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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• New to the Edition
• How This Book Is Organized
• What’s Special about This Book?
• A Note to the Instructor
• How to Use This Book
• Available Instructor Resources
• A Big Thanks
• Global Edition Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. The Role and Importance of Research
• Say Hello to Research!
• What Research Is and What It Isn’t
• A Model of Scientific Inquiry
• Asking the Question
• Identifying the Important Factors
• Formulating a Hypothesis
• Collecting Relevant Information
• Testing the Hypothesis
• Working with the Hypothesis
• Reconsidering the Theory
• Asking New Questions
• Different Types of Research
• Nonexperimental Research
• Experimental Research
• True Experimental Research
• Quasi-Experimental Research
• What Research Method to Use When?
• Basic Research versus Applied Research
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 2. The Research Process: Coming to Terms
• From Problem to Solution
• The Language of Research
• All about Variables
• Dependent Variables
• Independent Variables
• The Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables
• Other Important Types of Variables
• Hypotheses
• The Null Hypothesis
• The Research Hypothesis
• Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
• What Makes a Good Hypothesis?
• Samples and Populations
• The Concept of Significance
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 3A. Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
• Selecting a Problem
• Defining Your Interests
• Ideas, Ideas, Ideas (and What to Do with Them)
• From Idea to Research Question to Hypothesis
• Reviewing the Literature
• Using General Sources
• Using Secondary Sources
• Using Primary Sources
• Reading and Evaluating Research
• What Does a Research Article Look Like?
• Criteria for Judging a Research Study
• Using Electronic Tools in Your Research Activities
• Searching Online
• Using Google Scholar for Your Literature Review
• Using Bibliographic Database Programs
• Using the Internet: Beyond Searches
• Research Activities and the Internet
• A Bit about E-Mail
• Open-Access Journal Articles
• Using Social Media in Research
• Writing the Literature Review
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 3B. The Importance of Practicing Ethics in Research
• A Bit of History
• Basic Principles of Ethical Research
• Protection from Risk
• Maintenance of Privacy
• Voluntary Participation
• Informed Consent
• Confidentiality
• Debriefing
• Sharing Benefits
• Key Principles of Research Ethics
• A Summary of Ethical Guidelines
• Ethics and Children
• Ethics Regarding Online Research
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 4. Sampling and Generalizability
• Populations and Samples
• Probability Sampling Strategies
• Simple Random Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Nonprobability Sampling Strategies
• Convenience Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Samples, Sample Size, and Sampling Error
• How Big Is Big?
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 5. Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
• The Measurement Process
• Levels of Measurement
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
• Continuous versus Discrete Variables
• What Is All the Fuss?
• Reliability and Validity: Why They Are Very, Very Important
• A Conceptual Definition of Reliability
• Increasing Reliability
• How Reliability Is Measured
• Types of Reliability
• Establishing Reliability: An Example
• Calculating Internal Consistency Reliability with SPSS
• Validity
• A Conceptual Definition of Validity
• Types of Validity
• Establishing Validity: An Example
• The Relationship between Reliability and Validity
• Closing (and Very Important) Thoughts
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior
• Tests and Their Development
• Why Use Tests?
• What Tests Look Like
• Types of Tests
• Achievement Tests
• Multiple-Choice Achievement Items
• Personality Tests
• Attitude Methods
• Reaction-Time Tests
• Observational Techniques
• Techniques for Recording Behavior
• Developing Effective Questionnaires
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 7. Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
• Getting Ready for Data Collection
• The Data Collection Process
• Developing Your Datafile
• Coding Data
• The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
• Getting Ready for Data Analysis
• Descriptive Statistics
• Distributions of Scores
• Comparing Distributions of Scores
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Computing Measures of Central Tendency in IBM SPSS Statistics
• Measures of Variability
• The Range
• The Standard Deviation
• You and IBM SPSS Statistics—Computing Measures of Variability
• Understanding Distributions
• The Normal (Bell-Shaped) Curve
• The Mean and the Standard Deviation
• Standard Scores: Computing and Using z Scores
• Computing z Scores in SPSS
• What z Scores Really, Really Mean
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 8. Introducing Inferential Statistics
• Say Hello to Inferential Statistics!
• How Inference Works
• The Role of Chance
• The Central Limit Theorem
• The Idea of Statistical Significance
• Tests of Significance
• How a Test of Significance Works
• t-Test for Independent Means
• How to Select the Appropriate Test
• You and SPSS—Computing a t-Value for a Test of Independent Means Using IBM SPSS Statistics
• Some Other Tests of Significance
• Working with More Than One Dependent Variable
• Significance versus Meaningfulness
• Meta-Analysis
• How Meta-Analyses Are Done
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 9. Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
• Descriptive Research
• Survey Research
• How to Conduct Survey Research
• Correlational Research
• The Relationship between Variables
• What Correlation Coefficients Look Like
• Computing the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
• You and Excel—Computing a Correlation Using the ToolPak
• Interpreting the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 10. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research: Qualitative Methods
• Conducting Qualitative Research
• How Qualitative Research Differs
• Research Sources
• Documentation
• Archival Records
• Social Media and Online Content
• Physical Artifacts
• Direct Observation
• Participant Observation
• Focus Groups
• One-to-one Interviews
• Case Studies
• Some Advantages of the Case Study Method
• Some Disadvantages of the Case Study Method
• Ethnographies
• Historical Research
• Conducting Historical Research
• The Steps in Historical Research
• Sources of Historical Data
• Primary or Secondary Sources: Which Are Best?
• Authenticity and Accuracy
• The Limitations of Historical Research
• Mixed Methods Research
• Qualitative Data Analysis Software
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 11. Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
• Experimental Designs
• Pre-Experimental Designs
• True Experimental Designs
• Internal and External Validity and Experimental Design
• Threats to Internal Validity
• Threats to External Validity
• Increasing Internal and External Validity
• Internal and External Validity: A Trade-Off?
• Controlling Extraneous Variables
• Matching
• Use of Homogeneous Groups
• Analysis of Covariance
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 12. Quasi-Experimental Research: A Close Cousin to Experimental Research
• The Quasi-Experimental Method
• Quasi-Experimental Designs
• The Nonequivalent Control Group Design
• The Static Group Comparison
• Single-Subject Designs
• Multiple Baseline Designs
• Evaluating Single-Subject Designs
• Developmental Research
• The Utility of Follow-Up Studies
• The Role of Age in Studying Development
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 13. Writing a Research Proposal
• The Format of a Research Proposal
• Appearance
• Evaluating the Studies You Read
• Criteria for Judging a Research Study
• Planning the Actual Research
• Selecting Appropriate Dependent Variable Measures
• Reviewing a Test
• Basic Information
• General Test Information
• Design and Appearance
• Reliability
• Validity
• Norms
• Evaluation
• Selecting a Sample
• Data Collection and Analysis
• Selecting an Inferential Statistic
• Maintaining High Research Ethics Standards
• Summary
• Exercises
• Chapter 14. Writing a Research Manuscript
• What a Manuscript Looks Like
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Appendices
• Author Notes
• Footnotes
• Table Captions
• Tables
• Figure Captions
• Figures
• Nuts and Bolts
• Summary
• Appendix A: Fifty Excel Shortcuts for Mac and Windows
• Appendix B: Sample Data Set
• Appendix C: Answers to End-of-Chapter Exercises
• Appendix D: Setting Up an IBM SPSS Datafile
• Bibliography
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Y
• Z