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• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Author
• Part One: Beginnings
• Chapter 1: An Introduction to Lifespan Development
• Looking Ahead
• An Orientation to Lifespan Development
• Defining Lifespan Development
• The Scope of the Field of Lifespan Development
• Topical Areas in Lifespan Development
• Age Ranges and Individual Differences
• The Links Between Topics and Ages Influences on Development
• Influences on Development
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Development
• Key Issues and Questions: Determining the Nature—and Nurture—of Lifespan Development
• Continuous Change Versus Discontinuous Change
• Critical and Sensitive Periods: Gauging The Impact of Environmental Events
• Lifespan Approaches Versus A Focus On Particular Periods
• The Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture On Development
• The Later Action of Nature and Nurture
• Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development
• The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person
• Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• Assessing The Psychodynamic Perspective the Behavioral Perspective
• The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior
• Classical Conditioning: Stimulus Substitution
• Operant Conditioning
• Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: Learning Through Imitation
• Assessing the Behavioral Perspective
• The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding
• Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
• Information Processing Approaches
• Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches
• The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on the Unique Qualities of Human Beings
• Assessing the Humanistic Perspective
• The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development
• The Bioecological Approach to Development
• Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
• Evolutionary Perspectives: our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior
• Assessing the Evolutionary Perspective
• Why “Which Approach is Right?” Is the Wrong Question
• Research Methods
• Theories and Hypotheses: Posing Developmental Questions
• Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions
• Correlational Studies
• The Correlation Coefficient
• Types of Correlational Studies
• Psychophysiological Methods
• Experiments: Determining Cause and Effect
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Choosing a Research Setting
• Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches
• From Research to Practice: Using Developmental Research to Improve Public Policy
• Measuring Developmental Change
• Longitudinal Studies: Measuring Individual Change
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Sequential Studies
• Ethics and Research
• Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Thinking Critically about “Expert” Advice
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 2: The Start of Life: Prenatal Development
• Looking Ahead
• Earliest Development
• Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
• Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One
• Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child
• The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
• Example of Transmission of Genetic Information
• Polygenic Traits
• The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code
• Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm
• Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
• Prenatal Testing
• Screening for Future Problems
• Are “Designer Babies” in our Future?
• From Research to Practice: Prenatal Screenings are not Diagnoses
• The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
• The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes
• Interaction of Factors
• Studying Development: How much is Nature? How much is Nurture?
• Nonhuman Animal Studies: Controlling Both Genetics and Environment
• Contrasting Relatedness and Behavior: Adoption, Twin, and Family Studies
• Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
• Physical Traits: Family Resemblances
• Intelligence: More Research, More Controversy
• Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality: Born to be Outgoing?
• Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Cultural Differences in Physical Arousal: Might a Culture’s
• Can Genes Influence the Environment?
• Prenatal Growth and Change
• Fertilization: The Moment of Conception
• The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development
• The Germinal Stage: Fertilization to 2 Weeks
• The Embryonic Stage: 2 Weeks to 8 Weeks
• The Fetal Stage: 8 Weeks to Birth
• Pregnancy Problems
• Infertility
• Ethical Issues
• Miscarriage and Abortion
• The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
• Mother’s Diet
• Mother’s Age
• Mother’s Prenatal Support
• Mother’s Health
• Mother’s Drug use
• Mother’s use of Alcohol and Tobacco
• Do Fathers Affect the Prenatal Environment?
• Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Optimizing the Prenatal Environment
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 3: Birth and the Newborn Infant
• Looking Ahead
• Birth
• Labor: The Process of Birth Begins
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Dealing with Labor
• Birth: From Fetus to Neonate
• The Apgar Scale
• Newborn Medical Screening
• Physical Appearance And Initial Encounters
• Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
• Alternative Birthing Procedures
• Childbirth Attendants: Who Delivers?
• Pain And Childbirth
• Use Of Anesthesia And Pain-Reducing Drugs
• Postdelivery Hospital Stay: Deliver, Then Depart?
• Birth Complications
• Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small
• Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: The Smallest of the Small
• What Causes Preterm and Low-Birthweight Deliveries?
• Postmature Babies: Too Late, Too Large
• Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
• Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Overcoming Racial and Cultural Differences in Infant Mortalit
• Postpartum Depression: Moving from the Heights of Joy to the Depths of Despair
• The Competent Newborn
• Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment
• Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
• From Research to Practice: Are Food Preferences Learned in the Womb?
• Early Learning Capabilities
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Habituation
• Social Competence: Responding to Others
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Two: Infancy: Forming the Foundations of Life
• Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy
• Looking Ahead
• Growth and Stability
• Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy
• Four Principles of Growth
• The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development
• Synaptic Pruning
• Environmental Influences on Brain Development
• Integrating the Bodily Systems: The Life Cycles of Infancy
• Rhythms and States
• Sleep: Perchance to Dream?
• SIDS: The Unanticipated Killer
• Motor Development
• Reflexes: Our Inborn Physical Skills
• The Basic Reflexes
• Ethnic and Cultural Differences and Similarities in Reflexes
• Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement
• Gross Motor Skills
• Fine Motor Skills
• Dynamic Systems Theory: How Motor Development Is Coordinated
• Developmental Norms: Comparing the Individual to the Group
• Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: The Cultural Dimensions of Motor Development
• Malnutrition
• Obesity
• Breast or Bottle?
• Introducing Solid Foods: When and What?
• From Research to Practice: The Science of Breast Milk
• The Development of the Senses
• Visual Perception: Seeing the World
• Auditory Perception: The World of Sound
• Smell and Taste
• Sensitivity to Pain and Touch
• Contemporary Views on Infant Pain
• Responding to Touch
• Multimodal Perception: Combining Individual Sensory Inputs
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Exercising Your Infant’s Body and Senses
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
• Looking Ahead
• Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development
• Key Elements of Piaget’s Theory
• The Sensorimotor Period: The Earliest Stage of Cognitive Growth
• Substage 1: Simple Reflexes
• Substage 2: First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions
• Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions
• Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
• Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions
• Substage 6: Beginnings of Thought
• Appraising Piaget: Support and Challenges
• Information Processing Approaches to Cognitive Development
• The Foundations of Information Processing
• Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
• Automatization
• Memory during Infancy: They Must Remember This…
• Memory Capabilities in Infancy
• The Duration of Memories
• The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
• From Research to Practice: Brain Growth May Be Responsible for Infantile Amnesia
• Individual Differences in Intelligence: Is One Infant Smarter Than Another?
• What is Infant Intelligence?
• Developmental Scales
• Information Processing Approaches to Individual Differences in Intelligence
• Assessing Information Processing Approaches
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: What Can You Do to Promote Infants’ Cognitive Develo
• The Roots of Language
• The Fundamentals of Language: From Sounds to Symbols
• Early Sounds and Communication
• First Words
• First Sentences
• The Origins of Language Development
• Learning Theory Approaches: Language as a Learned Skill
• Nativist Approaches: Language as an Innate Skill
• The Interactionist Approaches
• Speaking to Children: The Language of Infant-Directed Speech and Gender-Related Speech
• Infant-Directed Speech
• Gender Differences
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Is Infant-Directed Speech Similar in All Cultures?
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
• Looking Ahead
• Developing the Roots of Sociability
• Emotions in Infancy: Do Infants Experience Emotional Highs and Lows?
• Experiencing Emotions
• Smiling
• Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety: It’s Only Natural
• Social Referencing: Feeling What Others Feel
• Two Explanations of Social Referencing
• Decoding Others’ Facial and Vocal Expressions
• The Development of Self: Do Infants Know Who They Are?
• Theory of Mind: Infants’ Perspectives on the Mental Lives of Others—and Themselves
• From Research to Practice: Do Infants Understand Morality?
• Forming Relationships
• Attachment: Forming Social Bonds
• Harlow’s Monkeys
• Bowlby’s Contributions to our Understanding of Attachment
• The Ainsworth Strange Situation and Patterns of Attachment
• Producing Attachment: The Roles of the Mother and Father
• Mothers and Attachment
• Fathers and Attachment
• Are there Differences in Attachment to Mothers and Fathers?
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Does Attachment Differ across Cultures?
• Infant Interactions: Developing a Working Relationship
• Processes Underlying Relationship Development
• Infants’ Sociability with their Peers: Infant–Infant Interaction
• Differences among Infants
• Personality Development: The Characteristics That Make Infants Unique
• Temperament: Stabilities in Infant Behavior
• Categorizing Temperament: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm Babies
• The Consequences of Temperament: Does Temperament Matter?
• The Biological Basis of Temperament
• Gender: Boys in Blue, Girls in Pink
• Gender Differences
• Gender Roles
• Family Life in the Twenty-First Century
• How Does Infant Child Care Affect Later Development?
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Choosing the Right Infant Care Provider
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Three: The Preschool Years
• Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years
• Looking Ahead
• Physical Growth
• The Growing Body
• Individual Differences in Height and Weight
• Changes in Body Shape and Structure
• Nutrition: Eating the Right Foods
• Health and Illness
• Injuries During the Preschool Years: Playing it Safe
• The Silent Danger: Lead Poisoning in Young Children
• The Growing Brain
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Keeping Preschoolers Healthy
• Brain Lateralization
• The Links Between Brain Growth and Cognitive Development
• Motor Development
• Gross Motor Skills
• Potty Wars: When—and How—Should Children be Toilet Trained?
• Fine Motor Skills
• Handedness
• Intellectual Development
• Piaget’s Stage of Preoperational Thinking
• The Relation between Language and Thought
• Centration: What you see is what you think
• Conservation: Learning that Appearances are Deceiving
• Incomplete Understanding of Transformation
• Egocentrism: The Inability to Take Others’ Perspectives
• The Emergence of Intuitive Thought
• Evaluating Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development
• Information Processing Approaches to Cognitive Development
• Preschoolers’ Understanding of Numbers
• Memory: Recalling the Past
• Information Processing Theories in Perspective
• Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development: Taking
• The Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding: Foundations of Cognitive Development
• Evaluating Vygotsky’s Contributions
• The Growth of Language and Learning
• Language Development
• Private Speech and Social Speech
• How Living in Poverty Affects Language Development
• Learning from the Media: Television and the Internet
• Television: Controlling Exposure
• Sesame Street: A Teacher in Every Home?
• Early Childhood Education: Taking the “Pre” Out of the Preschool Period
• The Varieties of Early Education
• The Effectiveness of Child Care
• The Quality of Child Care
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Preschools around the World: Why Does the United States Lag b
• Preparing Preschoolers for Academic Pursuits: Does Head Start Truly Provide a Head Start?
• Are we Pushing Children Too Hard and Too Fast?
• From Research to Practice: Reading to Children: Keeping It Real
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years
• Looking Ahead
• Forming a Sense of Self
• Psychosocial Development: Resolving the Conflicts
• Self-Concept in the Preschool Years: Thinking about the Self
• Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Awareness
• Racial Identity: Developing Slowly
• Gender Identity : Developing Femaleness and Maleness
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Developing Racial and Ethnic Awareness
• Biological Perspectives on Gender
• Psychoanalytic Perspectives
• Social Learning Approaches
• Cognitive Approaches
• Friends and Family: Preschoolers’ Social Lives
• The Development of Friendships
• Playing by the Rules: The Work of Play
• Categorizing Play
• The Social Aspects of Play
• Preschoolers’ Theory of Mind: Understanding What Others are Thinking
• The Emergence of Theory of Mind
• From Research to Practice: How Children Learn to Become Better Liars
• Preschoolers’ Family Lives
• Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior
• Cultural Differences in Childrearing Practices
• Child Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment: The Grim Side of Family Life
• Physical Abuse
• Psychological Maltreatment
• Resilience: Overcoming the Odds
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Disciplining Children
• Moral Development and Aggression
• Developing Morality: Following Society’s Rights and Wrongs
• Piaget’s View of Moral Development
• Evaluating Piaget’s Approach to Moral Development
• Social Learning Approaches to Morality
• Genetic Approaches to Morality
• Empathy and Moral Behavior
• Aggression and Violence in Preschoolers: Sources and Consequences
• The Roots of Aggression
• Social Learning Approaches to Aggression
• Viewing Violence on Tv: Does It Matter?
• Cognitive Approaches To Aggression: The Thoughts Behind Violence
• Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Increasing Moral Behavior and Reducing Aggression in P
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Four: The Middle Childhood Years
• Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
• Looking Ahead
• Physical Development
• The Growing Body
• Height and Weight Changes
• Cultural Patterns of Growth
• Promoting Growth with Hormones: Should Short Children be Made to Grow?
• Nutrition
• Childhood Obesity
• Motor Development
• Gross Motor Skills
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Keeping Children Fit
• Fine Motor Skills
• Physical and Mental Health during Middle Childhood
• Asthma
• Accidents
• Psychological Disorders
• Children with Special Needs
• Sensory Difficulties: Visual, Auditory, And Speech Problems
• Learning Disabilities: Discrepancies between Achievement and Capacity to Learn
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• From Research to Practice: Does Medicating Children with ADHD Produce Academic Benefits?
• Intellectual Development
• Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development
• The Rise of Concrete Operational Thought
• Piaget in Perspective: Piaget Was Right, Piaget was Wrong
• Information Processing in Middle Childhood
• Memory
• Improving Memory
• Vygotsky’s Approach to Cognitive Development and Classroom Instruction
• Language Development: What Words Mean
• Mastering the Mechanics of Language
• Metalinguistic Awareness
• How Language Promotes Self-Control
• Bilingualism: Speaking in Many Tongues
• Schooling: The Three Rs (and More) of Middle Childhood
• Reading: Learning to Decode the Meaning behind Words
• Reading Stages
• How Should we Teach Reading?
• Educational Trends: Beyond the Three Rs
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Multicultural Education
• Cultural Assimilation or Pluralistic Society?
• Fostering a Bicultural Identity
• Intelligence: Determining Individual Strengths
• Intelligence Benchmarks: Differentiating the Intelligent from the Unintelligent
• What IQ Tests Don’t Tell: Alternative Conceptions of Intelligence
• Group Differences in IQ
• Explaining Racial Differences in IQ
• The Bell Curve Controversy
• Below and Above Intelligence Norms: Intellectual Disabilities and the Intellectually Gifted
• Ending Segregation by Intelligence Levels: The Benefits of Mainstreaming
• Below The Norm: Intellectual Disability
• Above The Norm: The Gifted and Talented
• Educating The Gifted and Talented
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
• Looking Ahead
• The Developing Self
• Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
• Understanding One’s Self: A New Response to “Who Am I?”
• The Shift in Self-Understanding from the Physical to the Psychological
• Social Comparison
• Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of the Self
• Change and Stability in Self-Esteem
• From Research to Practice: The Danger of Inflated Praise
• Race and Self-Esteem
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Are Children of Immigrant Families Well Adjusted?
• Moral Development
• Moral Development in Girls
• Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
• Stages of Friendship: Changing Views of Friends
• Stage 1: Basing Friendship on Others’ Behavior
• Stage 2: Basing Friendship on Trust
• Stage 3: Basing Friendship On Psychological Closeness
• Individual Differences in Friendship: What Makes a Child Popular?
• Status Among School-Age Children: Establishing One’s Position
• What Personal Characteristics Lead to Popularity?
• Social Problem-Solving Abilities
• Teaching Social Competence
• Schoolyard—and Cyber-Yard—Bullies
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Increasing Children’s Social Competence
• Gender and Friendships: The Sex Segregation of Middle Childhood
• Cross-Race Friendships: Integration In and Out of the Classroom
• Family and School: Shaping Children’s Behavior in Middle Childhood
• Families: The Changing Home Environment
• Family Life: Still Important after all these Years
• When Both Parents Work Outside the Home: How do Children Fare?
• Home and Alone: What do Children do?
• Divorce
• Single-Parent Families
• Multigenerational Families
• Living In Blended Families
• Children with Gay and Lesbian Parents
• Race and Family Life
• Poverty And Family Life
• Group Care: Orphanages in the Twenty-First Century
• School: The Academic Environment
• How Children Explain Academic Success and Failure
• Cultural Comparisons: Individual Differences in Attribution
• Beyond the 3rs: Should Schools Teach Emotional Intelligence?
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Explaining Asian Academic Success
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Five: Adolescence
• Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
• Looking Ahead
• Physical Maturation
• Growth during Adolescence: The Rapid Pace of Physical and Sexual Maturation
• Puberty in Girls
• Puberty in Boys
• Body Image: Reactions to Physical Changes in Adolescence
• The Timing of Puberty: The Consequences of Early and Late Maturation
• Nutrition, Food, and Eating Disorders: Fueling the Growth of Adolescence
• Obesity
• Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
• Brain Development and Thought: Paving the Way for Cognitive Growth
• The Immature Brain Argument: Too Young for the Death Penalty?
• Sleep Deprivation
• Cognitive Development and Schooling
• Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development: Using Formal Operations
• Using Formal Operations to Solve Problems
• The Consequences of Adolescents’ Use of Formal Operations
• Evaluating Piaget’s Approach
• Information Processing Perspectives: Gradual Transformations in Abilities
• Egocentrism in Thinking: Adolescents’ Self-Absorption
• School Performance
• Socioeconomic Status and School Performance: Individual Differences in Achievement
• Ethnic and Racial Differences in School Achievement
• Achievement Testing in High School: Will No Child Be Left Behind?
• From Research to Practice: Do Video Games Improve Cognitive Ability?
• Dropping Out of School
• Cyberspace: Adolescents Online
• Media and Education
• Threats to Adolescents’ Well-Being
• Illegal Drugs
• Alcohol: Use and Abuse
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Hooked on Drugs or Alcohol?
• Tobacco: The Dangers of Smoking
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Selling Death: Pushing Smoking to the Less Advantaged
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• AIDS
• Other Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Avoiding STIS
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
• Looking Ahead
• Identity: Asking “Who Am I?”
• Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
• Self-Concept: Asking, “What am I Like?”
• Self-Esteem: Asking How Do I Like Myself?
• Gender Differences in Self-Esteem
• Socioeconomic Status and Race Differences in Self-Esteem
• Identity Formation: Change or Crisis?
• Societal Pressures and Reliance on Friends and Peers
• Psychological Moratorium
• Limitations of Erikson’s Theory
• Marcia’s Approach to Identity Development: Updating Erikson
• Religion and Spirituality
• Identity, Race, and Ethnicity
• Depression and Suicide: Psychological Difficulties in Adolescence
• Adolescent Depression
• Adolescent Suicide
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Adolescent Suicide: How to Help
• Relationships: Family and Friends
• Family Ties: Changing Relations with Relations
• The Quest for Autonomy
• Culture and Autonomy
• The Myth of the Generation Gap
• Conflicts with Parents
• Cultural Differences in Parent–Child Conflicts During Adolescence
• Relationships with Peers: The Importance of Belonging
• Social Comparison
• Reference Groups
• Cliques and Crowds: Belonging to a Group
• Gender Relations
• From Research to Practice: Empathy in Adolescence
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Race Segregation: The Great Divide of Adolescence
• Popularity and Conformity
• Popularity and Rejection
• Conformity: Peer Pressure in Adolescence
• Juvenile Delinquency: The Crimes of Adolescence
• Dating, Sexual Behavior, and Teenage Pregnancy
• Dating and Sexual Relationships in the Twenty-First Century
• The Functions of Dating
• Dating, Race, and Ethnicity
• Sexual Behavior
• Sexual Intercourse
• Sexual Orientation: Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, Bisexuality, and Transexualism
• What Determines Sexual Orientation?
• Teenage Pregnancies
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Six: Early Adulthood
• Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
• Looking Ahead
• Physical Development
• Physical Development, Fitness, and Health
• The Senses
• Physical Fitness
• Health
• Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity: A Weighty Concern
• Good Nutrition
• Obesity
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Cultural Beliefs Influence Health and Health Care
• Physical Disabilities: Coping with Physical Challenge
• Stress and Coping: Dealing with Life’s Challenges
• The Origins of Stress
• The Consequences of Stress
• Coping with Stress
• Hardiness, Resilience, And Coping
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Coping with Stress
• Cognitive Development
• Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood
• Postformal Thought
• Approaches to Postformal Thinking
• Perry’s Relativistic Thinking
• From Research to Practice: Young Adult Brains Are Still Developing
• Schaie’s Stages of Development
• Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood?
• Practical and Emotional Intelligence
• Creativity: Novel Thought
• Life Events and Cognitive Development
• College: Pursuing Higher Education
• The Demographics of Higher Education
• The Gender Gap in College Attendance
• The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College?
• College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: When Do College Students Need Professional Help with T
• Gender and College Performance
• Benevolent Sexism: When Being Nice is not so Nice Dropping Out of College
• Dropping Out of College
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood
• Looking Ahead
• Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving during Early Adulthood
• The Components of Happiness: Fulfilling Psychological Needs
• The Social Clocks of Adulthood
• Women’s Social Clocks
• Intimacy, Friendship, and Love
• Seeking Intimacy: Erikson’s View of Young Adulthood
• From Research to Practice: Emerging Adulthood: Not Quite There Yet!
• Friendship
• Defining the Indefinable: What is Love?
• Passionate and Companionate Love: The Two Faces of Love
• Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The Three Faces Of Love
• Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right
• Seeking a Spouse: is Love the only thing that Matters?
• Filtering Models: Sifting out a Spouse
• Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships: Do Adult Loving Styles Reflect Attachment in Infancy?
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Gay and Lesbian Relationships: Men with Men and Women with Wo
• The Course of Relationships
• Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices: Sorting Out the Options of Early Adulthood
• Marriage
• What Makes Marriages Work?
• Early Marital Conflict
• Parenthood: Choosing To Have Children
• Family Size
• Dual-Earner Couples
• The Transition To Parenthood: Two’s a Couple, Three’s a Crowd?
• Gay and Lesbian Parents
• Staying Single: I Want to Be Alone
• Work: Choosing and Embarking on a Career
• Identity during Young Adulthood: The Role of Work
• Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work
• Ginzberg’s Career Choice Theory
• Holland’s Personality Type Theory
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Choosing a Career
• Gender and Career Choices: Women’s Work
• Why Do People Work? More Than Earning a Living
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• Satisfaction on the Job
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Seven: Middle Adulthood
• Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
• Looking Ahead
• Physical Development
• Physical Transitions: The Gradual Change in the Body’s Capabilities
• Height, Weight, and Strength: The Benchmarks of Change
• The Senses: The Sights and Sounds of Middle Age
• Vision
• Hearing
• Reaction Time: Not-So-Slowing Down
• Sex in Middle Adulthood: The Ongoing Sexuality of Middle Age
• The Female Climacteric and Menopause
• The Dilemma of Hormone Therapy: No Easy Answer
• The Psychological Consequences of Menopause
• The Male Climacteric
• Health
• Wellness and Illness: The Ups and Downs of Middle Adulthood
• Stress in Middle Adulthood
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Individual Variation in Health: Socioeconomic Status and Gend
• The A’s and B’s of Coronary Heart Disease: Linking Health and Personality
• Risk Factors for Heart Disease
• Type A’s And Type B’s
• The Threat of Cancer
• From Research to Practice: Is Genetic Testing for Serious Diseases a Good Idea?
• Psychological Factors Relating To Cancer: Mind Over Tumor?
• Cognitive Development
• Does Intelligence Decline in Adulthood?
• The Difficulties in Answering the Question
• Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
• Reframing The Issue: What Is the Source of Competence During Middle Adulthood?
• The Development of Expertise: Separating Experts from Novices
• Memory: You Must Remember This
• Types of Memory
• Memory Schemas
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Effective Stratiges for Remembering
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood
• Looking Ahead
• Personality Development
• Two Perspectives on Adult Personality Development: Normative Crisis versus Life Events
• Erikson’s Stage of Generativity versus Stagnation
• Building on Erikson’s Views: Vaillant and Gould
• Building on Erikson’s Views: Levinson’s Season of Life Theory
• The Midlife Crisis: Reality or Myth?
• Stability versus Change in Personality
• Stability And Change In the “Big Five” Personality Traits
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Middle Age: In Some Cultures It Doesn’t Exist
• Relationships: Family in Middle Age
• Marriage and Divorce
• Marriage
• The Ups and Downs of Marriage
• Divorce
• Remarriage
• Family Evolutions: From Full House to Empty Nest
• Boomerang Children: Refilling the Empty Nest
• The Sandwich Generation: Between Children and Parents
• Becoming a Grandparent: Who, Me?
• Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic
• The Prevalence of Spousal Abuse
• The Stages of Spousal Abuse
• The Cycle of Violence
• Spousal Abuse and Society: The Cultural Roots of Violence
• Are you an Informed Consumer of Development?: Dealing with Spousal Abuse
• Work and Leisure
• Work and Careers: Jobs at Midlife
• Challenges of Work: On-The-Job Dissatisfaction
• From Research to Practice: House-Husbands: When Fathers Are the Primary Caregivers for Their Childre
• Unemployment: The Dashing of the Dream
• Switching—andStarting—Careersat Midlife
• Leisure Time: Life beyond Work
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Immigrants on the Job: Making It in America
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Part Eight: Late Adulthood
• Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
• Looking Ahead
• Physical Development in Late Adulthood
• Aging: Myth and Reality
• The Demographics of Late Adulthood
• Ageism: Confronting the Stereotypes of Late Adulthood Physical Transitions in Older People
• Physical Transitions in Older People
• Outward Signs of Aging
• Internal Aging
• Slowing Reaction Time
• The Senses: Sight, Sound, Taste, and Smell
• Vision
• Hearing
• Taste and Smell
• Health and Wellness in Late Adulthood
• Health Problems in Older People: Physical and Psychological Disorders
• Common Physical Disorders
• Psychological and Mental Disorders
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• From Research to Practice: Falling is a Risk and a Fear for Older Adults
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Caring for People with Alzheimer’s Disease
• Wellness in Late Adulthood: The Relationship between Aging and Illness
• Promoting Good Health
• Sexuality in Old Age: Use It or Lose It
• Approaches to Aging: Why is Death Inevitable?
• Genetic Programming Theories of Aging
• Wear-and Tear Theories of Aging
• Reconciling the Theories of Aging
• Life Expectancy: How Long have I Got?
• Postponing Aging: Can Scientists Find the Fountain of Youth?
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Average Life Expectan
• Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
• Intelligence in Older People
• Recent Findings About Intelligence in Older People
• Memory: Remembrance of Things Past—and Present
• Autobiographical Memory: Recalling the Days of our Lives
• Explaining Memory Changes in Old Age
• Never Too Late
• Technology and Learning In Late Adulthood
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood
• Looking Ahead
• Personality Development and Successful Aging
• Continuity and Change in Personality during Late Adulthood
• Ego Integrity Versus Despair: Erikson’s Final Stage
• Peck’s Developmental Tasks
• Levinson’s Final Season: The Winter of Life
• Coping With Aging: Neugarten’s Study
• Life Review and Reminiscence: The Common Theme Of Personality Development
• Age Stratification Approaches to Late Adulthood
• Does Age Bring Wisdom?
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Culture Shapes the Way We Treat People in Late Adulthood
• Successful Aging: What is the Secret?
• Disengagement Theory: Gradual Retreat
• Activity Theory: Continued Involvement
• Continuity Theory: A Compromise Position
• From Research to Practice: Is Age Really Just a State of Mind?
• Selective Optimization with Compensation: A General Model of Successful Aging
• The Daily Life of Late Adulthood
• Living Arrangements: The Places and Spaces of their Lives
• Living at Home
• Specialized Living Environments
• Institutionalism and Learned Helplessness
• Financial Issues: The Economics of Late Adulthood
• Work and Retirement in Late Adulthood
• Older Workers: Combating Age Discrimination
• Retirement: Filling a Life of Leisure
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Planning for—and Living—a Good Retirement
• Relationships: Old and New
• Marriage in the Later Years: In Sickness and in Health
• Divorce
• Dealing with Retirement: Too Much Togetherness?
• Caring for an Aging Spouse
• The Death of a Spouse: Becoming Widowed
• The Social Networks of Late Adulthood
• Friendship: Why Friends Matter in Late Adulthood
• Social Support: The Significance of Others
• Family Relationships: The Ties That Bind
• Children
• Grandchildren and Great-Grandchildren
• Elder Abuse: Relationships Gone Wrong
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Chapter 19: Death and Dying
• Looking Ahead
• Dying and Death across the Life Span
• Defining Death: Determining the Point at Which Life Ends
• Death across the Life Span: Causes and Reactions
• Death in Infancy and Childhood
• Childhood Conceptions of Death
• Death in Adolescence
• Death in Young Adulthood
• Death in Middle Adulthood
• Death in Late Adulthood
• Cultural Responses to Death
• Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Differing Conceptions of Death
• Can Death Education Prepare Us for the Inevitable?
• Confronting Death
• Understanding the Process of Dying: Are There Steps toward Death?
• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance
• Evaluating Kübler-Ross’s Theory
• Choosing the Nature of Death: Is DNR the Way to Go?
• Living Wills
• Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
• Caring for the Terminally Ill: The Place of Death
• Grief and Bereavement
• Mourning and Funerals: Final Rites
• Cultural Differences in Grieving
• From Research to Practice: The Rising Popularity of Cremation
• Bereavement and Grief: Adjusting to the Death of a Loved One
• Differentiating Unhealthy Grief from Normal Grief
• The Consequences of Grief and Bereavement
• Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Helping a Child Cope with Grief
• Epilogue
• Looking Back
• Key Terms and Concepts
• References
• Credits
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Developmental Timeline
• Back Cover