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• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Visual Walkthrough
• Open up the World of Biology
• Build Science Literacy Skills
• Visualize Tough Topics and Develop Understanding (I)
• Visualize Tough Topics and Develop Understanding (II)
• Encourage Focus on
• Key Concepts and Active Learning
• Dynamic Digital Resources
• Bring Biology to Life
• Everything Students and Instructors
• Need to Succeed in Mastering Biology
• Engage in Biology Anytime, Anywhere with Mastering Biology (I)
• Engage in Biology Anytime, Anywhere with Mastering Biology (II)
• Preface
• Organization and New Content
• Acknowledgments
• Reviewers
• Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
• Detailed Contents
• Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life
• Biology: The Scientific Study of Life
• 1.1 Biology is the scientific study of life
• 1.2 Biologists arrange the diversity of life into three domains
• 1.3 Visualizing The Concept In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each lev
• The Process of Science
• 1.4 What is science?
• 1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using controlled experiments
• 1.6 Scientific Thinking Hypotheses can be tested using observational data
• 1.7 The process of science is repetitive, nonlinear, and collaborative
• 1.8 Connection Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways
• Five Unifying Themes in Biology
• 1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of biology
• 1.10 Evolution Connection Evolution is connected to our everyday lives
• 1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of information
• 1.12 Theme: Structure and function are related
• 1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter
• 1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions within and between systems
• Chapter Review
• Unit I: The Life of the Cell
• Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life
• Elements, Atoms, and Compounds
• 2.1 Organisms are composed of elements, usually combined into compounds
• 2.2 Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water
• 2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• 2.4 Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us
• Chemical Bonds
• 2.5 The distribution of electrons determines an atom’s chemical properties
• 2.6 Visualizing The Concept Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing
• 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge
• 2.8 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life
• 2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
• Water’s Life-Supporting Properties
• 2.10 Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive
• 2.11 Water’s hydrogen bonds moderate temperature
• 2.12 Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water
• 2.13 Water is the solvent of life
• 2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions
• 2.15 Scientific Thinking Scientists study the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on coral reef ecosys
• 2.16 Evolution Connection The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search for water
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells
• Introduction to Organic Compounds
• 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
• 3.2 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
• 3.3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules
• Carbohydrates
• 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
• 3.5 Two monosaccharides are linked to form a disaccharide
• 3.6 Connection Are we eating too much sugar?
• 3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
• Lipids
• 3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules
• 3.9 Scientific Thinking Scientific studies document the health risks of trans fats
• 3.10 Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions
• 3.11 Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks
• Proteins
• 3.12 Proteins have a wide range of functions and structures
• 3.13 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds
• 3.14 Visualizing The Concept A protein’s functional shape results from four levels of structure
• Nucleic Acids
• 3.15 The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are information-rich polymers of nucleotides
• 3.16 Evolution Connection Lactose tolerance is a recent event in human evolution
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
• Introduction to the Cell
• 4.1 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
• 4.2 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
• 4.3 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
• 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
• The Nucleus and Ribosomes
• 4.5 The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic instructions
• 4.6 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and for export
• The Endomembrane System
• 4.7 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system
• 4.8 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop
• 4.9 The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and ships cell products
• 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell
• 4.11 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
• 4.12 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
• Energy-Converting Organelles
• 4.13 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
• 4.14 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
• 4.15 Evolution Connection Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis
• The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces
• 4.16 The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
• 4.17 Scientific Thinking Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and
• 4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
• 4.19 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation
• 4.20 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues
• 4.21 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
• 4.22 Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 5: The Working Cell
• Membrane Structure and Function
• 5.1 Visualizing The Concept Membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins with many functions
• 5.2 Evolution Connection The spontaneous formation of membranes was a critical step in the origin of
• 5.3 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment
• 5.4 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane
• 5.5 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms
• 5.6 Transport proteins can facilitate diffusion across membranes
• 5.7 Scientific Thinking Research on another membrane protein led to the discovery of aquaporins
• 5.8 Cells expend energy in the active transport of a solute
• 5.9 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes
• Energy and the Cell
• 5.10 Cells transform energy and matter as they perform work
• 5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store energy
• 5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions
• How Enzymes Function
• 5.13 Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers
• 5.14 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction
• 5.15 Enzyme inhibition can regulate enzyme activity in a cell
• 5.16 Connection Many drugs, pesticides, and poisons are enzyme inhibitors
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
• Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvesting of Energy
• 6.1 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life
• 6.2 Breathing supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2
• 6.3 Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules
• 6.4 Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities
• 6.5 Cells capture energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen
• Stages of Cellular Respiration
• 6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages
• 6.7 Stage 1: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
• 6.8 Multiple reactions in glycolysis split glucose into two molecules
• 6.9 Stage 2: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
• 6.10 The multiple reactions of the citric acid cycle finish off the dismantling of glucose
• 6.11 Visualizing The Concept Stage 3: Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation
• 6.12 Scientific Thinking Scientists have discovered heat-producing, calorie-burning brown fat in adu
• 6.13 Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP
• Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvesting of Energy
• 6.14 Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen
• 6.15 Evolution Connection Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth
• Connections Between Metabolic Pathways
• 6.16 Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration
• 6.17 Organic molecules from food provide raw materials for biosynthesis
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
• An Introduction to Photosynthesis
• 7.1 Photosynthesis powers most life on Earth
• 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells
• 7.3 Scientists traced the process of photosynthesis using isotopes
• 7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process
• 7.5 Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, which are linked by ATP and NADPH
• The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
• 7.6 Visible radiation absorbed by pigments drives the light reactions
• 7.7 Photosystems capture solar energy
• 7.8 Two photosystems connected by an electron transport chain convert light energy to the chemical e
• 7.9 Visualizing The Concept The light reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes
• The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO2 to Sugar
• 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle
• 7.11 Evolution Connection Other methods of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, dry climates
• The Global Significance of Photosynthesis
• 7.12 Photosynthesis provides food and O2 for almost all living organisms
• 7.13 Scientific Thinking Rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide may affect plants in various wa
• 7.14 Connection Reducing both fossil fuel use and deforestation may moderate climate change
• Chapter Review
• Unit II: Cellular Reproduction and Genetics
• Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
• Cell Division and Reproduction
• 8.1 Cell division plays many important roles in the lives of organisms
• 8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
• The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
• 8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
• 8.4 The cell cycle includes growth and division phases
• 8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
• 8.6 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells
• 8.7 The rate of cell division is affected by environmental factors
• 8.8 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system
• 8.9 Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors
• 8.10 Scientific Thinking The best cancer treatment may vary by individual
• Meiosis and Crossing Over
• 8.11 Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs
• 8.12 Gametes have a single set of chromosomes
• 8.13 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid
• 8.14 Visualizing The Concept Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and differences
• 8.15 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offsp
• 8.16 Homologous chromosomes may carry different versions of genes
• 8.17 Visualizing The Concept Crossing over further increases genetic variability
• Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure
• 8.18 Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number
• 8.19 A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual’s chromosomes
• 8.20 Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome
• 8.21 Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival
• 8.22 Evolution Connection New species can arise from errors in cell division
• 8.23 Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
• Mendel’s Laws
• 9.1 The study of genetics has ancient roots
• 9.2 The science of genetics began in an abbey garden
• 9.3 Mendel’s law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single character
• 9.4 Homologous chromosomes bear the alleles for each character
• 9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characters at once
• 9.6 Geneticists can use a testcross to determine unknown genotypes
• 9.7 Mendel’s laws reflect the rules of probability
• 9.8 Visualizing The Concept Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees
• 9.9 Connection Many inherited traits in humans are controlled by a single gene
• 9.10 Connection New technologies can provide insight into one’s genetic legacy
• Variations on Mendel’s Laws
• 9.11 Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes
• 9.12 Many genes have more than two alleles that may be codominant
• 9.13 A single gene may affect many phenotypic characters
• 9.14 A single character may be influenced by many genes
• 9.15 The environment affects many characters
• The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• 9.16 Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel’s laws
• 9.17 Scientific Thinking Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
• 9.18 Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles
• 9.19 Geneticists use crossover data to map genes
• Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
• 9.20 Chromosomes determine sex in many species
• 9.21 Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance
• 9.22 Connection Human sex-linked disorders affect mostly males
• 9.23 Evolution Connection The Y chromosome provides clues about human male evolution
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
• The Structure of the Genetic Material
• 10.1 Scientific Thinking Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
• 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
• 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix
• DNA Replication
• 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing
• 10.5 DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously
• The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
• 10.6 Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins
• 10.7 Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences
• 10.8 The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids
• 10.9 Visualizing The Concept Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
• 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
• 10.11 Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
• 10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides
• 10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message
• 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
• 10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein
• 10.16 Mutations can affect genes
• The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
• 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome
• 10.18 Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants
• 10.19 Evolution Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health
• 10.20 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template
• 10.21 Prions are infectious proteins
• 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways
• 10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled
• Control of Gene Expression
• 11.1 Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental cha
• 11.2 Chromosome structure and chemical modifications can affect gene expression
• 11.3 Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription
• 11.4 Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way
• 11.5 Later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation
• 11.6 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
• 11.7 Visualizing The Concept Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes
• 11.8 Fruit fly development provides an opportunity to examine gene expression
• 11.9 Connection Researchers can monitor the expression of specific genes
• 11.10 Cells respond to their neighboring cells with changes in gene expression
• 11.11 Evolution Connection Cell-signaling systems appeared early in the evolution of life
• Cloning of Plants and Animals
• 11.12 Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
• 11.13 Scientific Thinking Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
• 11.14 Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
• The Genetic Basis of Cancer
• 11.15 Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division
• 11.16 Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer
• 11.17 Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways
• 11.18 Connection Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 12: DNA Technology and Genomics
• Gene Cloning and Editing
• 12.1 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids
• 12.2 Visualizing The Concept Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA
• 12.3 Nucleic acid probes can label specific DNA segments
• 12.4 Reverse transcriptase can help make genes for cloning
• 12.5 New techniques allow a specific gene to be edited
• Genetically Modified Organisms
• 12.6 Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products
• 12.7 Connection DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
• 12.8 Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
• 12.9 Scientific Thinking The use of genetically modified organisms raises questions and concerns
• 12.10 Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases
• DNA Profiling
• 12.11 The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile
• 12.12 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences
• 12.13 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
• 12.14 Short tandem repeat analysis is used for DNA profiling
• 12.15 Connection DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigations
• Genomics and Bioinformatics
• 12.16 Small segments of DNA can be sequenced directly
• 12.17 Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes
• 12.18 Connection The Human Genome Project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of
• 12.19 The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly
• 12.20 The field of bioinformatics is expanding our understanding of genomes
• 12.21 Evolution Connection Genomes hold clues to human evolution
• Chapter Review
• Unit III: Concepts of Evolution
• Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• 13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
• 13.2 The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution
• 13.3 Scientific Thinking Fossils of transitional forms support Darwin’s theory of evolution
• 13.4 Homologies provide strong evidence for evolution
• 13.5 Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an evolutionary tree
• 13.6 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
• 13.7 Scientists can observe natural selection in action
• The Evolution of Populations
• 13.8 Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible
• 13.9 Evolution occurs within populations
• 13.10 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can test whether a population is evolving
• 13.11 Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science
• Mechanisms of Microevolution
• 13.12 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause microevolution
• 13.13 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution
• 13.14 Visualizing The Concept Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways
• 13.15 Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females
• 13.16 Evolution Connection The evolution of drugresistant microorganisms is a serious public health
• 13.17 Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation
• 13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 14: The Origin of Species
• Defining Species
• 14.1 The origin of species is the source of biological diversity
• 14.2 There are several ways to define a species
• 14.3 Visualizing The Concept Reproductive barriers keep species separate
• Mechanisms of Speciation
• 14.4 In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation
• 14.5 Reproductive barriers can evolve as populations diverge
• 14.6 Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic isolation
• 14.7 Scientific Thinking Sexual selection can lead to speciation
• 14.8 Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation
• 14.9 Evolution Connection Long-term field studies document evolution in Darwin’s finches
• 14.10 Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation
• 14.11 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 15: Tracing Evolutionary History
• Early Earth and the Origin of Life
• 15.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
• 15.2 Scientific Thinking Experiments show that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possibl
• 15.3 Stages in the origin of the first cells probably included the formation of polymers, protocells
• Major Events in the History of Life
• 15.4 The origins of single-celled and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land were key
• 15.5 The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time
• 15.6 The fossil record documents the history of life
• Mechanisms of Macroevolution
• 15.7 Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution
• 15.8 Connection Plate tectonics may imperil human life
• 15.9 Five mass extinctions have altered the course of evolution
• 15.10 Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of life
• 15.11 Genes that control development play a major role in evolution
• 15.12 Evolution Connection Novel traits may arise in several ways
• 15.13 Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed
• Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
• 15.14 Taxonomy names and classifies the diversity of life
• 15.15 Phylogenies based on homologies reflect evolutionary history
• 15.16 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
• 15.17 An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome
• 15.18 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
• 15.19 Constructing the tree of life is a work in progress
• Chapter Review
• Unit IV: The Evolution of Biological Diversity
• Chapter 16: Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists
• Prokaryotes
• 16.1 Prokaryotes are diverse and widespread
• 16.2 External features contribute to the success of prokaryotes
• 16.3 Populations of prokaryotes can adapt rapidly to changes in the environment
• 16.4 Prokaryotes have unparalleled nutritional diversity
• 16.5 Connection Biofilms are complex associations of microbes
• 16.6 Connection Prokaryotes help clean up the environment
• 16.7 Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution
• 16.8 Archaea thrive in extreme environments—and in other habitats
• 16.9 Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes
• 16.10 Connection Some bacteria cause disease
• 16.11 Scientific Thinking Stomach microbiota affect health and disease
• Protists
• 16.12 Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes
• 16.13 Protist diversity is organized in supergroups
• 16.14 The SAR supergroup represents the range of protist diversity
• 16.15 Connection Can algae provide a renewable source of energy?
• 16.16 Some excavates have modified mitochondria
• 16.17 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
• 16.18 Archaeplastids include red algae, green algae, and land plants
• 16.19 Evolution Connection Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 17: The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity
• Plant Evolution and Diversity
• 17.1 Plants have adaptations for life on land
• 17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom
• Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles
• 17.3 Visualizing The Concept Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles
• 17.4 Seedless vascular plants dominated vast “coal forests”
• 17.5 Pollen and seeds are key adaptations for life on land
• 17.6 The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction
• 17.7 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers
• 17.8 The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal
• 17.9 Connection Angiosperms sustain us—and add spice to our diets
• 17.10 Evolution Connection Pollination by animals has influenced angiosperm evolution
• 17.11 Connection Plant diversity is vital to the future of the world’s food supply
• Diversity of Fungi
• 17.12 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies
• 17.13 Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles
• 17.14 Fungi are classified into five groups
• 17.15 Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits
• 17.16 Connection Fungi have many practical uses
• 17.17 Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and photosynthetic organisms
• 17.18 Scientific Thinking Mycorrhizae may have helped plants colonize land
• 17.19 Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity
• Animal Evolution and Diversity
• 18.1 What is an animal?
• 18.2 Animal diversification began more than half a billion years ago
• 18.3 Visualizing The Concept Animals can be characterized by basic features of their “body plan”
• 18.4 Body plans and molecular comparisons of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees
• Invertebrate Diversity
• 18.5 Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body
• 18.6 Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells
• 18.7 Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals
• 18.8 Nematodes have a body cavity and a complete digestive tract
• 18.9 Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan
• 18.10 Annelids are segmented worms
• 18.11 Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton
• 18.12 Evolution Connection Insects are the most successful group of animals
• 18.13 Scientific Thinking The genes that build animal bodies are ancient
• 18.14 Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement
• 18.15 Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features
• 18.16 Connection Invertebrate diversity is a valuable but threatened resource
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 19: The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
• Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
• 19.1 Shared derived characters define the major clades of chordates
• 19.2 Hagfishes and lampreys lack hinged jaws
• 19.3 Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned
• 19.4 Evolution Connection New fossil discoveries are filling in the gaps of tetrapod evolution
• 19.5 Amphibians are tetrapods—vertebrates with two pairs of limbs
• 19.6 Reptiles are amniotes—tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg
• 19.7 Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight
• 19.8 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
• Primate Diversity
• 19.9 Visualizing The Concept Many primate characters are adaptations to life in the trees
• 19.10 The human story begins with our primate heritage
• Hominin Evolution
• 19.11 The hominin branch of the primate tree includes species that coexisted
• 19.12 Australopiths were bipedal and had small brains
• 19.13 Larger brains mark the evolution of Homo
• 19.14 From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around the world
• 19.15 Scientific Thinking New discoveries raise new questions about the history of hominins
• 19.16 Evolution Connection Human skin color reflects adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight
• 19.17 Connection Our knowledge of animal diversity is far from complete
• Chapter Review
• Unit V: Animals: Form and Function
• Chapter 20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
• Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
• 20.1 Evolution Connection An animal’s form is not the perfect design
• 20.2 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body
• 20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function
• 20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
• 20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues
• 20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement
• 20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network
• Organs and Organ Systems
• 20.8 Organs are made up of tissues
• 20.9 Connection Bioengineers are learning to produce organs for transplants
• 20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions
• 20.11 The integumentary system protects the body
• 20.12 Scientific Thinking Well-designed experiments help answer scientific questions
• External Exchange and Internal Regulation
• 20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the environment
• 20.14 Animals regulate their internal environment
• 20.15 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 21: Nutrition and Digestion
• Obtaining and Processing Food
• 21.1 Animals obtain and ingest their food in a variety of ways
• 21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages
• 21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
• The Human Digestive System
• 21.4 The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory organs
• 21.5 Digestion begins in the oral cavity
• 21.6 After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach
• 21.7 Connection The Heimlich maneuver can save lives
• 21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes
• 21.9 Connection Digestive ailments include acid reflux and gastric ulcers
• 21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
• 21.11 The liver processes and detoxifies blood from the intestines
• 21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces
• 21.13 Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems relate to diet
• Nutrition
• 21.14 An animal’s diet must provide sufficient energy
• 21.15 An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients
• 21.16 A proper human diet must include sufficient vitamins and minerals
• 21.17 Connection Food labels provide nutritional information
• 21.18 Connection Dietary deficiencies can have a number of causes
• 21.19 Evolution Connection The human health problem of obesity may reflect our evolutionary past
• 21.20 Scientific Thinking Scientists use a variety of methods to test weight loss claims
• 21.21 Connection Diet can influence risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 22: Gas Exchange
• Mechanisms of Gas Exchange
• 22.1 Gas exchange in humans involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange with body cells
• 22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces
• 22.3 Visualizing The Concept Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments
• 22.4 The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells
• 22.5 Evolution Connection The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land
• The Human Respiratory System
• 22.6 In mammals, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity
• 22.7 Scientific Thinking Warning: Cigarette smoking is hazardous to your health
• 22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates your lungs
• 22.9 Breathing is automatically controlled
• Transport of Gases in the Human Body
• 22.10 Blood transports respiratory gases
• 22.11 Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers the blood
• 22.12 Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother’s blood
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 23: Circulation
• Circulatory Systems
• 23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
• 23.2 Evolution Connection Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution
• The Human Cardiovascular System and Heart
• 23.3 Visualizing The Concept The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double circulation of m
• 23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
• 23.5 The SA node sets the tempo of the heartbeat
• 23.6 Scientific Thinking How should heart disease be treated?
• Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
• 23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions
• 23.8 Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
• 23.9 Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems
• 23.10 Arteriole diameter and precapillary sphincters control the distribution of blood
• 23.11 Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls
• Structure and Function of Blood
• 23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma
• 23.13 Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy
• 23.14 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured
• 23.15 Connection Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 24: The Immune System
• Innate Immunity
• 24.1 All animals have innate immunity
• 24.2 The inflammatory response disinfects damaged tissue
• Adaptive Immunity
• 24.3 The adaptive immune response counters specific invaders
• 24.4 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection
• 24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
• 24.6 Antigen receptors and antibodies bind to specific regions on an antigen
• 24.7 Visualizing The Concept Clonal selection mobilizes defenses against specific antigens
• 24.8 The primary and secondary responses differ in speed, strength, and duration
• 24.9 The structure of an antibody matches its function
• 24.10 Connection Herd immunity prevents the outbreak of infectious disease
• 24.11 Scientific Thinking Why is herd immunity so difficult with the flu?
• 24.12 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
• 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
• 24.14 Connection HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body’s defenses
• 24.15 Evolution Connection The rapid evolution of HIV complicates AIDS treatment
• 24.16 The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints
• Disorders of the Immune System
• 24.17 Connection Immune system disorders result from self-directed or underactive responses
• 24.18 Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance
• Thermoregulation
• 25.1 An animal’s regulation of body temperature helps maintain homeostasis
• 25.2 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss
• 25.3 Scientific Thinking Drop-keeping helps mosquitoes control body temperature
• Osmoregulation and Excretion
• 25.4 Visualizing The Concept Animals balance their levels of water and solutes through osmoregulatio
• 25.5 Evolution Connection Several ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals
• 25.6 The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis
• 25.7 The kidney is a water-conserving organ
• 25.8 Hormones regulate the urinary system
• 25.9 Connection Kidney dialysis can save lives
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 26: Hormones and the Endocrine System
• The Nature of Chemical Regulation
• 26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions
• 26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms
• 26.3 Scientific Thinking A widely used weed killer demasculinizes male frogs
• The Vertebrate Endocrine System
• 26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands
• 26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine sy
• Hormones and Homeostasis
• 26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism
• 26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones
• 26.8 Visualizing The Concept Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose level
• 26.9 Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder
• 26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress
• 26.11 Evolution Connection A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals
• 26.12 Connection Hormones can promote social behaviors
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 27: Reproduction and Embryonic Development
• Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
• 27.1 Asexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically identical offspring
• 27.2 Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring
• Human Reproduction
• 27.3 The human female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that deliver gametes
• 27.4 The human male reproductive system includes the testes and structures that deliver gametes
• 27.5 The formation of sperm and egg cells requires meiosis
• 27.6 Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus
• 27.7 Scientific Thinking Sexual activity can transmit disease
• 27.8 Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy
• Principles of Embryonic Development
• 27.9 Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development
• 27.10 Cleavage produces a blastula from the zygote
• 27.11 Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo
• 27.12 Organs start to form after gastrulation
• 27.13 Multiple processes give form to the developing animal
• 27.14 Evolution Connection Pattern formation during embryonic development is controlled by ancient g
• Human Development
• 27.15 The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy
• 27.16 Visualizing The Concept Human pregnancy is divided into trimesters
• 27.17 Childbirth is induced by hormones and other chemical signals
• 27.18 Connection Reproductive technologies increase our reproductive options
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 28: Nervous Systems
• Nervous System Structure and Function
• 28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out commands
• 28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems
• Nerve Signals and Their Transmission
• 28.3 Nerve function depends on charge differences across neuron membranes
• 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential
• 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the axon
• 28.6 Visualizing The Concept Neurons communicate at synapses
• 28.7 Chemical synapses enable complex information to be processed
• 28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters
• 28.9 Connection Many drugs act at chemical synapses
• 28.10 Scientific Thinking Published data are biased toward positive findings
• An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
• 28.11 Evolution Connection The evolution of animal nervous systems reflects changes in body symmetry
• 28.12 Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized
• 28.13 The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates can be divided into functional components
• 28.14 The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube
• The Human Brain
• 28.15 The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain
• 28.16 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
• 28.17 Connection Injuries and brain surgery provide insight into brain function
• 28.18 The nervous system can reorganize its neural connections
• 28.19 Sleep is an active state for the brain
• 28.20 The limbic system is involved in emotions and memory
• 28.21 Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 29: The Senses
• Sensory Reception
• 29.1 Sensory receptors convert stimuli to action potentials
• 29.2 Scientific Thinking The model for magnetic sensory reception is incomplete
• 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli
• Hearing and Balance
• 29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound
• 29.5 The inner ear houses our organs of balance
• 29.6 Connection What causes motion sickness?
• Vision
• 29.7 Evolution Connection Several types of eyes have evolved among animals
• 29.8 The human eye focuses by changing the shape of the lens
• 29.9 Connection Many vision problems can be corrected with artificial lenses or surgery
• 29.10 The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones
• Taste and Smell
• 29.11 Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air
• 29.12 Connection Does cilantro taste like soap to you?
• 29.13 Summary: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 30: How Animals Move
• Movement and Locomotion
• 30.1 Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity
• 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
• The Vertebrate Skeleton
• 30.3 Evolution Connection Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme
• 30.4 Bones are complex living organs
• 30.5 Connection Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries
• 30.6 Joints permit different types of movement
• Muscle Contraction and Movement
• 30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement
• 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus
• 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide along thick filaments
• 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction
• 30.11 Connection Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise
• 30.12 Scientific Thinking Characteristics of muscle fibers affect athletic performance
• Chapter Review
• Unit VI: Plants: Form and Function
• Chapter 31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction
• Plant Structure and Function
• 31.1 Scientific Thinking The domestication of crops changed the course of human history
• 31.2 The two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the eudicots
• 31.3 A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves
• 31.4 Connection Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves
• 31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
• 31.6 Plant cells are diverse in structure and function
• Plant Growth
• 31.7 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
• 31.8 Secondary growth increases the diameter of woody plants
• Reproduction of Flowering Plants
• 31.9 The flower is the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms
• 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization
• 31.11 The ovule develops into a seed
• 31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit
• 31.13 Seed germination continues the life cycle
• 31.14 Asexual reproduction produces plant clones
• 31.15 Connection Plant cloning is an important agricultural tool
• 31.16 Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations help some plants to live very long lives
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 32: Plant Nutrition and Transport
• The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients
• 32.1 Plants acquire nutrients from air, water, and soil
• 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake
• 32.3 Visualizing The Concept Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels
• 32.4 Guard cells control transpiration
• 32.5 Phloem transports sugars
• 32.6 Connection Humans tap into plant transport structures
• Plant Nutrients and the Soil
• 32.7 Plant health depends on obtaining all of the essential inorganic nutrients
• 32.8 Connection Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient deficiencies
• 32.9 Fertile soil supports plant growth
• 32.10 Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life
• 32.11 Scientific Thinking Organic farmers follow principles meant to promote health
• 32.12 Connection Genetic engineering is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops
• Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis
• 32.13 Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen
• 32.14 Evolution Connection Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and other k
• 32.15 The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 33: Control Systems in Plants
• Plant Hormones
• 33.1 Scientific Thinking A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a pla
• 33.2 Botanists have identified several major types of hormones
• 33.3 Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots
• 33.4 Cytokinins stimulate cell division
• 33.5 Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects
• 33.6 Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes
• 33.7 Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes
• 33.8 Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural uses
• Responses to Stimuli
• 33.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli
• 33.10 Plants have internal clocks
• 33.11 Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod
• 33.12 Phytochromes are light detectors that help set the biological clock
• 33.13 Evolution Connection Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plant
• Chapter Review
• Unit VII: Ecology
• Chapter 34: The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments
• The Biosphere
• 34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels
• 34.2 Scientific Thinking The science of ecology provides insight into environmental problems
• 34.3 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere
• 34.4 Evolution Connection Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors through natural select
• 34.5 Regional climate influences the distribution of terrestrial communities
• Aquatic Biomes
• 34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms
• 34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes
• Terrestrial Biomes
• 34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate
• 34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator
• 34.10 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees
• 34.11 Deserts are defined by their dryness
• 34.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral
• 34.13 Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie
• 34.14 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests
• 34.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees
• 34.16 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra
• 34.17 Polar ice covers the land at high latitudes
• 34.18 Visualizing The Concept The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 35: Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment
• Types and Causes of Behavior
• 35.1 Proximate and ultimate factors cause behavior
• 35.2 Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors
• 35.3 Both genetics and environment influence behavior
• Learning
• 35.4 Habituation is a simple type of learning
• 35.5 Imprinting requires both innate behavior and experience
• 35.6 Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs
• 35.7 Visualizing The Concept Animal movement may be a response to stimuli or require spatial learnin
• 35.8 A variety of cues guide migratory movements
• 35.9 Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response
• 35.10 Animals can learn from each other
• 35.11 Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition
• Survival and Reproductive Success
• 35.12 Optimal foraging depends on cost-benefit tradeoffs
• 35.13 Communication is an essential element of interactions between animals
• 35.14 Mating behavior often includes elaborate courtship rituals
• 35.15 Mating systems and parental care enhance reproductive success
• 35.16 Connection Chemical pollutants can cause abnormal behavior
• Social Behavior
• 35.17 Social behavior can increase individual fitness
• 35.18 Territorial behavior is a type of resource defense
• 35.19 Agonistic behavior can decrease the costs of aggression
• 35.20 Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior
• 35.21 Evolution Connection Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitnes
• 35.22 Scientific Thinking Jane Goodall revolutionized our understanding of chimpanzee behavior
• 35.23 Human behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 36: Population Ecology
• Population Structure and Dynamics
• 36.1 Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change
• 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables
• 36.3 Life tables track survivorship in populations
• 36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth
• 36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth
• 36.6 Scientific Thinking Some populations have “boom-and-bust” cycles
• 36.7 Evolution Connection Evolution shapes life histories
• 36.8 Connection Principles of population ecology have practical applications
• The Human Population
• 36.9 The human population continues to increase, but the growth rate is slowing
• 36.10 Connection Age structures reveal social and economic trends
• 36.11 Connection An ecological footprint is a measure of resource consumption
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 37: Communities and Ecosystems
• Community Structure and Dynamics
• 37.1 A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area
• 37.2 Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure
• 37.3 Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited
• 37.4 Mutualism benefits both partners
• 37.5 Evolution Connection Predation leads to diverse adaptations in prey species
• 37.6 Evolution Connection Herbivory leads to diverse adaptations in plants
• 37.7 Parasites and pathogens can affect community composition
• 37.8 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics
• 37.9 Visualizing The Concept Food chains interconnect, forming food webs
• 37.10 Species diversity includes species richness and relative abundance
• 37.11 Scientific Thinking Some species have a disproportionate impact on diversity
• 37.12 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities
• 37.13 Connection Invasive species can devastate communities
• Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics
• 37.14 Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling
• 37.15 Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems
• 37.16 Energy supply limits the length of food chains
• 37.17 Connection An energy pyramid explains the ecological cost of meat
• 37.18 Chemicals are cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs
• 37.19 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration
• 37.20 The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock
• 37.21 The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria
• 37.22 Connection A rapid inflow of nutrients degrades aquatic ecosystems
• 37.23 Connection Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being
• Chapter Review
• Chapter 38: Conservation Biology
• The Loss of Biodiversity
• 38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss of ecosystems, species, and genes
• 38.2 Connection Habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, and climate change are ma
• 38.3 Connection Rapid warming is changing the global climate
• 38.4 Connection Human activities are responsible for rising concentrations of greenhouse gases
• 38.5 Climate change affects biomes, ecosystems, communities, and populations
• 38.6 Evolution Connection Climate change is an agent of natural selection
• Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
• 38.7 Protecting endangered populations is one goal of conservation biology
• 38.8 Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority
• 38.9 Establishing protected areas slows the loss of biodiversity
• 38.10 Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption
• 38.11 Scientific Thinking The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodive
• 38.12 Connection The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science
• 38.13 Sustainable development is an ultimate goal
• Chapter Review
• Appendix 1: Metric Conversion Table
• Appendix 2: The Periodic Table
• Appendix 3: The Amino Acids of Proteins
• Appendix 4: Chapter Review Answers
• Appendix 5: Credits
• Glossary
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