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• Periodic Table of the Elements
• List of Elements with Their Symbols and Atomic Weights
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Chemical Applications and Essays
• Interactive Media
• Preface
• About The Authors
• Visual Walkthrough
• New Levels of Student Interaction for Improved Conceptual Understanding
• Visually Revised to Better Help Students Build General Chemistry
• Knowledge and Understanding
• Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (I)
• Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (II)
• Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (III)
• Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (IV)
• Instructor and Student Resources
• Chapter 1: Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement
• 1.1 The Study of Chemistry
• The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry
• Why Study Chemistry?
• 1.2 Classifications of Matter
• States of Matter
• Pure Substances
• Elements
• Compounds
• Mixtures
• 1.3 Properties of Matter
• Physical and Chemical Changes
• Separation of Mixtures
• 1.4 The Nature of Energy
• Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
• 1.5 Units of Measurement
• SI Units
• Length and Mass
• Temperature
• Derived SI Units
• Volume
• Density
• Units of Energy
• 1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement
• Precision and Accuracy
• Significant Figures
• Significant Figures in Calculations
• 1.7 Dimensional Analysis
• Conversion Factors
• Using Two or More Conversion Factors
• Conversions Involving Volume
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry and the Chemical Industry
• A Closer Look The Scientific Method
• Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry in the News
• Strategies for Success Estimating Answers
• Strategies for Success The Importance of Practice
• Strategies for Success The Features of This Book
• Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
• 2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter
• 2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure
• Cathode Rays and Electrons
• Radioactivity
• The Nuclear Model of the Atom
• 2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure
• Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes
• 2.4 Atomic Weights
• The Atomic Mass Scale
• Atomic Weight
• 2.5 The Periodic Table
• 2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
• Molecules and Chemical Formulas
• Molecular and Empirical Formulas
• Picturing Molecules
• 2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds
• Predicting Ionic Charges
• Ionic Compounds
• 2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds
• Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• Names and Formulas of Acids
• Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds
• 2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds
• Alkanes
• Some Derivatives of Alkanes
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• A Closer Look Basic Forces
• A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer
• Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms
• Strategies for Success How to Take a Test
• Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
• 3.1 The Conservation of Mass, Chemical Equations, and Stoichiometry
• How to Balance Chemical Equations
• A Step-by-Step Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation
• 3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity: Combination, Decomposition, and Combustion
• Combination and Decomposition Reactions
• Combustion Reactions
• 3.3 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions of Substances
• Formula and Molecular Weights
• Elemental Compositions of Substances
• 3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole; Molar Mass
• The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
• Molar Mass
• Converting Between Masses, Moles, and Atoms/Molecules/Ions
• 3.5 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions of Substances
• Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas
• Combustion Analysis
• 3.6 Reaction Stoichiometry
• 3.7 Limiting Reactants
• Theoretical and Percent Yields
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Strategies for Success Problem Solving
• Chemistry and Life Glucose Monitoring
• Strategies for Success Design an Experiment
• Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
• 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
• Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
• How Compounds Dissolve in Water
• Strong and Weak Electrolytes
• 4.2 Precipitation Reactions
• Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
• Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions
• Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions
• 4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
• Acids
• Bases
• Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
• Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes
• Neutralization Reactions and Salts
• Neutralization Reactions with Gas Formation
• 4.4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
• Oxidation and Reduction
• Oxidation Numbers
• Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts
• The Activity Series
• 4.5 Concentrations of Solutions
• Molarity
• Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte
• Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume
• Dilution
• 4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
• Titrations
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry Put to Work Antacids
• Strategies for Success Analyzing Chemical Reactions
• Chapter 5: Thermochemistry
• 5.1 The Nature of Chemical Energy
• 5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
• System and Surroundings
• Internal Energy
• Relating ΔE to Heat and Work
• Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
• State Functions
• 5.3 Enthalpy
• Pressure–Volume Work
• Enthalpy Change
• 5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction
• 5.5 Calorimetry
• Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
• Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
• Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)
• 5.6 Hess’s Law
• 5.7 Enthalpies of Formation
• Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction
• 5.8 Bond Enthalpies
• Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions
• 5.9 Foods and Fuels
• Foods
• Fuels
• Other Energy Sources
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Energy, Enthalpy, and P-V Work
• A Closer Look Using Enthalpy as a Guide
• Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Body Temperature
• Chemistry Put to Work The Scientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels
• Chapter 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms
• 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light
• 6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons
• Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy
• The Photoelectric Effect and Photons
• 6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model
• Line Spectra
• Bohr’s Model
• The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom
• Limitations of the Bohr Model
• 6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter
• The Uncertainty Principle
• 6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
• Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
• 6.6 Representations of Orbitals
• The s Orbitals
• The p Orbitals
• The d and f Orbitals
• 6.7 Many-Electron Atoms
• Orbitals and Their Energies
• Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
• 6.8 Electron Configurations
• Hund’s Rule
• Condensed Electron Configurations
• Transition Metals
• The Lanthanides and Actinides
• 6.9 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
• Anomalous Electron Configurations
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle
• A Closer Look Thought Experiments and Schrödinger’s Cat
• A Closer Look Probability Density and Radial Probability Functions
• Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Chapter 7: Periodic Properties of the Elements
• 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table
• 7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge
• 7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
• Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii
• Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii
• 7.4 Ionization Energy
• Variations in Successive Ionization Energies
• Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies
• Electron Configurations of Ions
• 7.5 Electron Affinity
• Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity
• 7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids
• 7.7 Trends for Group 1 and Group 2 Metals
• Group 1: The Alkali Metals
• Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
• 7.8 Trends for Selected Nonmetals
• Hydrogen
• Group 16: The Oxygen Group
• Group 17: The Halogens
• Group 18: The Noble Gases
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Effective Nuclear Charge
• Chemistry Put to Work Ionic Size and Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs
• Chapter 8: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
• 8.1 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
• Lewis Symbols
• The Octet Rule
• 8.2 Ionic Bonding
• Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
• Electron Configurations of Ions of the s- and p-Block Elements
• Transition Metal Ions
• 8.3 Covalent Bonding
• Lewis Structures
• Multiple Bonds
• 8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
• Electronegativity
• Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
• Dipole Moments
• Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonding
• 8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures
• Formal Charge and Alternative Lewis Structures
• 8.6 Resonance Structures
• Resonance in Benzene
• 8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
• Odd Number of Electrons
• Less Than an Octet of Valence Electrons
• More Than an Octet of Valence Electrons
• 8.8 Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies: The Born–Haber Cycle
• A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers, Formal Charges, and Actual Partial Charges
• Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
• 9.1 Molecular Shapes
• 9.2 The VSEPR Model
• Applying the VSEPR Model to Determine Molecular Shapes
• Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles
• Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
• Shapes of Larger Molecules
• 9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
• 9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
• 9.5 Hybrid Orbitals
• sp Hybrid Orbitals
• sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
• Hypervalent Molecules
• Hybrid Orbital Summary
• 9.6 Multiple Bonds
• Resonance Structures, Delocalization, and π Bonding
• General Conclusions about σ and π Bonding
• 9.7 Molecular Orbitals
• Molecular Orbitals of the Hydrogen Molecule
• Bond Order
• 9.8 Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules
• Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2
• Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals
• Electron Configurations for B2 through Ne2
• Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties
• Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Phases in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
• Chemistry Put to Work Orbitals and Energy
• Chapter 10: Gases
• 10.1 Characteristics of Gases
• 10.2 Pressure
• Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer
• 10.3 The Gas Laws
• The Pressure–Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law
• The Temperature–Volume Relationship: Charles’s Law
• The Quantity–Volume Relationship: Avogadro’s Law
• 10.4 The Ideal Gas Equation
• Relating the Ideal Gas Equation and the Gas Laws
• Gas Densities and Molar Mass
• Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions
• 10.5 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
• Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions
• 10.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
• Distributions of Molecular Speed
• Application of Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws
• 10.7 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
• Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Diffusion and Mean Free Path
• 10.8 Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior
• The van der Waals Equation
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry and Life Blood Pressure
• Strategies for Success Calculations Involving Many Variables
• A Closer Look The Ideal Gas Equation
• Chemistry Put to Work Gas Separations
• Chapter 11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
• 11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
• 11.2 Intermolecular Forces
• Dispersion Forces
• Dipole–Dipole Interactions
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Ion–Dipole Forces
• Comparing Intermolecular Forces
• 11.3 Select Properties of Liquids
• Viscosity
• Surface Tension
• Capillary Action
• 11.4 Phase Changes
• Energy Changes Accompany Phase Changes
• Heating Curves
• Critical Temperature and Pressure
• 11.5 Vapor Pressure
• Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature
• Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
• 11.6 Phase Diagrams
• The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2
• 11.7 Liquid Crystals
• Types of Liquid Crystals
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry Put to Work Ionic Liquids
• A Closer Look The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
• Chemistry and Life Liquid Crystal Displays
• Chapter 12: Solids and Modern Materials
• 12.1 Classification of Solids
• Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
• Unit Cells and Crystal Lattices
• Filling the Unit Cell
• 12.2 Metallic Solids
• The Structures of Metallic Solids
• Close Packing
• Alloys
• Metallic Bonding
• Electron-Sea Model
• Molecular Orbital Model
• 12.3 Ionic Solids
• Structures of Ionic Solids
• 12.4 Covalent Solids
• Molecular Solids
• Covalent-Network Solids
• Semiconductors
• Semiconductor Doping
• 12.5 Polymers
• Making Polymers
• Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers
• 12.6 Nanomaterials
• Semiconductors on the Nanoscale
• Metals on the Nanoscale
• Carbon on the Nanoscale
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look X-ray Diffraction
• Chemistry Put to Work Alloys of Gold
• Chemistry Put to Work Solid-State Lighting
• Chemistry Put to Work Modern Materials in the Automobile
• Chemistry Put to Work Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
• Chapter 13: Properties of Solutions
• 13.1 The Solution Process
• The Natural Tendency toward Mixing
• The Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Solution Formation
• Energetics of Solution Formation
• Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions
• 13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility
• 13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
• Solute–Solvent Interactions
• Pressure Effects
• Temperature Effects
• 13.4 Expressing Solution Concentration
• Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb
• Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
• Converting Concentration Units
• 13.5 Colligative Properties
• Vapor–Pressure Lowering
• Boiling-Point Elevation
• Freezing-Point Depression
• Osmosis
• Determination of Molar Mass from Colligative Properties
• 13.6 Colloids
• Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
• Colloidal Motion in Liquids
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry and Life Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving
• A Closer Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components
• A Closer Look The van’t Hoff Factor
• Chemistry and Life Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics
• 14.1 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
• 14.2 Reaction Rates
• Change of Rate with Time
• Instantaneous Rate
• Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
• 14.3 Concentration and Rate Laws
• Reaction Orders: The Exponents in the Rate Law
• Magnitudes and Units of Rate Constants
• Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws
• 14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time
• First-Order Reactions
• Second-Order Reactions
• Zero-Order Reactions
• Half-Life
• 14.5 Temperature and Rate
• The Collision Model
• The Orientation Factor
• Activation Energy
• The Arrhenius Equation
• Determining the Activation Energy
• 14.6 Reaction Mechanisms
• Elementary Reactions
• Multistep Mechanisms
• Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
• The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism
• Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step
• Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step
• 14.7 Catalysis
• Homogeneous Catalysis
• Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Enzymes
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates: Beer’s Law
• Chemistry Put to Work Bromomethane in the Atmosphere
• Chemistry Put to Work Catalytic Converters
• Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase
• Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
• 15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium
• 15.2 The Equilibrium Constant
• Evaluating Kc
• Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp
• Equilibrium Constants and Units
• 15.3 Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants
• The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants
• The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K
• Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry and Equilibrium Constants
• Heterogeneous Equilibria
• 15.4 Calculating Equilibrium Constants
• Applications of Equilibrium Constants
• Predicting the Direction of Reaction
• Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
• 15.5 Le Châtelier’s Principle
• Change in Reactant or Product Concentration
• Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes
• Effect of Temperature Changes
• The Effect of Catalysts
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry Put to Work The Haber Process
• A Closer Look Temperature Changes and Le Châtelier’s Principle
• Chemistry Put to Work Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions
• Chapter 16: Acid–Base Equilibria
• 16.1 Acid–Base Equilibria
• Arrhenius Acids and Bases
• Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
• The H+ Ion in Water
• Proton-Transfer Reactions
• Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
• Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
• 16.2 The Autoionization of Water
• The Ion Product of Water
• 16.3 The pH Scale
• pOH and Other “p” Scales
• Measuring pH
• 16.4 Strong Acids and Bases
• Strong Acids
• Strong Bases
• 16.5 Weak Acids
• Calculating Ka from pH
• Percent Ionization
• Using Ka to Calculate pH
• Polyprotic Acids
• 16.6 Weak Bases
• Types of Weak Bases
• Relationship Between Ka and Kb
• 16.7 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions
• An Anion’s Ability to React with Water
• A Cation’s Ability to React with Water
• Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution
• 16.8 Acid–Base Behavior and Chemical Structure
• Factors That Affect Acid Strength
• Binary Acids
• Oxyacids
• Carboxylic Acids
• Lewis Acids and Bases
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Polyprotic Acids
• Chemistry Put to Work Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides
• Chemistry and Life The Amphiprotic Behavior of Amino Acids
• Chapter 17: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
• 17.1 The Common-Ion Effect
• 17.2 Buffers
• Composition and Action of Buffers
• Calculating the pH of a Buffer
• Buffer Capacity and pH Range
• Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers
• 17.3 Acid–Base Titrations
• Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations
• Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations
• Titrating with an Acid–Base Indicator
• Titrations of Polyprotic Acids
• 17.4 Solubility Equilibria
• The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp
• Solubility and Ksp
• 17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility
• The Common-Ion Effect
• Solubility and pH
• Formation of Complex Ions
• Amphoterism
• 17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions
• Selective Precipitation of Ions
• Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry and Life Blood as a Buffered Solution
• A Closer Look Limitations of Solubility Products
• Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation
• A Closer Look Lead Contamination in Drinking Water
• Chapter 18: Chemistry of the Environment
• 18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere
• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
• Ozone in the Stratosphere
• 18.2 Human Activities and Earth’s Atmosphere
• The Ozone Layer and Its Depletion
• Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain
• Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog
• Greenhouse Gases: Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate
• 18.3 Earth’s Water
• The Global Water Cycle
• Salt Water: Earth’s Oceans and Seas
• Freshwater and Groundwater
• 18.4 Human Activities and Water Quality
• Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality
• Water Purification: Desalination
• Water Purification: Municipal Treatment
• 18.5 Green Chemistry
• Supercritical Solvents
• Greener Reagents and Processes
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Other Greenhouse Gases
• A Closer Look Fracking and Water Quality
• Chemistry and Life Ocean Acidification
• Chapter 19: Chemical Thermodynamics
• 19.1 Spontaneous Processes
• Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity
• Reversible and Irreversible Processes
• 19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The Relationship between Entropy and Heat
• ΔS for Phase Changes
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• 19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
• Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level
• Boltzmann’s Equation and Microstates
• Molecular Motions and Energy
• Making Qualitative Predictions about ΔS
• The Third Law of Thermodynamics
• 19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
• Temperature Variation of Entropy
• Standard Molar Entropies
• Calculating the Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction
• Entropy Changes in the Surroundings
• 19.5 Gibbs Free Energy
• Standard Free Energy of Formation
• 19.6 Free Energy and Temperature
• 19.7 Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
• Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions
• Relationship between ΔG° and K
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look The Entropy Change When a Gas Expands Isothermally
• Chemistry and Life Entropy and Human Society
• A Closer Look What’s “Free” About Free Energy?
• Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions: Coupling Reactions
• Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
• 20.1 Oxidation States and Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
• 20.2 Balancing Redox Equations
• Half-Reactions
• Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions
• Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution
• 20.3 Voltaic Cells
• 20.4 Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions
• Standard Reduction Potentials
• Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
• 20.5 Free Energy and Redox Reactions
• Emf, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant
• 20.6 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions
• The Nernst Equation
• Concentration Cells
• 20.7 Batteries and Fuel Cells
• Lead–Acid Battery
• Alkaline Battery
• Nickel–Cadmium and Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries
• Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Hydrogen Fuel Cells
• 20.8 Corrosion
• Corrosion of Iron (Rusting)
• Preventing Corrosion of Iron
• 20.9 Electrolysis
• Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Electrical Work
• Chemistry and Life Heartbeats and Electrocardiography
• Chemistry Put to Work Batteries for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
• Chemistry Put to Work Electrometallurgy of Aluminum
• Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry
• 21.1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations
• Nuclear Equations
• Types of Radioactive Decay
• 21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability
• Neutron-to-Proton Ratio
• Radioactive Decay Chains
• Further Observations
• Nuclear Transmutations
• Accelerating Charged Particles
• Reactions Involving Neutrons
• Transuranium Elements
• 21.3 Rates of Radioactive Decay
• Radiometric Dating
• Calculations Based on Half-Life
• 21.4 Detection of Radioactivity
• Radiotracers
• 21.5 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
• Nuclear Binding Energies
• Nuclear Power: Fission
• Nuclear Reactors
• Nuclear Waste
• Nuclear Power: Fusion
• 21.6 Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems
• Radiation Doses
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Equations
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers
• A Closer Look The Dawning of the Nuclear Age
• A Closer Look Nuclear Synthesis of the Elements
• Chemistry and Life Radiation Therapy
• Chapter 22: Chemistry of the Nonmetals
• 22.1 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reactions
• 22.2 Hydrogen
• Isotopes of Hydrogen
• Properties of Hydrogen
• Production of Hydrogen
• Uses of Hydrogen
• Binary Hydrogen Compounds
• 22.3 Group 18: The Noble Gases
• Noble Gas Compounds
• 22.4 Group 17: The Halogens
• Properties and Production of the Halogens
• Uses of the Halogens
• The Hydrogen Halides
• Interhalogen Compounds
• Oxyacids and Oxyanions
• 22.5 Oxygen
• Properties of Oxygen
• Production of Oxygen
• Uses of Oxygen
• Ozone
• Oxides
• Peroxides and Superoxides
• 22.6 The Other Group 16 Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po
• Occurrence and Production of S, Se, and Te
• Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
• Sulfides
• Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur
• 22.7 Nitrogen
• Properties of Nitrogen
• Production and Uses of Nitrogen
• Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen
• Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen
• 22.8 The Other Group 15 Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi
• Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus
• Phosphorus Halides
• Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus
• 22.9 Carbon
• Elemental Forms of Carbon
• Oxides of Carbon
• Carbonic Acid and Carbonates
• Carbides
• 22.10 The Other Group 14 Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb
• General Characteristics of the Group 14 Elements
• Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon
• Silicates
• Glass
• Silicones
• 22.11 Boron
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look The Hydrogen Economy
• Chemistry and Life Nitroglycerin, Nitric Oxide, and Heart Disease
• Chemistry and Life Arsenic in Drinking Water
• Chemistry Put to Work Carbon Fibers and Composites
• Chapter 23: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
• 23.1 The Transition Metals
• Physical Properties
• Electron Configurations and Oxidation States
• Magnetism
• 23.2 Transition-Metal Complexes
• The Development of Coordination Chemistry: Werner’s Theory
• The Metal–Ligand Bond
• Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries
• 23.3 Common Ligands in Coordination Chemistry
• Metals and Chelates in Living Systems
• 23.4 Nomenclature and Isomerism in Coordination Chemistry
• Isomerism
• Constitutional Isomerism
• Stereoisomerism
• 23.5 Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry
• Color
• Magnetism of Coordination Compounds
• 23.6 Crystal-Field Theory
• Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes
• Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• A Closer Look Entropy and the Chelate Effect
• Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems
• A Closer Look Charge-Transfer Color
• Chapter 24: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
• 24.1 General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
• The Structures of Organic Molecules
• The Stability of Organic Compounds
• Solubility and Acid–Base Properties of Organic Compounds
• 24.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons
• Structures of Alkanes
• Constitutional Isomers
• Nomenclature of Alkanes
• Cycloalkanes
• Reactions of Alkanes
• 24.3 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Stabilization of π Electrons by Delocalization
• Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 24.4 Organic Functional Groups
• Alcohols
• Ethers
• Aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• Amines and Amides
• 24.5 Chirality in Organic Chemistry
• 24.6 Introduction to Biochemistry
• 24.7 Proteins
• Amino Acids
• Polypeptides and Proteins
• Protein Structure
• 24.8 Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• 24.9 Lipids
• Fats
• Phospholipids
• 24.10 Nucleic Acids
• Chapter Summary and Key Terms
• Learning Outcomes
• Exercises
• Additional Exercises
• Integrative Exercises
• Design an Experiment
• Chemistry Put to Work Petroleum
• A Closer Look Mechanism of Addition Reactions
• Strategies for Success What Now?
• Appendices
• Appendix A: Mathematical Operations
• Appendix B: Properties of Water
• Appendix C: Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)
• Appendix D: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants
• Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C
• Answers to Selected Exercises
• Answers to Go Figure
• Answers to Selected Practice Exercises
• Glossary
• Photo and Art Credits
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• Common Ions
• Fundamental Constants
• Useful Conversion Factors and Relationships
• Color Chart for Common Elements