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• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Brief Contents
• Detailed Contents
• PART 1: An Introduction to Educational Research
• Chapter 1 The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
• A Definition of Research and Its Importance
• Research Adds to Our Knowledge
• Research Improves Practice
• Research Informs Policy Debates
• Several Problems with Research Today
• The Six Steps in the Process of Research
• Identifying a Research Problem
• Reviewing the Literature
• Specifying a Purpose for Research
• Collecting Data
• Analyzing and Interpreting the Data
• Reporting and Evaluating Research
• The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Each of the Six Steps
• Quantitative Research Characteristics
• Qualitative Research Characteristics
• Similarities and Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research
• Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative Research
• Important Ethical Issues in Conducting Research
• Institutional Review Boards
• Professional Associations
• Ethical Practices throughout the Research Process
• Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research
• Solving Puzzles
• Lengthening Your Attention Span
• Learning to Use Library Resources
• Writing, Editing, and More Writing
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• The Definition and Importance of Educational Research
• The Six Steps in the Process of Research
• The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
• The Types of Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative Research
• The Important Ethical Issues
• The Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• PART 2: The Steps in the Process of Research
• Chapter 2 Identifying a Research Problem
• What Is a Research Problem, and Why Is It Important?
• How Does the Research Problem Differ from Other Parts of Research?
• Can and Should Problems Be Researched?
• Can You Gain Access to People and Sites?
• Can You Find Time, Locate Resources, and Use Your Skills?
• Should the Problem Be Researched?
• How Does the Research Problem Differ in Quantitative and Qualitative Research?
• How Do You Write a “Statement of the Problem” Section?
• The Topic
• The Research Problem
• Justification of the Importance of the Problem
• Deficiencies in What We Know
• The Audience
• What Are Some Strategies for Writing the “Statement of the Problem” Section?
• A Template
• Other Writing Strategies
• Examples of “Statement of the Problem” Sections
• Reexamining the Parent Involvement and the Mothers’ Trust in School Principals Studies
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Define a Research Problem and Explain Its Importance
• Distinguish between a Research Problem and Other Parts of Research
• Criteria for Deciding Whether a Problem Can and Should Be Researched
• The Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Problems
• The Five Elements of a “Statement of the Problem” Section
• Strategies Useful in Writing the “Statement of the Problem” Section
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Chapter 3 Reviewing the Literature
• What Is a Literature Review, and Why Is It Important?
• How Does the Literature Review Differ for Quantitative and Qualitative Studies?
• What Are the Six Steps in Conducting a Literature Review?
• Identify Key Terms
• Locate Literature
• Critically Evaluate and Select the Literature
• Organize the Literature
• Synthesize the Literature
• Write a Literature Review
• Reexamining the Parent Involvement and the Mothers’ Trust in Principals Studies
• Literature Review Analysis in a Quantitative Study
• Literature Review Analysis in a Qualitative Study
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• What Is a Review of the Literature, and Why Is It Important?
• The Six Steps in Conducting a Literature Review
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• Chapter 4 Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses
• What Are Purpose Statements, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives?
• The Purpose Statement
• Research Questions
• Hypotheses
• Research Objectives
• Why Are These Statements and Questions Important?
• How Do You Design Quantitative Purpose Statements, Research Questions, and Hypotheses?
• Specify Variables
• The Family of Variables
• Theories and Testing of Variables
• Writing Quantitative Purpose Statements
• Writing Quantitative Research Questions
• Writing Quantitative Hypotheses
• How Do You Design Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions?
• Differentiating between Quantitative and Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions
• The Central Phenomenon in Qualitative Research
• Emerging Processes in Qualitative Research
• Writing Qualitative Purpose Statements
• Writing Qualitative Research Questions
• Reexamining the Parent Involvement and Mothers’ Trust in Principals Studies
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Distinguish among Purpose Statements, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives
• Know Why These Statements and Questions Are Important
• Write Quantitative Purpose Statements, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
• Write Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• Chapter 5 Collecting Quantitative Data
• Five Steps in the Process of Data Collection
• What Participants Will You Study?
• Identify Your Unit of Analysis
• Specify the Population and Sample
• What Permissions Will You Need?
• Obtain Different Types of Permissions
• Obtain Informed Consent
• What Are Your Options for Collecting Information?
• Specify Variables from Research Questions and Hypotheses
• Operationally Define Each Variable
• Choose Types of Data and Measures
• What Instrument Will You Use to Collect Data?
• Locate or Develop an Instrument
• Search for an Instrument
• Criteria for Choosing a Good Instrument
• How Will You Administer the Data Collection?
• Standardization
• Ethical Issues
• Reexamining the Quantitative Parent Involvement Study
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• State the Five Steps in the Process of Quantitative Data Collection
• Identify How to Select Participants for a Study
• Identify the Permissions Needed for a Study
• List Different Options for Collecting Information
• Locate, Select, and Assess an Instrument(s) for Use in Data Collection
• Describe Procedures for Administering Quantitative Data Collection
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• Chapter 6 Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
• What Are the Steps in the Process of Quantitative Data Analysis?
• How Do You Prepare the Data for Analysis?
• Score the Data
• Determine the Types of Scores to Analyze
• Select a Statistical Program
• Input Data
• Clean and Account for Missing Data
• How Do You Analyze the Data?
• Conduct Descriptive Analysis
• Conduct Inferential Analysis
• How Do You Report the Results?
• Tables
• Figures
• Present Results
• How Do You Interpret the Results?
• Summarize the Major Results
• Explain Why the Results Occurred
• Advance Limitations
• Suggest Future Research
• Reexamining Data Analysis and Interpretation in the Parent Involvement Study
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Identify the Steps in the Process of Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
• Preparing Your Data for Analysis
• Analyzing the Data
• Reporting the Results
• Interpreting the Results
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• Chapter 7 Collecting Qualitative Data
• What Are the Five Process Steps in Qualitative Data Collection?
• What Are the Different Purposeful Sampling Approaches for Selecting Participants and Sites?
• Purposeful Sampling
• Sample Size or Number of Research Sites
• What Types of Permissions Will Be Required to Gain Access to Participants and Sites?
• Seek Institutional Review Board Approval
• Gatekeepers
• What Types of Qualitative Data Will You Collect?
• Observations
• Interviews
• Documents
• Audiovisual Materials
• What Procedures Will Be Used to Record Data?
• Using Protocols
• What Field and Ethical Issues Need to Be Anticipated?
• Field Issues
• Ethical Issues
• Revisiting the Mothers’ Trust in Principals Qualitative Study
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Five Process Steps in Collecting Data
• Sampling Approaches to Selecting Participants and Sites
• Permissions Required to Gain Access
• Various Types of Qualitative Data to Collect
• Procedures for Recording Data
• Field Issues and Ethical Considerations in Data Collection
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• Chapter 8 Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
• What Are the Six Steps in Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data?
• How Do You Prepare and Organize the Data for Analysis?
• Organize Data
• Transcribe Data
• Analyze by Hand or Computer
• Use of Qualitative Data Analysis Software Programs
• How Do You Explore and Code the Data?
• Explore the General Sense of the Data
• Code the Data
• How Do You Use Codes to Build Description and Themes?
• Description
• Themes
• Layering and Interrelating Themes
• How Do You Represent and Report Findings?
• Representing Findings
• Reporting Findings
• How Do You Interpret Findings?
• Summarize Findings
• Convey Personal Reflections
• Make Comparisons to the Literature
• Offer Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
• How Do You Validate the Accuracy of Your Findings?
• Reexamining Qualitative Data Analysis in the Mothers’ Trust in Principals Case Study
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Six Steps in the Process of Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
• Prepare and Organize the Data for Analysis
• Explore and Code the Data
• Coding to Build Description and Themes
• Represent and Report Qualitative Findings
• Interpret the Findings
• Validate the Accuracy of the Findings
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• Chapter 9 Reporting and Evaluating Research
• What Is a Research Report, and What Are Its Types?
• What Audience Will Receive the Report?
• What Are the Types of Research Reports?
• How Should You Structure Your Report?
• Look at the Physical Structure of Research Reports
• Design an Appropriate Quantitative Structure
• Design an Appropriate Qualitative Structure
• How Do You Write in a Sensitive, Ethical, and Scholarly Way?
• Use Language That Reduces Bias
• Encode Scholarly Terms into Your Research
• Use Ethical Reporting and Writing of Research Results
• Use an Appropriate Point of View
• Balance Your Research and Content
• Interconnect Sections for Consistency
• Advance a Concise Title
• How Do You Evaluate the Quality of Your Research?
• Employ Appropriate Standards
• Quantitative Standards
• Qualitative Standards
• Evaluate with a Process Approach
• Reexamining the Parent Involvement and Mothers’ Trust in Principals Studies
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• The Purpose of a Research Report and Its Types
• How to Structure Your Research Report
• Sensitive, Ethical, and Scholarly Writing Practices
• Criteria for Evaluating a Research Report
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Conducting Your Research
• PART 3: Research Designs
• Chapter 10 Experimental Designs
• What Is an Experiment, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Use an Experiment?
• Making Causal Inferences
• When Did Experiments Develop?
• What Are Key Characteristics of Experiments?
• Random Assignment
• Control over Extraneous Variables
• Manipulating Treatment Conditions
• Outcome Measures
• Group Comparisons
• Threats to Validity
• What Are the Types of Experimental Designs?
• Between-Group Designs
• Within-Group or Individual Designs
• What Are Potential Ethical Issues in Experimental Research?
• What Are the Steps in Conducting Experimental Research?
• Step 1. Decide If an Experiment Addresses Your Research Problem
• Step 2. Form Hypotheses to Test Cause-and-Effect Relationships
• Step 3. Select an Experimental Unit and Identify Study Participants
• Step 4. Select an Experimental Treatment and Introduce It
• Step 5. Choose a Type of Experimental Design
• Step 6. Conduct the Experiment
• Step 7. Organize and Analyze the Data
• Step 8. Develop an Experimental Research Report
• How Do You Evaluate Experimental Research?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• A Definition of Experimental Research, When to Use It, and How It Developed
• Key Characteristics of Experimental Research
• Types of Experimental Designs
• Ethical Issues in Experimental Research
• Steps in Conducting an Experiment
• Evaluating an Experiment
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Chapter 11 Correlational Designs
• What Is Correlational Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Use Correlational Research?
• How Did Correlational Research Develop?
• What Are the Types of Correlational Designs?
• The Explanatory Design
• The Prediction Design
• What Are the Key Characteristics of Correlational Designs?
• Associations between Scores
• Displays of Scores
• Multiple Variable Analysis
• Using Advanced Correlational Statistical Procedures
• Potential Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational Research
• What Are the Steps in Conducting a Correlational Study?
• Step 1. Determine If a Correlational Study Best Addresses the Research Problem
• Step 2. Identify Individuals to Study
• Step 3. Identify Two or More Measures for Each Individual in the Study
• Step 4. Collect Data and Monitor Potential Threats
• Step 5. Analyze the Data and Represent the Results
• Step 6. Interpret the Results
• How Do You Evaluate a Correlational Study?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• The Definition, Use, and Development of Correlational Research
• Types of Correlational Designs
• Key Characteristics of Correlational Designs
• Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational Research
• Steps in Conducting a Correlational Study
• Criteria for Evaluating a Correlational Study
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use a Correlational Design
• Chapter 12 Survey Designs
• What Is Survey Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Use Survey Research?
• How Did Survey Research Develop?
• What Are the Types of Survey Designs?
• Cross-Sectional Survey Designs
• Longitudinal Survey Designs
• What Are the Key Characteristics of Survey Research?
• Sampling from a Population
• Questionnaires and Interviews
• Instrument Design
• Response Rate
• How Do You Construct and Analyze an Online or Mailed Questionnaire?
• The Cover Letter
• Overall Questionnaire Construction
• Data Analysis of a Research Questionnaire
• How Do You Design and Conduct an Interview Survey?
• Stance of the Interviewer
• Training of Interviewers
• Steps in Interviewing
• A Telephone Interview Guide
• Unique Considerations of Telephone Interviews
• What Are Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research?
• What Are the Steps in Conducting Survey Research?
• Step 1. Decide If a Survey Is the Best Design to Use
• Step 2. Identify the Research Questions or Hypotheses
• Step 3. Identify the Population, the Sampling Frame, and the Sample
• Step 4. Determine the Survey Design and Data Collection Procedures
• Step 5. Develop or Locate an Instrument
• Step 6. Administer the Instrument
• Step 7. Analyze the Data to Address the Research Questions or Hypotheses
• Step 8. Write the Report
• How Do You Evaluate Survey Research?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Defining Survey Research, When to Use It, and How It Developed
• Types of Survey Designs
• Key Characteristics of Survey Research
• Constructing and Using an Online or Mailed Questionnaire
• Designing and Conducting an Interview Survey
• Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research
• Steps in Conducting Survey Research
• Criteria for Evaluating Survey Research
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use a Survey Design
• Chapter 13 Grounded Theory Designs
• What Is Grounded Theory Research, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Use Grounded Theory?
• How Did Grounded Theory Develop?
• Types of Grounded Theory Designs
• The Systematic Design
• The Emerging Design
• The Constructivist Design
• Choosing among the Designs
• The Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research
• A Process Approach
• Theoretical Sampling
• Constant Comparative Data Analysis
• A Core Category
• Theory Generation
• Memos
• Potential Ethical Issues in Grounded Theory Research
• What Are the Steps in Conducting Grounded Theory Research?
• Step 1. Decide If a Grounded Theory Design Best Addresses the Research Problem
• Step 2. Identify a Process to Study
• Step 3. Seek Approval and Access
• Step 4. Conduct Theoretical Sampling
• Step 5. Code the Data
• Step 6. Use Selective Coding and Develop the Theory
• Step 7. Validate Your Theory
• Step 8. Write a Grounded Theory Research Report
• How Do You Evaluate Grounded Theory Research?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• What Grounded Theory Is, When to Use It, and How It Developed
• Three Types of Grounded Theory Designs
• Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research
• Potential Ethical Issues in Grounded Theory Research
• Steps in Conducting a Grounded Theory Study
• Evaluating the Quality of a Grounded Theory Study
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use a Grounded Theory Design
• Chapter 14 Ethnographic Designs
• What Is Ethnographic Research, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Conduct an Ethnography?
• How Did Ethnographic Research Develop?
• What Are the Types of Ethnographic Designs?
• Realist Ethnographies
• Case Studies
• Critical Ethnographies
• What Are the Key Characteristics of Ethnographic Research?
• Cultural Themes
• A Culture-Sharing Group
• Shared Patterns of Behavior, Belief, and Language
• Fieldwork
• Description, Themes, and Interpretation
• Context or Setting
• Researcher Reflexivity
• Ethical Issues in Conducting Ethnographic Research
• What Are the Steps in Conducting an Ethnography?
• Step 1. Identify Intent and the Type of Design and Relate Intent to Your Research Problem
• Step 2. Discuss Approval and Access Considerations
• Step 3. Use Appropriate Data Collection Procedures
• Step 4. Analyze and Interpret Data within a Design
• Step 5. Write the Report Consistent with Your Design
• How Do You Evaluate an Ethnography?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Defining Ethnographic Research, Its Use, and Its Development
• Three Types of Ethnographic Designs
• Potential Ethical Issues in Ethnographic Research
• Steps in Conducting an Ethnography
• Criteria for Evaluating an Ethnography Study
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use an Ethnographic Design
• Chapter 15 Narrative Research Designs
• What Is Narrative Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Use Narrative Research?
• How Did Narrative Research Develop?
• What Are the Types of Narrative Designs?
• Who Writes or Records the Story?
• How Much of a Life Is Recorded and Presented?
• Who Provides the Story?
• Is a Theoretical Lens Being Used?
• Can Narrative Forms Be Combined?
• What Are the Key Characteristics of Narrative Designs?
• Individual Experiences
• Chronology of the Experiences
• Collecting Individual Stories
• Restorying
• Coding for Themes
• Context or Setting
• Collaborating with Participants
• What Are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Gathering Stories?
• What Are the Steps in Conducting Narrative Research?
• Step 1. Identify a Phenomenon to Explore That Addresses an Educational Problem
• Step 2. Purposefully Select an Individual from Whom You Can Learn about the Phenomenon
• Step 3. Collect the Story from that Individual
• Step 4. Restory or Retell the Individual’s Story
• Step 5. Collaborate with the Participant–Storyteller
• Step 6. Write a Story about the Participant’s Experiences
• Step 7. Validate the Accuracy of the Report
• How Do You Evaluate Narrative Research?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• What Is Narrative Research, When Is It Used, and How Did It Develop?
• The Types of Narrative Designs
• The Key Characteristics of Narrative Designs
• Potential Ethical Issues in Gathering Stories
• Steps in Conducting a Narrative Study
• Evaluating a Narrative Study
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use a Narrative Design
• Chapter 16 Mixed Methods Designs
• What Is Mixed Methods Research, When Is It Used, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Conduct a Mixed Methods Study?
• How Did Mixed Methods Research Develop?
• What Are the Types of Mixed Methods Designs?
• The Convergent Design
• The Explanatory Sequential Design
• The Exploratory Sequential Design
• The Experimental Design
• The Social Justice Design
• Multistage Evaluation Design
• What Are the Key Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs?
• Collect and Analyze Quantitative and Qualitative Data
• Use Rigorous Methods
• Integration (Combining the Databases)
• Use a Specific Mixed Methods Design
• Frame the Study within Theory and Philosophy
• Give Priority to Either Quantitative or Qualitative Research or Both
• Sequence the Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
• Diagram the Procedures
• What Are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Mixed Methods Research?
• What Are the Steps in Conducting a Mixed Methods Study?
• Step 1. Determine If a Mixed Methods Study Is Feasible
• Step 2. Identify a Rationale for Mixing Methods
• Step 3. Identify a Data Collection Strategy
• Step 4. Develop Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Questions
• Step 5. Collect Quantitative and Qualitative Data
• Step 6. Analyze Data Separately, Concurrently, or Both
• Step 7. Write the Report as a One- or Two-Phase Study or a Multiple-Stage Study
• How Do You Evaluate a Mixed Methods Study?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Mixed Method Research, Its Use, and Its Development
• Types of Mixed Methods Designs
• Key Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research
• Potential Ethical Issues in Mixed Methods Research
• Steps Used in Conducting Mixed Methods Research
• Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use a Mixed Methods Design
• Chapter 17 Action Research Designs
• What Is Action Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
• When Do You Use Action Research?
• How Did Action Research Develop?
• What Are the Types of Action Research Designs?
• Practical Action Research
• Participatory Action Research
• What Are the Key Characteristics of Action Research?
• A Practical Focus
• The Educator–Researcher’s Own Practices
• Collaboration
• A Dynamic Process
• A Plan of Action
• Sharing Research
• What Are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Action Research?
• What Are the Steps in Conducting an Action Research Study?
• Step 1. Determine If Action Research Is the Best Design to Use
• Step 2. Identify a Problem to Study
• Step 3. Locate Resources to Help Address the Problem
• Step 4. Identify Information You Will Need
• Step 5. Implement the Data Collection
• Step 6. Analyze the Data
• Step 7. Develop a Plan for Action
• Step 8. Implement the Plan and Reflect
• How Do You Evaluate an Action Research Study?
• Key Ideas in the Chapter
• Definition of Action Research, Its Use, and Its Development
• Types of Action Research Designs
• Key Characteristics of Action Research
• Potential Ethical Issues in Action Research
• Steps in Conducting an Action Research Study
• Evaluating an Action Research Study
• Useful Information for Producers of Research
• Useful Information for Consumers of Research
• Additional Resources You Might Examine
• Examples of Studies That Use an Action Research Design
• Appendix A Determine Size Using Sample Size Tables
• Appendix B Commonly Used Statistics in Educational Research
• Appendix C Nonnormal Distribution
• Appendix D Strategies for Defending a Research Proposal
• Glossary
• References
• Author Index
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• Subject Index
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