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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
• The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience
• The Goals of Research
• Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
• Ancient World
• Seventeenth Century
• Nineteenth Century
• Contemporary Research
• Natural Selection and Evolution
• Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
• Evolution of the Human Brain
• Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals
• Research with Animals
• Research with Humans
• Careers in Behavioral Neuroscience and Strategies for Learning
• Careers in Neuroscience
• Strategies for Learning
• 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• The Nervous System: an Overview
• Neurons
• Soma
• Dendrites
• Axon
• Myelin Sheath
• Terminal Buttons
• Other Cell Structures
• Supporting Cells
• Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System
• Supporting Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System
• The Blood–brain Barrier
• Communication Within a Neuron
• Neural Communication: an Overview
• Electrical Potentials of Axons
• The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
• The Force of Diffusion
• The Force of Electrostatic Pressure
• Ions in the Extracellular and Intracellular Fluid
• The Sodium–potassium Pump
• The Action Potential
• Conduction of the Action Potential
• Communication Between Neurons
• Structure of Synapses
• Release of Neurotransmitters
• Activation of Receptors
• Postsynaptic Potentials
• Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
• Reuptake
• Enzymatic Deactivation
• Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
• Autoreceptors
• Axoaxonic Synapses
• Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
• 3 Structure of the Nervous System
• Basic Features of the Nervous System
• Anatomical Directions
• Meninges
• The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The Forebrain
• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon
• The Midbrain
• Tectum
• Tegmentum
• The Hindbrain
• Metencephalon
• Myelencephalon
• The Spinal Cord
• Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (pns)
• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic Division of the Ans
• Parasympathetic Division of the Ans
• 4 Psychopharmacology
• Principles of Psychopharmacology
• An Overview of Psychopharmacology
• Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption: Routes of Administration
• Distribution: Entry of Drugs into the Brain
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Drug Effectiveness
• Effects of Repeated Administration
• Placebo Effects
• Sites of Drug Action
• Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
• Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
• Effects on Receptors
• Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
• Amino Acids
• Glutamate
• Gaba
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
• Pathways
• Production, Storage, and Release
• Receptors
• Reuptake and Deactivation
• The Monoamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Serotonin
• Histamine
• Peptides
• Production, Storage, and Release
• Receptors
• Lipids
• Neurotransmitter Production, Storage, and Release
• Receptors
• Reuptake and Deactivation
• 5 Methods and Strategies of Research
• Experimental Ablation
• Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
• Producing Brain Lesions
• Stereotaxic Surgery
• The Stereotaxic Atlas
• The Stereotaxic Apparatus
• Histological Methods
• Fixation and Sectioning
• Staining
• Electron Microscopy
• Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
• Tracing Neural Connections
• Tracing Efferent Axons
• Tracing Afferent Axons
• Transneuronal Tracing Methods
• Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
• Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
• Recording Neural Activity
• Recordings with Microelectrodes
• Recordings with Macroelectrodes
• Magnetoencephalography
• Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
• Stimulating Neural Activity
• Electrical and Chemical Stimulation
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Optogenetic Methods
• Neurochemical Methods
• Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
• Localizing Particular Receptors
• Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
• Genetic Methods
• Twin Studies
• Adoption Studies
• Genomic Studies
• Targeted Mutations
• Antisense Oligonucleotides
• CRISPR-Cas Methods
• 6 Vision
• The Eye
• Introduction to Sensation and Perception
• The Stimulus: Light
• Anatomy of the Eye
• Photoreceptors
• Transduction
• Central and Peripheral Vision
• Fovea and Periphery
• Types of Eye Movements
• The Optic Nerves
• Overview of the Visual Pathway
• Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing
• Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
• Striate Cortex
• Extrastriate Cortex
• Structures of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Pathways of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Perception of Color
• Role of the Retina in Color Perception
• Photoreceptors: Trichromatic Coding
• Retinal Ganglion Cells: Opponent-process Coding
• Role of the Striate Cortex
• Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Perception of Form
• Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Visual Agnosia
• Recognizing Categories
• Recognizing Faces
• Perception of Spatial Location
• Perception of Orientation and Movement
• Role of the Striate Cortex
• Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Perception of Motion
• Form from Motion
• 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
• Audition
• The Stimulus
• Anatomy of the Ear
• Outer Ear
• Middle Ear
• Inner Ear
• Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information
• The Auditory Pathway
• Afferent Connections with the Cochlear Nerve
• Efferent Connections with the Cochlear Nerve
• Subcortical Structures
• Auditory Cortex
• Perception of Pitch
• Place and Rate Coding
• Perception of Loudness
• Perception of Timbre
• Perception of Spatial Location
• Perception of Complex Sounds
• Perception of Environmental Sounds and Their Location
• Perception of Music
• Vestibular System
• Anatomy of the Vestibular System
• The Vestibular Pathway
• Somatosenses
• The Stimuli
• Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
• Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation
• Touch
• Temperature
• Pain
• The Somatosensory Pathways
• Nerves and Subcortical Processing
• Perception of Pain
• Why Do We Experience Pain?
• Perceptual and Behavioral Effects of Pain
• The Stimuli
• Gustation
• Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
• Perception of Gustatory Information
• Salt
• Sour
• Bitter, Sweet, and Umami
• The Gustatory Pathway
• Olfaction
• The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
• Olfactory Receptors
• Olfactory Processing
• Perception of Specific Odors
• 8 Control of Movement
• Skeletal Muscle
• Anatomy
• The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
• Sensory Feedback from Muscles
• Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord
• The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
• Polysynaptic Reflexes
• Control of Movement by the Brain
• Cortical Structures
• Primary Motor Cortex
• Supplementary Motor Area and Premotor Cortex
• Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
• Lateral Group
• Ventromedial Group
• Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
• Subcortical Structures
• The Reticular Formation
• The Cerebellum
• The Basal Ganglia
• Complex Motor Behavior
• Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
• Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
• Reaching Behavior
• Grasping Behavior
• Deficits of Skilled Movements: the Apraxias
• Limb Apraxia
• Constructional Apraxia
• 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
• What Is Sleep?
• Stages of Sleep
• Brain Activity During Sleep
• Brain Activity in Rem and Dreaming
• Brain Activity in Slow-wave Sleep
• Why Do We Sleep?
• Functions of Sleep
• Effects of Sleep Deprivation
• Effects of Physical Activity on Slow-wave Sleep
• Effects of Cognitive Activity on Slow-wave Sleep
• Functions of Rem Sleep
• Sleep and Learning
• Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural Control of Sleep
• Neural Control of Arousal
• Acetylcholine
• Norepinephrine
• Serotonin
• Histamine
• Orex in
• Neural Control of Sleep/waking Transitions
• Homeostatic, Allostatic, and Circadian Factors
• The Preoptic Area
• Role of Orexin in Sleep/waking Transitions
• Neural Control of Transition to Rem
• Disorders of Sleep
• Insomnia
• Treatment
• Sleep Apnea
• Narcolepsy
• Sleep Attacks
• Cataplexy
• Sleep Paralysis
• Physiological Basis of Narcolepsy
• Treatment
• Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder
• Problems Associated with Slow-wave Sleep
• Biological Clocks
• Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
• The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
• Role in Circadian Rhythms
• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Control of Sleep and Waking
• The Nature of the Clock
• Control of Seasonal Rhythms: the Pineal Gland and Melatonin
• Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
• 10 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviors
• Sexual Development
• Production of Gametes and Fertilization
• Development of the Sex Organs
• Gonads
• Internal Sex Organs
• External Genitalia
• Sexual Maturation
• Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
• Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
• Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
• Males
• Females
• Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
• Human Sexual Behavior
• Activational Effects of Sex Hormones in Women
• Activational Effects of Sex Hormones in Men
• Effects of Pheromones
• Human Examples
• Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
• Males
• Females
• Formation of Pair Bonds
• Sexual Orientation
• Roles of Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones in Sexual Orientation
• Role of Steroid Hormones
• Sexual Orientation and the Brain
• Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation
• Heredity and Sexual Orientation
• Parental Behavior
• Maternal Behavior of Rodents
• Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
• Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
• Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
• 11 Emotion
• Components of Emotional Response
• Role of the Amygdala
• Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
• Aggression, Impulse Control, and Emotional Decision-making
• Role of Testosterone in Aggressive Behavior
• Role of Serotonin in Aggressive Behavior
• Heredity and Aggressive Behavior
• Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
• Communication of Emotions
• Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
• Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
• Laterality of Emotional Recognition
• Role of the Amygdala
• Role of Imitation in Recognition of Emotional Expressions: the Mirror Neuron System
• Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
• Feeling Emotions
• The James-Lange Theory
• Feedback from Emotional Expressions
• 12 Ingestive Behavior
• Drinking
• Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
• Two Types of Thirst
• Osmometric Thirst
• Volumetric Thirst
• Eating: What Is Metabolism?
• The Short-Term Reservoir
• The Long-Term Reservoir
• Fasting Phase
• Absorptive Phase
• What Starts a Meal?
• Signals from the Environment
• Signals from the Stomach
• Metabolic Signals
• What Stops a Meal?
• Gastric Factors
• Intestinal Factors
• Liver Factors
• Insulin
• Long-term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue
• Brain Mechanisms
• Brain Stem
• Hypothalamus
• Role in Hunger
• Role in Satiety
• Obesity
• Possible Causes
• Environmental Factors
• Physical Activity Factors
• Genetic Factors
• Treatment
• Role of Reinforcement and Stress
• Surgical Interventions
• Pharmcological Intervention
• Behavioral Interventions
• Eating Disorders
• Possible Causes
• Brain Changes
• Excessive Exercise
• Genetic Factors
• Treatment
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Pharmacology
• Alternative Therapies
• 13 Learning and Memory
• Overview of Learning and Memory
• Types of Learning
• Stimulus-response Learning
• Motor Learning
• Perceptual Learning
• Relational Learning
• Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Short-term Memory
• Long-term Memory
• Stimulus-response Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Role of Amygdala
• Role of Glutamate
• Operant Conditioning
• Role of the Basal Ganglia
• Transcortical Pathways
• Basal Ganglia Pathways
• Reinforcement
• Motor Learning
• Role of the Cortex
• Role of the Basal Ganglia
• Perceptual Learning
• Role of the Cortex
• Memory
• Relational Learning
• Human Anterograde Amnesia
• Spared Learning Abilities
• Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories
• Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories
• Semantic Memories
• Spatial Memory
• Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
• Spatial Learning in Animals
• Long-Term Potentiation
• Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
• Role of NMDA Receptors
• Role of AMPA Receptors
• Role of Synaptic Changes
• Presynaptic Changes
• Postsynaptic Changes
• Protein Synthesis
• 14 Human Communication
• Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
• Lateralization
• Language Production
• Language Comprehension
• Bilingualism
• Prosody
• Recognition of People’s Voices
• Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension
• Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia
• Agrammatism
• Anomia
• Articulation Difficulties
• Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia
• Deficits in Spoken Word Recognition
• Deficits in Language Comprehension
• Deficits in Converting Thoughts into Words
• Conduction Aphasia
• Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf
• Stuttering
• Disorders of Reading and Writing
• Relation to Aphasia
• Pure Alexia
• Toward an Understanding of Reading
• Surface Dyslexia
• Direct Dyslexia
• Phonological Dyslexia
• Visual Word-form Area (vwfa)
• Plasticity in Vwfa
• Developmental Dyslexias
• Toward an Understanding of Writing
• Using Audition in Writing
• Using Vision in Writing
• Using Memorization in Writing
• Using Motor Memory in Writing
• Neural Basis of Writing
• 15 Neurological Disorders
• Tumors and Seizures
• Tumors
• Causes
• Treatments
• Seizures
• Causes
• Treatments
• Cerebrovascular Accidents
• Causes
• Treatments
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Causes
• Treatments
• Disorders of Development
• Toxic Chemicals
• Inherited Metabolic Disorders
• Down Syndrome
• Degenerative Disorders
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Causes
• Treatments
• Huntington’s Disease
• Causes
• Treatments
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Causes
• Treatments
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Causes
• Treatments
• Dementia
• Causes
• Treatments
• Korsakoff’s Syndrome
• Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
• Encephalitis
• Meningitis
• 16 Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Ocd
• Schizophrenia
• Description
• Positive Symptoms
• Negative Symptoms
• Cognitive Symptoms
• Genetic Factors
• Mutations
• Twin and Adoption Studies
• Paternal Age
• Epigenetics
• Environmental Factors
• The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms
• Effects of Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists
• Differences in Dopamine Transmission
• Consequences of Long-term Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia
• The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
• Hypofrontality
• Atypical Antipsychotics
• The Role of Glutamate
• Developmental Changes
• Affective Disorders
• Description
• Genetic Factors
• Biological Treatments
• Pharmacological Treatment
• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Vagus Nerve Stimulation
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Deep Brain Stimulation
• Role of the Frontal Cortex
• The Monoamine Hypothesis
• Role of the 5-HT Transporter
• Role of Neurogenesis
• Role of Circadian Rhythms
• Role of Zeitgebers
• Anxiety Disorders
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Treatment
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Treatment
• 17 Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Disorders
• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
• Symptoms
• Possible Causes
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Symptoms
• Possible Causes
• Stress
• Physiology of the Stress Response
• Sympathetic Adrenal-medullary System
• Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
• Health Effects of Long-term Stress
• Effects of Stress on the Brain
• Prenatal Stress
• Resilience
• Stress and Infectious Diseases
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Symptoms
• Possible Causes
• Treatment
• Substance Use Disorders
• The Role of Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcement
• Neural Mechanisms
• Negative Reinforcement
• Craving and Relapse
• Commonly Abused Drugs
• Opiates
• Stimulants
• Nicotine
• Alcohol
• Cannabis
• Treatment for Substance Use Disorders
• Opiates
• Stimulants
• Nicotine
• Alcohol
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index