Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1 The Nature of Ecology
• 1.1 Ecology Is the Study of the Relationship between Organisms and Their Environment
• 1.2 Organisms Interact with the Environment in the Context of the Ecosystem
• 1.3 Ecological Systems Form a Hierarchy
• 1.4 Ecologists Study Pattern and Process at Many Levels
• 1.5 Ecologists Investigate Nature Using the Scientific Method
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 1.1: Classifying Ecological Data
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 1.2: Displaying Ecological Data: Histograms and Scatter Plots
• 1.6 Models Provide a Basis for Predictions
• 1.7 Uncertainty Is an Inherent Feature of Science
• 1.8 Ecology Has Strong Ties to Other Disciplines
• 1.9 The Individual Is the Basic Unit of Ecology
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Ecology Has a Rich History
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 1 The Physical Environment
• Chapter 2 Climate
• 2.1 Surface Temperatures Reflect the Difference between Incoming and Outgoing Radiation
• 2.2 Intercepted Solar Radiation and Surface Temperatures Vary Seasonally
• 2.3 Geographic Difference in Surface Net Radiation Result in Global Patterns of Atmospheric Circulat
• 2.4 Surface Winds and Earth’s Rotation Create Ocean Currents
• 2.5 Temperature Influences the Moisture Content of Air
• 2.6 Precipitation Has a Distinctive Global Pattern
• 2.7 Proximity to the Coastline Influences Climate
• 2.8 Topography Influences Regional and Local Patterns of Climate
• 2.9 Irregular Variations in Climate Occur at the Regional Scale
• 2.10 Most Organisms Live in Microclimates
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Rising Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases Are Altering
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 3 The Aquatic Environment
• 3.1 Water Cycles between Earth and the Atmosphere
• 3.2 Water Has Important Physical Properties
• 3.3 Light Varies with Depth in Aquatic Environments
• 3.4 Temperature Varies with Water Depth
• 3.5 Water Functions as a Solvent
• 3.6 Oxygen Diffuses from the Atmosphere to the Surface Waters
• 3.7 Acidity Has a Widespread Influence on Aquatic Environments
• 3.8 Water Movements Shape Freshwater and Marine Environments
• 3.9 Tides Dominate the Marine Coastal Environment
• 3.10 The Transition Zone between Freshwater and Saltwater Environments Presents Unique Constraints
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Rising Atmospheric Concentrations of CO2 Are Impacting Ocean Acidit
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 4 The Terrestrial Environment
• 4.1 Life on Land Imposes Unique Constraints
• 4.2 Plant Cover Influences the Vertical Distribution of Light
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 4.1: Beer’s Law and the Attenuation of Light
• 4.3 Soil Is the Foundation upon which All Terrestrial Life Depends
• 4.4 The Formation of Soil Begins with Weathering
• 4.5 Soil Formation Involves Five Interrelated Factors
• 4.6 Soils Have Certain Distinguishing Physical Characteristics
• 4.7 The Soil Body Has Horizontal Layers or Horizons
• 4.8 Moisture-Holding Capacity Is an Essential Feature of Soils
• 4.9 Ion Exchange Capacity Is Important to Soil Fertility
• 4.10 Basic Soil Formation Processes Produce Different Soils
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Soil Erosion Is a Threat to Agricultural Sustainability
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 2 The Organism and Its Environment
• Chapter 5 Adaptation and Natural Selection
• 5.1 Adaptations Are a Product of Natural Selection
• 5.2 Genes Are the Units of Inheritance
• 5.3 The Phenotype Is the Physical Expression of the Genotype
• 5.4 The Expression of Most Phenotypic Traits Is Affected by the Environment
• 5.5 Genetic Variation Occurs at the Level of the Population
• 5.6 Adaptation Is a Product of Evolution by Natural Selection
• 5.7 Several Processes Other than Natural Selection Can Function to Alter Patterns of Genetic Variati
• 5.8 Natural Selection Can Result in Genetic Differentiation
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 5.1: Hardy–Weinberg Principle
• FIELD STUDIES: Hopi Hoekstra
• 5.9 Adaptations Reflect Trade-offs and Constraints
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Genetic Engineering Allows Humans to Manipulate a Species’ DNA
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 6 Plant Adaptations to the Environment
• 6.1 Photosynthesis Is the Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Simple Sugars
• 6.2 The Light a Plant Receives Affects Its Photosynthetic Activity
• 6.3 Photosynthesis Involves Exchanges between the Plant and Atmosphere
• 6.4 Water Moves from the Soil, through the Plant, to the Atmosphere
• 6.5 The Process of Carbon Uptake Differs for Aquatic and Terrestrial Autotrophs
• 6.6 Plant Temperatures Reflect Their Energy Balance with the Surrounding Environment
• 6.7 Constraints Imposed by the Physical Environment Have Resulted in a Wide Array of Plant Adaptatio
• 6.8 Species of Plants Are Adapted to Different Light Environments
• FIELD STUDIES: Kaoru Kitajima
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 6.1: Relative Growth Rate
• 6.9 The Link between Water Demand and Temperature Influences Plant Adaptations
• 6.10 Plants Exhibit Both Acclimation and Adaptation in Response to Variations in Environmental Tempe
• 6.11 Plants Exhibit Adaptations to Variations in Nutrient Availability
• 6.12 Plant Adaptations to the Environment Reflect a Trade-off between Growth Rate and Tolerance
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Plants Respond to Increasing Atmospheric CO2
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 7 Animal Adaptations to the Environment
• 7.1 Size Imposes a Fundamental Constraint on the Evolution of Organisms
• 7.2 Animals Have Various Ways of Acquiring Energy and Nutrients
• 7.3 In Responding to Variations in the External Environment, Animals Can Be either Conformers or Reg
• 7.4 Regulation of Internal Conditions Involves Homeostasis and Feedback
• FIELD STUDIES: Martin Wikelski
• 7.5 Animals Require Oxygen to Release Energy Contained in Food
• 7.6 Animals Maintain a Balance between the Uptake and Loss of Water
• 7.7 Animals Exchange Energy with Their Surrounding Environment
• 7.8 Animal Body Temperature Reflects Different Modes of Thermoregulation
• 7.9 Poikilotherms Regulate Body Temperature Primarily through Behavioral Mechanisms
• 7.10 Homeotherms Regulate Body Temperature through Metabolic Processes
• 7.11 Endothermy and Ectothermy Involve Trade-offs
• 7.12 Heterotherms Take on Characteristics of Ectotherms and Endotherms
• 7.13 Some Animals Use Unique Physiological Means for Thermal Balance
• 7.14 An Animal’s Habitat Reflects a Wide Variety of Adaptations to the Environment
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Increasing Global Temperature Is Affecting the Body Size of Animals
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 3 Populations
• Chapter 8 Properties of Populations
• 8.1 Organisms May Be Unitary or Modular
• 8.2 The Distribution of a Population Defines Its Spatial Location
• FIELD STUDIES: Filipe Alberto
• 8.3 Abundance Reflects Population Density and Distribution
• 8.4 Determining Density Requires Sampling
• 8.5 Measures of Population Structure Include Age, Developmental Stage, and Size
• 8.6 Sex Ratios in Populations May Shift with Age
• 8.7 Individuals Move within the Population
• 8.8 Population Distribution and Density Change in Both Time and Space
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Humans Aid in the Dispersal of Many Species, Expanding Their Geogra
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 9 Population Growth
• 9.1 Population Growth Reflects the Difference between Rates of Birth and Death
• 9.2 Life Tables Provide a Schedule of Age-Specific Mortality and Survival
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 9.1: Life Expectancy
• 9.3 Different Types of Life Tables Reflect Different Approaches to Defining Cohorts and Age Structur
• 9.4 Life Tables Provide Data for Mortality and Survivorship Curves
• 9.5 Birthrate Is Age-Specific
• 9.6 Birthrate and Survivorship Determine Net Reproductive Rate
• 9.7 Age-Specific Mortality and Birthrates Can Be Used to Project Population Growth
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 9.2: Life History Diagrams and Population Projection Matrices
• 9.8 Stochastic Processes Can Influence Population Dynamics
• 9.9 A Variety of Factors Can Lead to Population Extinction
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: The Leading Cause of Current Population Declines and Extinctions Is
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 10 Life History
• 10.1 The Evolution of Life Histories Involves Trade-offs
• 10.2 Reproduction May Be Sexual or Asexual
• 10.3 Sexual Reproduction Takes a Variety of Forms
• 10.4 Reproduction Involves Both Benefits and Costs to Individual Fitness
• 10.5 Age at Maturity Is Influenced by Patterns of Age-Specific Mortality
• 10.6 Reproductive Effort Is Governed by Trade-offs between Fecundity and Survival
• 10.7 There Is a Trade-off between the Number and Size of Offspring
• 10.8 Species Differ in the Timing of Reproduction
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 10.1: Interpreting Trade-offs
• 10.9 An Individual’s Life History Represents the Interaction between Genotype and the Environment
• 10.10 Mating Systems Describe the Pairing of Males and Females
• 10.11 Acquisition of a Mate Involves Sexual Selection
• FIELD STUDIES: Alexandra L. Basolo
• 10.12 Females May Choose Mates Based on Resources
• 10.13 Patterns of Life History Characteristics Reflect External Selective Forces
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: The Life History of the Human Population Reflects Technological and
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 11 Intraspecific Population Regulation
• 11.1 The Environment Functions to Limit Population Growth
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 11.1: Defining the Carrying Capacity (K)
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 11.2: The Logistic Model of Population Growth
• 11.2 Population Regulation Involves Density Dependence
• 11.3 Competition Results When Resources Are Limited
• 11.4 Intraspecific Competition Affects Growth and Development
• 11.5 Intraspecific Competition Can Influence Mortality Rates
• 11.6 Intraspecific Competition Can Reduce Reproduction
• 11.7 High Density Is Stressful to Individuals
• FIELD STUDIES: T.Scott Sillett
• 11.8 Dispersal Can Be Density Dependent
• 11.9 Social Behavior May Function to Limit Populations
• 11.10 Territoriality Can Function to Regulate Population Growth
• 11.11 Plants Preempt Space and Resources
• 11.12 A Form of Inverse Density Dependence Can Occur in Small Populations
• 11.13 Density-Independent Factors Can Influence Population Growth
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: The Conservation of Populations Requires an Understanding of Minimu
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 4 Species Interactions
• Chapter 12 Species Interactions, Population Dynamics, and Natural Selection
• 12.1 Species Interactions Can Be Classified Based on Their Reciprocal Effects
• 12.2 Species Interactions Influence Population Dynamics
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 12.1: Incorporating Competitive Interactions in Models of Population Growth
• 12.3 Species Interactions Can Function as Agents of Natural Selection
• 12.4 The Nature of Species Interactions Can Vary across Geographic Landscapes
• 12.5 Species Interactions Can Be Diffuse
• 12.6 Species Interactions Influence the Species’ Niche
• 12.7 Species Interactions Can Drive Adaptive Radiation
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Urbanization Has Negatively Impacted Most Species while Favoring a
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 13 Interspecific Competition
• 13.1 Interspecific Competition Involves Two or More Species
• 13.2 The Combined Dynamics of Two Competing Populations Can Be Examined Using the Lotka–Volterra M
• 13.3 There Are Four Possible Outcomes of Interspecific Competition
• 13.4 Laboratory Experiments Support the Lotka.Volterra Model
• 13.5 Studies Support the Competitive Exclusion Principle
• 13.6 Competition Is Influenced by Nonresource Factors
• 13.7 Temporal Variation in the Environment Influences Competitive Interactions
• 13.8 Competition Occurs for Multiple Resources
• 13.9 Relative Competitive Abilities Change along Environmental Gradients
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 13.1: Competition under Changing Environmental Conditions: Application of the Lo
• 13.10 Interspecific Competition Influences the Niche of a Species
• 13.11 Coexistence of Species Often Involves Partitioning Available Resources
• 13.12 Competition Is a Complex Interaction Involving Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Is Range Expansion of Coyote a Result of Competitive Release from W
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 14 Predation
• 14.1 Predation Takes a Variety of Forms
• 14.2 Mathematical Model Describes the Interaction of Predator and Prey Populations
• 14.3 Predator-Prey Interaction Results in Population Cycles
• 14.4 Model Suggests Mutual Population Regulation
• 14.5 Functional Responses Relate Prey Consumed to Prey Density
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 14.1: Type II Functional Response
• 14.6 Predators Respond Numerically to Changing Prey Density
• 14.7 Foraging Involves Decisions about the Allocation of Time and Energy
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 14.2: A Simple Model of Optimal Foraging
• 14.8 Risk of Predation Can Influence Foraging Behavior
• 14.9 Coevolution Can Occur between Predator and Prey
• 14.10 Animal Prey Have Evolved Defenses against Predators
• 14.11 Predators Have Evolved Efficient Hunting Tactics
• 14.12 Herbivores Prey on Autotrophs
• FIELD STUDIES: Rick A. Relyea
• 14.13 Plants Have Evolved Characteristics that Deter Herbivores
• 14.14 Plants, Herbivores, and Carnivores Interact
• 14.15 Predators Influence Prey Dynamics through Lethal and Nonlethal Effects
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Sustainable Harvest of Natural Populations Requires Being a “Smar
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 15 Parasitism and Mutualism
• 15.1 Parasites Draw Resources from Host Organisms
• 15.2 Hosts Provide Diverse Habitats for Parasites
• 15.3 Direct Transmission Can Occur between Host Organisms
• 15.4 Transmission between Hosts Can Involve an Intermediate Vector
• 15.5 Transmission Can Involve Multiple Hosts and Stages
• 15.6 Hosts Respond to Parasitic Invasions
• 15.7 Parasites Can Affect Host Survival and Reproduction
• 15.8 Parasites May Regulate Host Populations
• 15.9 Parasitism Can Evolve into a Mutually Beneficial Relationship
• 15.10 Mutualisms Involve Diverse Species Interactions
• 15.11 Mutualisms Are Involved in the Transfer of Nutrients
• FIELD STUDIES: John J.Stachowicz
• 15.12 Some Mutualisms Are Defensive
• 15.13 Mutualisms Are Often Necessary for Pollination
• 15.14 Mutualisms Are Involved in Seed Dispersal
• 15.15 Mutualism Can Influence Population Dynamics
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 15.1: A Model of Mutualistic Interactions
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & Applications: Land-use Changes Are Resulting in an Expansion of Infectious Diseas
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 5 Community Ecology
• Chapter 16 Community Structure
• 16.1 Biological Structure of Community Defined by Species Composition
• 16.2 Species Diversity Is defined by Species Richness and Evenness
• 16.3 Dominance Can Be Defined by a Number of Criteria
• 16.4 Keystone Species Influence Community Structure Disproportionately to Their Numbers
• 16.5 Food Webs Describe Species Interactions
• 16.6 Species within a Community Can Be Classified into Functional Groups
• 16.7 Communities Have a Characteristic Physical Structure
• 16.8 Zonation Is Spatial Change in Community Structure
• 16.9 Defining Boundaries between Communities Is Often Difficult
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 16.1: Community Similarity
• 16.10 Two Contrasting Views of the Community
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Restoration Ecology Requires an Understanding of the Processes Infl
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 17 Factors Influencing the Structure of Communities
• 17.1 Community Structure Is an Expression of the Species’ Ecological Niche
• 17.2 Zonation Is a Result of Differences in Species’ Tolerance and Interactions along Environmenta
• FIELD STUDIES: Sally D. Hacker
• 17.3 Species Interactions Are Often Diffuse
• 17.4 Food Webs Illustrate Indirect Interactions
• 17.5 Food Webs Suggest Controls of Community Structure
• 17.6 Environmental Heterogeneity Influences Community Diversity
• 17.7 Resource Availability Can Influence Plant Diversity within a Community
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: The Reintroduction of a Top Predator to Yellowstone National Park L
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 18 Community Dynamics
• 18.1 Community Structure Changes through Time
• 18.2 Primary Succession Occurs on Newly Exposed Substrates
• 18.3 Secondary Succession Occurs after Disturbances
• 18.4 The Study of Succession Has a Rich History
• 18.5 Succession Is Associated with Autogenic Changes in Environmental Conditions
• 18.6 Species Diversity Changes during Succession
• 18.7 Succession Involves Heterotrophic Species
• 18.8 Systematic Changes in Community Structure Are a Result of Allogenic Environmental Change at a V
• 18.9 Community Structure Changes over Geologic Time
• 18.10 The Concept of Community Revisited
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Community Dynamics in Eastern North America over the Past Two Centu
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 19 Landscape Dynamics
• 19.1 A Variety of Processes Gives Rise to Landscape Patterns
• 19.2 Landscape Pattern Is Defined by the Spatial Arrangement and Connectivity of Patches
• 19.3 Boundaries Are Transition Zones that Offer Diverse Conditions and Habitats
• 19.4 Patch Size and Shape Influence Community Structure
• 19.5 Landscape Connectivity Permits Movement between Patches
• FIELD STUDIES: Nick A. Haddad
• 19.6 The Theory of Island Biogeography Applies to Landscape Patches
• 19.7 Metapopulation Theory Is a Central Concept in the Study of Landscape Dynamics
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 19.1: Model of Metapopulation Dynamics
• 19.8 Local Communities Occupying Patches on the Landscape Define the Metacommunity
• 19.9 The Landscape Represents a Shifting Mosaic of Changing Communities
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Corridors Are Playing a Growing Role in Conservation Efforts
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 6 Ecosystem Ecology
• Chapter 20 Ecosystem Energetics
• 20.1 The Laws of Thermodynamics Govern Energy Flow
• 20.2 Energy Fixed in the Process of Photosynthesis Is Primary Production
• 20.3 Climate and Nutrient Availability Are the Primary Controls on Net Primary Productivity in Terre
• 20.4 Light and Nutrient Availability Are the Primary Controls on Net Primary Productivity in Aquatic
• 20.5 External Inputs of Organic Carbon Can Be Important to Aquatic Ecosystems
• 20.6 Energy Allocation and Plant Life-Form Influence Primary Production
• 20.7 Primary Production Varies with Time
• 20.8 Primary Productivity Limits Secondary Production
• 20.9 Consumers Vary in Efficiency of Production
• 20.10 Ecosystems Have Two Major Food Chains
• FIELD STUDIES: Brian Silliman
• 20.11 Energy Flows through Trophic Levels Can Be Quantified
• 20.12 Consumption Efficiency Determines the Pathway of Energy Flow through the Ecosystem
• 20.13 Energy Decreases in Each Successive Trophic Level
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Humans Appropriate a Disproportionate Amount of Earth’s Net Prima
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 20.1: Estimating Net Primary Productivity Using Satellite Data
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 21 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling
• 21.1 Most Essential Nutrients Are Recycled within the Ecosystem
• 21.2 Decomposition Is a Complex Process Involving a Variety of Organisms
• 21.3 Studying Decomposition Involves Following the Fate of Dead Organic Matter
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 21.1: Estimating the Rate of Decomposition
• 21.4 Several Factors Influence the Rate of Decomposition
• 21.5 Nutrients in Organic Matter Are Mineralized During Decomposition
• FIELD STUDIES: Edward (Ted) A. G. Schuur
• 21.6 Decomposition Proceeds as Plant Litter Is Converted into Soil Organic Matter
• 21.7 Plant Processes Enhance the Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter in the Rhizosphere
• 21.8 Decomposition Occurs in Aquatic Environments
• 21.9 Key Ecosystem Processes Influence the Rate of Nutrient Cycling
• 21.10 Nutrient Cycling Differs between Terrestrial and Open-Water Aquatic Ecosystems
• 21.11 Water Flow Influences Nutrient Cycling in Streams and Rivers
• 21.12 Land and Marine Environments Influence Nutrient Cycling in Coastal Ecosystems
• 21.13 Surface Ocean Currents Bring about Vertical Transport of Nutrients
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Agriculture Disrupts the Process of Nutrient Cycling
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 22 Biogeochemical Cycles
• 22.1 There Are Two Major Types of Biogeochemical Cycles
• 22.2 Nutrients Enter the Ecosystem via Inputs
• 22.3 Outputs Represent a Loss of Nutrients from the Ecosystem
• 22.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Can Be Viewed from a Global Perspective
• 22.5 The Carbon Cycle Is Closely Tied to Energy Flow
• 22.6 Carbon Cycling Varies Daily and Seasonally
• 22.7 The Global Carbon Cycle Involves Exchanges among the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land
• 22.8 The Nitrogen Cycle Begins with Fixing Atmospheric Nitrogen
• 22.9 The Phosphorus Cycle Has No Atmospheric Pool
• 22.10 The Sulfur Cycle Is Both Sedimentary and Gaseous
• 22.11 The Global Sulfur Cycle Is Poorly Understood
• 22.12 The Oxygen Cycle Is Largely under Biological Control
• 22.13 The Various Biogeochemical Cycles Are Linked
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Nitrogen Deposition from Human Activities Can Result in Nitrogen Sa
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Part 7 Ecological Biogeography
• Chapter 23 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 23.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems Reflect Adaptations of the Dominant Plant Life-Forms
• 23.2 Tropical Forests Characterize the Equatorial Zone
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 23.1: Climate Diagrams
• 23.3 Tropical Savannas Are Characteristic of Semiarid Regions with Seasonal Rainfall
• 23.4 Grassland Ecosystems of the Temperate Zone Vary with Climate and Geography
• 23.5 Deserts Represent a Diverse Group of Ecosystems
• 23.6 Mediterranean Climates Support Temperate Shrublands
• 23.7 Forest Ecosystems Dominate the Wetter Regions of the Temperate Zone
• 23.8 Conifer Forests Dominate the Cool Temperate and Boreal Zones
• 23.9 Low Precipitation and Cold Temperatures Define the Arctic Tundra
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: The Extraction of Resources from Forest Ecosystems Involves an Arra
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 24 Aquatic Ecosystems
• 24.1 Lakes Have Many Origins
• 24.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical Characteristics
• 24.3 The Nature of Life Varies in the Different Zones
• 24.4 The Character of a Lake Reflects Its Surrounding Landscape
• 24.5 Flowing-Water Ecosystems Vary in Structure and Types of Habitats
• 24.6 Life Is Highly Adapted to Flowing Water
• QUANTIFYING ECOLOGY 24.1: Streamflow
• 24.7 The Flowing-Water Ecosystem Is a Continuum of Changing Environments
• 24.8 Rivers Flow into the Sea, Forming Estuaries
• 24.9 Oceans Exhibit Zonation and Stratification
• 24.10 Pelagic Communities Vary among the Vertical Zones
• 24.11 Benthos Is a World of Its Own
• 24.12 Coral Reefs Are Complex Ecosystems Built by Colonies of Coral Animals
• 24.13 Productivity of the Oceans Is Governed by Light and Nutrients
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Inputs of Nutrients to Coastal Waters Result in the Development of
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 25 Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems
• 25.1 The Intertidal Zone Is the Transition between Terrestrial and Marine Environments
• 25.2 Rocky Shorelines Have a Distinct Pattern of Zonation
• 25.3 Sandy and Muddy Shores Are Harsh Environments
• 25.4 Tides and Salinity Dictate the Structure of Salt Marshes
• 25.5 Mangroves Replace Salt Marshes in Tropical Regions
• 25.6 Freshwater Wetlands Are a Diverse Group of Ecosystems
• 25.7 Hydrology Defines the Structure of Freshwater Wetlands
• 25.8 Freshwater Wetlands Support a Rich Diversity of Life
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Wetland Ecosystems Continue to Decline as a Result of Land Use
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 26 Large-Scale Patterns of Biological Diversity
• 26.1 Earth’s Biological Diversity Has Changed through Geologic Time
• 26.2 Past Extinctions Have Been Clustered in Time
• 26.3 Regional and Global Patterns of Species Diversity Vary Geographically
• 26.4 Various Hypotheses Have Been proposed to Explain Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity
• 26.5 Species Richness Is Related to Available Environmental Energy
• 26.6 Large-scale Patterns of Species Richness Are Related to Ecosystem Productivity
• 26.7 Regional Patterns of Species Diversity Are a Function of Processes Operating at Many Scales
• ECOLOGICAL ISUES & APPLICATIONS: Regions of High Species Diversity Are Crucial to Conservation Effor
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• Chapter 27 The Ecology of Climate Change
• 27.1 Earth’s Climate Has Warmed over the Past Century
• 27.2 Climate Change Has a Direct Influence on the Physiology and Development of Organisms
• 27.3 Recent Climate Warming Has Altered the Phenology of Plant and Animal Species
• 27.4 Changes in Climate Have Shifted the Geographic Distribution of Species
• 27.5 Recent Climate Change Has Altered Species Interactions
• 27.6 Community Structure and Regional Patterns of Diversity Have Responded to Recent Climate Change
• 27.7 Climate Change Has Impacted Ecosystem Processes
• 27.8 Continued Increases in Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases Is Predicted to Cause Fut
• 27.9 A Variety of Approaches Are Being Used to Predict the Response of Ecological Systems to Future
• FIELD STUDIES: Erika Zavaleta
• 27.10 Predicting Future Climate Change Requires an Understanding of the Interactions between the Bio
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Further Readings
• References
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z