Correlation: ABO and Rh Blood Group Systems
• LEUKOCYTES
• Folder 10.2 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin in Patients With Diabetes
• Folder 10.3 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Disorders
• Folder 10.4 Clinical Correlation: Inherited Disorders of Neutrophils; Chronic Granulomatous Disease
• Folder 10.5 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Breakdown and Jaundice
• THROMBOCYTES
• COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
• FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS (HEMOPOIESIS)
• BONE MARROW
• Folder 10.6 Clinical Correlation: Cellularity of the Bone Marrow
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 10.1 Erythrocytes and Granulocytes
• PLATE 10.2 Agranulocytes and Red Marrow
• PLATE 10.3 Erythropoiesis
• PLATE 10.4 Granulopoiesis
• 11 Muscle Tissue
• OVERVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLE
• SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Folder 11.1 Functional Considerations: Muscle Metabolism and Ischemia
• Folder 11.2 Clinical Correlation: Muscular Dystrophies—Dystrophin and Dystrophin-Associated Proteins
• Folder 11.3 Clinical Correlation: Myasthenia Gravis
• CARDIAC MUSCLE
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
• Folder 11.4 Functional Considerations: Comparison of the Three Muscle Types
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 11.1 Skeletal Muscle I
• PLATE 11.2 Skeletal Muscle II and Electron Microscopy
• PLATE 11.3 Myotendinous Junction
• PLATE 11.4 Cardiac Muscle
• PLATE 11.5 Cardiac Muscle, Purkinje Fibers
• PLATE 11.6 Smooth Muscle
• 12 Nerve Tissue
• OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• COMPOSITION OF NERVE TISSUE
• THE NEURON
• Folder 12.1 Clinical Correlation: Parkinson Disease
• SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE NEUROGLIA
• Folder 12.2 Clinical Correlation: Demyelinating Diseases / 406
• ORIGIN OF NERVE TISSUE CELLS
• ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• RESPONSE OF NEURONS TO INJURY
• Folder 12.3 Clinical Correlation: Reactive Gliosis: Scar Formation in the Central Nervous System
• Folder 12.4 Clinical Correlation: Cognitive Impairments After COVID-19 Infections
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 12.1 Sympathetic and Dorsal Root Ganglia
• PLATE 12.2 Peripheral Nerve
• PLATE 12.3 Cerebrum
• PLATE 12.4 Cerebellum
• PLATE 12.5 Spinal Cord
• 13 Cardiovascular System
• OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• HEART
• GENERAL FEATURES OF ARTERIES AND VEINS
• Folder 13.1 Clinical Correlation: Atherosclerosis
• Folder 13.2 Clinical Correlation: Hypertension
• ARTERIES
• CAPILLARIES
• ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS
• VEINS
• ATYPICAL BLOOD VESSELS
• Folder 13.3 Clinical Correlation: Coronary Heart Disease
• LYMPHATIC VESSELS
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 13.1 Heart
• PLATE 13.2 Aorta
• PLATE 13.3 Muscular Arteries and Medium Veins
• PLATE 13.4 Arterioles, Venules, and Lymphatic Vessels
• 14 Immune System and Lymphatic Tissues and Organs
• OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS
• CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Folder 14.1 Functional Considerations: Origin of the Names T Lymphocyte and B Lymphocyte
• Folder 14.2 Clinical Correlation: Hypersensitivity Reactions
• LYMPHATIC TISSUES AND ORGANS
• DIFFUSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND LYMPHATIC NODULES
• Folder 14.3 Clinical Correlation: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• LYMPH NODES
• Folder 14.4 Clinical Correlation: Reactive (Inflammatory) Lymphadenitis
• THYMUS
• SPLEEN
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 14.1 Palatine Tonsil
• PLATE 14.2 Lymph Node I
• PLATE 14.3 Lymph Node II
• PLATE 14.4 Spleen I
• PLATE 14.5 Spleen II
• PLATE 14.6 Thymus
• 15 Integumentary System
• OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• SKIN
• EPIDERMIS
• CELLS OF THE EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS
• Folder 15.1 Clinical Correlation: Cancers of Epidermal Origin
• CELLS OF THE DERMIS
• HYPODERMIS
• SENSORY NERVE RECEPTORS OF THE SKIN
• Folder 15.2 Clinical Correlation: Mohs Micrographic Surgery
• EPIDERMAL SKIN APPENDAGES
• Folder 15.3 Functional Considerations: Skin Color
• Folder 15.4 Clinical Correlation: Clinical Significance of Skin Color Variation
• Folder 15.5 Functional Considerations: Hair Growth and Hair Characteristics
• Folder 15.6 Clinical Correlation: Sweating and Disease
• Folder 15.7 Clinical Correlation: Skin Repair
• SKIN AGING
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 15.1 Skin I
• PLATE 15.2 Skin II
• PLATE 15.3 Apocrine and Eccrine Sweat Glands
• PLATE 15.4 Sweat and Sebaceous Glands
• PLATE 15.5 Integument and Sensory Organs
• PLATE 15.6 Hair Follicle and Nail
• 16 Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Associated Structures
• OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• ORAL CAVITY
• TONGUE
• Folder 16.1 Clinical Correlation: The Genetic Basis of Taste
• TEETH AND SUPPORTING TISSUES
• Folder 16.2 Clinical Correlation: Classification of Permanent (Secondary) and Deciduous (Primary) Dentition
• SALIVARY GLANDS
• Folder 16.3 Clinical Correlation: Dental Caries
• Folder 16.4 Clinical Correlation: Salivary Gland Tumors
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 16.1 Lip and Mucocutaneous Junction
• PLATE 16.2 Tongue I
• PLATE 16.3 Tongue II—Foliate Papillae and Taste Buds
• PLATE 16.4 Submandibular Gland
• PLATE 16.5 Parotid Gland
• PLATE 16.6 Sublingual Gland
• 17 Digestive System II: Esophagus and Gastrointestinal Tract
• OVERVIEW OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• ESOPHAGUS
• STOMACH
• Folder 17.1 Clinical Correlation: Pernicious Anemia and Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Folder 17.2 Clinical Correlation: Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
• Folder 17.3 Functional Considerations: The Gastrointestinal Endocrine System
• SMALL INTESTINE
• Folder 17.4 Functional Considerations: Digestive and Absorptive Functions of Enterocytes
• Folder 17.5 Functional Considerations: Immune Functions of the Alimentary Canal
• LARGE INTESTINE
• Folder 17.6 Clinical Correlation: The Pattern of Lymph Vessel Distribution and Diseases of the Large Intestine
• Folder 17.7 Clinical Correlation: Colorectal Cancer
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 17.1 Esophagus
• PLATE 17.2 Esophagus and Stomach, Cardiac Region
• PLATE 17.3 Stomach I
• PLATE 17.4 Stomach II
• PLATE 17.5 Gastroduodenal Junction
• PLATE 17.6 Duodenum
• PLATE 17.7 Jejunum
• PLATE 17.8 Ileum
• PLATE 17.9 Colon
• PLATE 17.10 Appendix
• PLATE 17.11 Anal Canal
• 18 Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
• LIVER
• Folder 18.1 Clinical Correlation: Lipoproteins
• Folder 18.2 Clinical Correlation: Congestive Heart Failure, Acetaminophen Overdose, and Liver Necrosis
• GALLBLADDER
• PANCREAS
• Folder 18.3 Clinical Correlation: Insulin Production and Alzheimer Disease
• Folder 18.4 Functional Considerations: Insulin Synthesis, an Example of Post-translational Processing
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 18.1 Liver I
• PLATE 18.2 Liver II
• PLATE 18.3 Gallbladder
• PLATE 18.4 Pancreas
• 19 Respiratory System
• OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• NASAL CAVITIES
• PHARYNX
• LARYNX
• TRACHEA
• Folder 19.1 Clinical Correlation: Common Conditions Affecting the Nasal Mucosa
• BRONCHI
• BRONCHIOLES
• Folder 19.2 Clinical Correlation: Squamous Metaplasia in the Respiratory Tract
• Folder 19.3 Clinical Correlation: Asthma
• ALVEOLI
• BLOOD SUPPLY
• LYMPHATIC VESSELS
• NERVES
• Folder 19.4 Clinical Correlation: Cystic Fibrosis
• Folder 19.5 Clinical Correlation: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pneumonia
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 19.1 Olfactory Mucosa
• PLATE 19.2 Larynx
• PLATE 19.3 Trachea
• PLATE 19.4 Bronchioles and End Respiratory Passages
• PLATE 19.5 Terminal Bronchiole, Respiratory Bronchiole, and Alveolus
• 20 Urinary System
• OVERVIEW OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Folder 20.1 Functional Considerations: Kidney and Vitamin D
• GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
• Folder 20.2 Clinical Correlation: Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody–Induced Glomerulonephritis; Goodpasture Syndrome
• Folder 20.3 Clinical Correlation: Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Hypertension
• KIDNEY TUBULE FUNCTION
• Folder 20.4 Clinical Correlation: Examination of the Urine—Urinalysis
• INTERSTITIAL CELLS
• Folder 20.5 Functional Considerations: Structure and Function of Aquaporin Water Channels
• HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEY
• Folder 20.6 Functional Considerations: Antidiuretic Hormone Regulation of Collecting Duct Function
• BLOOD SUPPLY
• LYMPHATIC VESSELS
• NERVE SUPPLY
• URETER, URINARY BLADDER, AND URETHRA
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 20.1 Kidney I
• PLATE 20.2 Kidney II
• PLATE 20.3 Kidney III
• PLATE 20.4 Kidney IV
• PLATE 20.5 Ureter
• PLATE 20.6 Urinary Bladder
• 21 Endocrine Organs
• OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Folder 21.1 Functional Considerations: Regulation of Pituitary Gland Secretion
• PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• Folder 21.2 Clinical Correlation: Principles of Endocrine Diseases
• PINEAL GLAND
• Folder 21.3 Clinical Correlation: Pathologies Associated With Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
• THYROID GLAND
• Folder 21.4 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Thyroid Function
• PARATHYROID GLANDS
• ADRENAL GLANDS
• Folder 21.5 Clinical Correlation: Chromaffin Cells and Pheochromocytoma
• Folder 21.6 Functional Considerations: Biosynthesis of Adrenal Hormones
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 21.1 Pituitary I
• PLATE 21.2 Pituitary II
• PLATE 21.3 Pineal Gland
• PLATE 21.4 Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands
• PLATE 21.5 Adrenal Gland I
• PLATE 21.6 Adrenal Gland II
• 22 Male Reproductive System
• OVERVIEW OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• TESTIS
• Folder 22.1 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
• Folder 22.2 Clinical Correlation: Factors Affecting Spermatogenesis
• SPERMATOGENESIS
• SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
• Folder 22.3 Clinical Correlation: Sperm-Specific Antigens and the Immune Response
• INTRATESTICULAR DUCTS
• EXCURRENT DUCT SYSTEM
• ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
• PROSTATE GLAND
• Folder 22.4 Clinical Correlation: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and Cancer of the Prostate
• SEMEN
• PENIS AND SCROTUM
• Folder 22.5 Clinical Correlation: Mechanism of Erection and Erectile Dysfunction
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 22.1 Testis I
• PLATE 22.2 Testis II
• PLATE 22.3 Efferent Ductules and Epididymis
• PLATE 22.4 Spermatic Cord and Ductus Deferens
• PLATE 22.5 Prostate Gland
• PLATE 22.6 Seminal Vesicle
• 23 Female Reproductive System
• OVERVIEW OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• OVARY
• Folder 23.1 Clinical Correlation: Polycystic Ovary Disease
• Folder 23.2 Clinical Correlation: In Vitro Fertilization
• UTERINE TUBES
• UTERUS
• Folder 23.3 Functional Considerations: Summary of Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle
• PLACENTA
• Folder 23.4 Clinical Correlation: The Placenta
• VAGINA
• EXTERNAL GENITALIA
• MAMMARY GLANDS
• Folder 23.5 Clinical Correlation: Cervical Cytology: The Pap Test
• Folder 23.6 Clinical Correlation: Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Infection
• Folder 23.7 Functional Considerations: Lactation and Infertility
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 23.1 Ovary I
• PLATE 23.2 Ovary II
• PLATE 23.3 Corpus Luteum
• PLATE 23.4 Uterine Tube
• PLATE 23.5 Uterus I
• PLATE 23.6 Uterus II
• PLATE 23.7 Cervix
• PLATE 23.8 Placenta I
• PLATE 23.9 Placenta II
• PLATE 23.10 Vagina
• PLATE 23.11 Mammary Gland Inactive Stage
• PLATE 23.12 Mammary Gland, Late Proliferative and Lactating Stages
• 24 Eye
• OVERVIEW OF THE EYE
• GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
• MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
• Folder 24.1 Clinical Correlation: Glaucoma
• Folder 24.2 Clinical Correlation: Retinal Detachment
• Folder 24.3 Clinical Correlation: Age-related Macular Degeneration
• Folder 24.4 Clinical Correlation: Clinical Imaging of the Retina
• Folder 24.5 Clinical Correlation: Color Blindness
• ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
• Folder 24.6 Clinical Correlation: Conjunctivitis
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 24.1 Eye I
• PLATE 24.2 Eye II: Retina
• PLATE 24.3 Eye III: Anterior Segment
• PLATE 24.4 Eye IV: Sclera, Cornea, and Lens
• 25 Ear
• OVERVIEW OF THE EAR
• EXTERNAL EAR
• MIDDLE EAR
• Folder 25.1 Clinical Correlation: Otosclerosis
• Folder 25.2 Clinical Correlation: Hearing Loss— Vestibular Dysfunction
• INTERNAL EAR
• Folder 25.3 Clinical Correlation: Vertigo
• HISTOLOGY
• PLATE 25.1 Ear
• PLATE 25.2 Cochlear Canal and Organ of Corti
• Index