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• Brief Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Chapter 1 The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution
• 1.1 Modern Genetics Is in Its Second Century
• The First Century of Modern Genetics
• Genetics—Central to Modern Biology
• 1.2 The Structure of DNA Suggests a Mechanism for Replication
• The Discovery of DNA Structure
• DNA Nucleotides
• DNA Replication
• 1.3 DNA Transcription and Messenger RNA Translation Express Genes
• Genetic Analysis 1.1
• Transcription
• Experimental Insight 1.1
• Translation
• Genomes, Proteomes, and “-omic” Approaches
• Genetic Analysis 1.2
• 1.4 Evolution Has a Molecular Basis
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Four Evolutionary Processes
• Tracing Evolutionary Relationships
• Genetic Analysis 1.3
• Case Study The Modern Human Family
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 2 Transmission Genetics
• 2.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Genetic Transmission
• Mendel’s Modern Experimental Approach
• Five Critical Experimental Innovations
• 2.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Segregation of Alleles
• Identifying Dominant and Recessive Traits
• Evidence of Particulate Inheritance and Rejection of the Blending Theory
• Segregation of Alleles
• Hypothesis Testing by Test-Cross Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing by F2 Self-Fertilization
• 2.3 Dihybrid and Trihybrid Crosses Reveal the Independent Assortment of Alleles
• Dihybrid-Cross Analysis of Two Genes
• Genetic Analysis 2.1
• Testing Independent Assortment by Test-Cross Analysis
• Genetic Analysis 2.2
• Testing Independent Assortment by Trihybrid-Cross Analysis
• Probability Calculations in Genetics Problem Solving
• The Rediscovery of Mendel’s Work
• Genetic Analysis 2.3
• Experimental Insight 2.1
• 2.4 Probability Theory Predicts Mendelian Ratios
• The Product Rule
• Experimental Insight 2.2
• The Sum Rule
• Conditional Probability
• Experimental Insight 2.3
• Binomial Probability
• 2.5 Chi-Square Analysis Tests the Fit Between Observed Values and Expected Outcomes
• The Normal Distribution
• Chi-Square Analysis
• Chi-Square Analysis of Mendel’s Data
• 2.6 Autosomal Inheritance and Molecular Genetics Parallel the Predictions of Mendel’s Hereditary P
• Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
• Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
• Molecular Genetics of Mendel’s Traits
• Case Study Inheritance of Sickle Cell Disease in Humans
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 3 Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity
• 3.1 Mitosis Divides Somatic Cells
• Stages of the Cell Cycle
• Substages of M Phase
• Chromosome Distribution
• Completion of Cell Division
• Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Cell Cycle Mutations and Cancer
• 3.2 Meiosis Produces Gametes for Sexual Reproduction
• Meiosis versus Mitosis
• Meiosis I
• Meiosis II
• The Mechanistic Basis of Mendelian Ratios
• Segregation in Single-Celled Diploids
• 3.3 The Chromosome Theory of Heredity Proposes That Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes
• Genetic Analysis 3.1
• X-Linked Inheritance
• Testing the Chromosome Theory of Heredity
• 3.4 Sex Determination Is Chromosomal and Genetic
• Sex Determination in Drosophila
• Genetic Analysis 3.2
• Mammalian Sex Determination
• Diversity of Sex Determination
• Experimental Insight 3.1
• 3.5 Human Sex-Linked Transmission Follows Distinct Patterns
• Expression of X-Linked Recessive Traits
• Genetic Analysis 3.3
• X-Linked Dominant Trait Transmission
• Y-Linked Inheritance
• 3.6 Dosage Compensation Equalizes the Expression of Sex-Linked Genes
• Case Study The (Degenerative) Evolution of the Mammalian Y Chromosome
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 4 Inheritance Patterns of Single Genes and Gene Interaction
• 4.1 Interactions between Alleles Produce Dominance Relationships
• The Molecular Basis of Dominance
• Functional Effects of Mutation
• Incomplete Dominance
• Codominance
• Dominance Relationships of ABO Alleles
• Allelic Series
• Genetic Analysis 4.1
• Lethal Alleles
• Sex-Limited Traits
• Sex-Influenced Traits
• Delayed Age of Onset
• 4.2 Some Genes Produce Variable Phenotypes
• Incomplete Penetrance
• Variable Expressivity
• Gene–Environment Interactions
• Pleiotropic Genes
• 4.3 Gene Interaction Modifies Mendelian Ratios
• Gene Interaction in Pathways
• The One Gene–One Enzyme Hypothesis
• Genetic Dissection to Investigate Gene Action
• Experimental Insight 4.1
• Epistasis and Its Results
• Genetic Analysis 4.2
• 4.4 Complementation Analysis Distinguishes Mutations in the Same Gene from Mutations in Different Ge
• Genetic Analysis 4.3
• Case Study Complementation Groups in a Human Cancer-Prone Disorder
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 5 Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes
• 5.1 Linked Genes Do Not Assort Independently
• Indications of Genetic Linkage
• The Discovery of Genetic Linkage
• Detecting Autosomal Genetic Linkage Through Test-Cross Analysis
• Genetic Analysis 5.1
• 5.2 Genetic Linkage Mapping Is Based on Recombination Frequency Between Genes
• The First Genetic Linkage Map
• Map Units
• Chi-Square Analysis of Genetic Linkage Data
• 5.3 Three-Point Test-Cross Analysis Maps Genes
• Finding the Relative Order of Genes by Three-Point Mapping
• Constructing a Three-point Recombination Map
• Determining Gamete Frequencies from Genetic Maps
• 5.4 Recombination Results from Crossing Over
• Cytological Evidence of Recombination
• Limits of Recombination Along Chromosomes
• Recombination Within Genes
• Genetic Analysis 5.2
• Biological Factors Affecting Accuracy of Genetic Maps
• Recombination Is Dominated by Hotspots
• Correction of Genetic Map Distances
• 5.5 Linked Human Genes Are Mapped Using Lod Score Analysis
• Allelic Phase
• Lod Score Analysis
• Experimental Insight 5.1
• Genetic Analysis 5.3
• 5.6 Recombination Affects Evolution and Genetic Diversity
• 5.7 Genetic Linkage in Haploid Eukaryotes Is Identified by Tetrad Analysis
• Analysis of Unordered Tetrads
• Ordered Ascus Analysis
• 5.8 Mitotic Crossover Produces Distinctive Phenotypes
• Case Study Mapping the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis
• Summary
• Keywords
• Poblems
• Chapter 6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
• 6.1 Bacteria Transfer Genes by Conjugation
• Characteristics of Bacterial Genomes
• Conjugation Identified
• Research Technique 6.1
• Transfer of the F Factor
• Formation of an Hfr Chromosome
• Hfr Gene Transfer
• 6.2 Interrupted Mating Analysis Produces Time-of-Entry Maps
• Time-of-Entry Mapping Experiments
• Consolidation of Hfr Maps
• Genetic Analysis 6.1
• 6.3 Conjugation with F’ Strains Produces Partial Diploids
• Plasmids and Conjugation in Archaea
• 6.4 Bacterial Transformation Produces Genetic Recombination
• Genetic Analysis 6.2
• Steps in Transformation
• Mapping by Transformation
• 6.5 Bacterial Transduction Is Mediated by Bacteriophages
• Bacteriophage Life Cycles
• Generalized Transduction
• Cotransduction
• Cotransduction Mapping
• Specialized Transduction
• 6.6 Bacteriophage Chromosomes Are Mapped by Fine-Structure Analysis
• Genetic Analysis 6.3
• Genetic Complementation Analysis
• Intragenic Recombination Analysis
• Deletion-Mapping Analysis
• 6.7 Lateral Gene Transfer Alters Genomes
• Lateral Gene Transfer and Genome Evolution
• Identifying Lateral Gene Transfer in Genomes
• Case Study The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance and Change in Medical Practice
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Replication
• 7.1 DNA Is the Hereditary Molecule of Life
• Chromosomes Contain DNA
• A Transformation Factor Responsible for Heredity
• DNA Is the Transformation Factor
• DNA Is the Hereditary Molecule
• 7.2 The DNA Double Helix Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Strands
• DNA Nucleotides
• Genetic Analysis 7.1
• Complementary DNA Nucleotide Pairing
• The Twisting Double Helix
• 7.3 DNA Replication Is Semiconservative and Bidirectional
• Three Competing Models of Replication
• The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
• Origin and Directionality of Replication in Bacterial DNA
• Multiple Replication Origins in Eukaryotes
• 7.4 DNA Replication Precisely Duplicates the Genetic Material
• DNA Sequences at Replication Origins
• Replication Initiation
• Continuous and Discontinuous Strand Replication
• RNA Primer Removal and Okazaki Fragment Ligation
• Simultaneous Synthesis of Leading and Lagging Strands
• DNA Proofreading
• Finishing Replication
• Genetic Analysis 7.2
• Telomeres, Aging, and Cancer
• 7.5 Molecular Genetic Analytical Methods Make Use of Dna Replication Processes
• The Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Separation of PCR Products
• Dideoxynucleotide DNA Sequencing
• New DNA-Sequencing Technologies: Next Generation and Third Generation
• Genetic Analysis 7.3
• Case Study Use of PCR and DNA Sequencing to Analyze Huntington Disease Mutations
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 8 Molecular Biology Of Transcription and RNA Processing
• 8.1 RNA Transcripts Carry the Messages of Genes
• RNA Nucleotides and Structure
• Identification of Messenger RNA
• RNA Classification
• 8.2 Bacterial Transcription Is a Four-Stage Process
• Bacterial RNA Polymerase
• Bacterial Promoters
• Transcription Initiation
• Genetic Analysis 8.1
• Transcription Elongation and Termination
• Transcription Termination Mechanisms
• 8.3 Archaeal and Eukaryotic Transcription Displays Structural Homology and Common Ancestry
• Eukaryotic and Archaeal RNA Polymerases
• Consensus Sequences for Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II Transcription
• Research Technique 8.1
• Promoter Recognition
• Detecting Promoter Consensus Elements
• Enhancers and Silencers
• RNA Polymerase I Promoters
• RNA Polymerase III Promoters
• Termination in RNA Polymerase I or III Transcription
• Archaeal Transcription
• 8.4 Post-Transcriptional Processing Modifies RNA Molecules
• Capping 5′ mRNA
• Polyadenylation of 3′ Pre-mRNA
• The Torpedo Model of Transcription Termination
• Pre-mRNA Intron Splicing
• Splicing Signal Sequences
• Coupling of Pre-mRNA Processing Steps
• Alternative Transcripts of Single Genes
• Control of Alternative Splicing
• Intron Self-Splicing
• Genetic Analysis 8.2
• Ribosomal RNA Processing
• Transfer RNA Processing
• Post-Transcriptional RNA Editing
• Case Study Sexy Splicing: Alternative mRNA Splicing and Sex Determination in Drosophila
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 9 The Molecular Biology of Translation
• 9.1 Polypeptides Are Composed of Amino Acid Chains That Are Assembled at Ribosomes
• Amino Acid Structure
• Polypeptide and Transcript Structure
• Ribosome Structures
• Research Technique 9.1
• A Three-Dimensional View of the Ribosome
• 9.2 Translation Occurs in Three Phases
• Translation Initiation
• Polypeptide Elongation
• Genetic Analysis 9.1
• Translation Termination
• 9.3 Translation Is Fast and Efficient
• The Translational Complex
• Translation of Polycistronic mRNA
• 9.4 The Genetic Code Translates Messenger Rna into Polypeptide
• The Genetic Code Displays Third-Base Wobble
• Charging Trna Molecules
• 9.5 Experiments Deciphered the Genetic Code
• No Overlap in the Genetic Code
• A Triplet Genetic Code
• No Gaps in the Genetic Code
• Genetic Analysis 9.2
• Deciphering the Genetic Code
• The (Almost) Universal Genetic Code
• Transfer RNAs and Genetic Code Specificity
• Genetic Analysis 9.3
• 9.6 Translation Is Followed by Polypeptide Folding, Processing, and Protein Sorting
• Posttranslational Polypeptide Processing
• The Signal Hypothesis
• Case Study Antibiotics and Translation Interference
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 10 The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease
• 10.1 An Inherited Hemoglobin Variant Causes Sickle Cell Disease
• The First Patient with Sickle Cell Disease
• Hemoglobin Structure
• Globin Gene Mutations
• 10.2 Genetic Variation Can Be Detected by Examining DNA, RNA, and Proteins
• Gel Electrophoresis
• Hemoglobin Peptide Fingerprint Analysis
• Identification of DNA Sequence Variation
• Genetic Analysis 10.1
• Molecular Probes
• Electrophoretic Analysis of Sickle Cell Disease
• Research Technique 10.1
• 10.3 Sickle Cell Disease Evolved by Natural Selection in Human Populations
• Research Technique 10.2
• Genetic Analysis 10.2
• Malaria Infection
• Heterozygous Advantage
• Evolution of BC and BE
• Case Study Transmission and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Thalassemia
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 11 Chromosome Structure
• 11.1 Viruses Are Infectious Particles Containing Nucleic Acid Genomes
• Viral Genomes
• Viral Protein Packaging
• 11.2 Bacterial Chromosomes Are Organized by Proteins
• Bacterial Genome Content
• Bacterial Chromosome Compaction
• 11.3 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Are Organized into Chromatin
• Chromatin Compaction
• Histone Proteins and Nucleosomes
• Higher Order Chromatin Organization and Chromosome Structure
• Nucleosome Distribution and Synthesis During Replication
• Genetic Analysis 11.1
• 11.4 Chromatin Compaction Varies Along the Chromosome
• Chromosome Shape and Chromosome Karyotypes
• In Situ Hybridization
• Imaging Chromosome Territory During Interphase
• Chromosome Banding
• Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
• Centromere Structure
• Position Effect Variegation: Effect of Chromatin State on Transcription
• Genetic Analysis 11.2
• 11.5 Chromatin Organizes Archaeal Chromosomes
• Archaeal Chromosome and Genome Characteristics
• Archaeal Histones
• Phylogenetic Origins of Histone Proteins
• Case Study Fishing for Chromosome Abnormalities in Cancer Cells
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 12 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination
• 12.1 Mutations Are Rare and Occur at Random
• Mutation Rates
• Determination of Mutation Rate from Genome Sequence Analysis
• 12.2 Gene Mutations Modify DNA Sequence
• Base-Pair Substitution Mutations
• Experimental Insight 12.1
• Frameshift Mutations
• Regulatory Mutations
• Forward Mutation and Reversion
• 12.3 Gene Mutations May Arise from Spontaneous Events
• DNA Replication Errors
• Genetic Analysis 12.1
• Spontaneous Nucleotide Base Changes
• DNA Nucleotide Lesions
• 12.4 Mutations May Be Induced by Chemicals or Ionizing Radiation
• Chemical Mutagens
• Radiation-Induced DNA Damage
• The Ames Test
• 12.5 Repair Systems Correct Some DNA Damage
• Direct Repair of DNA Damage
• Genetic Analysis 12.2
• DNA Damage Signaling Systems
• DNA Damage Repair Disorders
• Experimental Insight 12.2
• 12.6 Proteins Control Translesion DNA Synthesis and the Repair of Double-Strand Breaks
• Translesion DNA Synthesis
• Double-Strand Break Repair
• 12.7 DNA Double-Strand Breaks Initiate Homologous Recombination
• The Holliday Model
• The Bacterial RecBCD Pathway
• The Double-Stranded Break Model of Meiotic Recombination
• Holliday Junction Resolution
• 12.8 Gene Conversion Is Directed Mismatch Repair in Heteroduplex DNA
• Case Study Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is Caused by Inheritance of Mutations of p53
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 13 Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition
• 13.1 Nondisjunction Leads to Changes in Chromosome Number
• Euploidy and Aneuploidy
• Chromosome Nondisjunction
• Gene Dosage Alteration
• Aneuploidy in Humans
• Reduced Fertility in Aneuploidy
• Mosaicism
• Trisomy Rescue and Uniparental Disomy
• 13.2 Changes in Euploidy Result in Various Kinds of Polyploidy
• Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy
• Consequences of Polyploidy
• Reduced Recessive Homozygosity
• Polyploidy and Evolution
• 13.3 Chromosome Breakage Causes Mutation by Loss, Gain, and Rearrangement of Chromosomes
• Partial Chromosome Deletion
• Unequal Crossover
• Detecting Duplication and Deletion
• Deletion Mapping
• Genetic Analysis 13.1
• Genetic Analysis 13.2
• 13.4 Chromosome Breakage Leads to Inversion and Translocation of Chromosomes
• Chromosome Inversion
• Chromosome Translocation
• 13.5 Transposable Genetic Elements Move Throughout the Genome
• The Discovery of Transposition
• Experimental Insight 13.1
• The Characteristics and Classification of Transposable Elements
• Experimental Insight 13.2
• 13.6 Transposition Modifies Bacterial Genomes
• Insertion Sequences
• Composite Transposons
• 13.7 Transposition Modifies Eukaryotic Genomes
• Genetic Analysis 13.3
• Drosophila P Elements
• Retrotransposons
• Case Study Human Chromosome Evolution
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 14 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage
• 14.1 Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression Requires DNA–Protein Interaction
• Negative and Positive Control of Transcription
• Regulatory DNA-Binding Proteins
• 14.2 The lac Operon Is an Inducible Operon System Under Negative and Positive Control
• Lactose Metabolism
• lac Operon Function
• lac Operon Structure
• 14.3 Mutational Analysis Deciphers Genetic Regulation of the lac Operon
• Analysis of Structural Gene Mutations
• lac Operon Regulatory Mutations
• Molecular Analysis of the lac Operon
• Genetic Analysis 14.1
• Experimental Insight 14.1
• 14.4 Transcription from the Tryptophan Operon Is Repressible and Attenuated
• Feedback Inhibition of Tryptophan Synthesis
• Attenuation of the trp Operon
• Attenuation Mutations
• Attenuation in Other Amino Acid Operon Systems
• Genetic Analysis 14.2
• 14.5 Bacteria Regulate the Transcription of Stress Response Genes and Translation and Archaea Regula
• Alternative Sigma Factors and Stress Response
• Translational Regulation in Bacteria
• Transcriptional Regulation in Archaea
• 14.6 Antiterminators and Repressors Control Lambda Phage Infection of
• The Lambda Phage Genome
• Early Gene Transcription
• Cro Protein and the Lytic Cycle
• The Repressor Protein and Lysogeny
• Resumption of the Lytic Cycle Following Lysogeny Induction
• Case Study Vibrio Cholerae—Stress Response Leads to Serious Infection
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 15 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
• 15.1 Cis-Acting Regulatory Sequences Bind Trans-Acting Regulatory Proteins to Control Eukaryotic Tra
• Transcriptional Regulatory Interactions
• Integration and Modularity of Regulatory Sequences
• Transcription Regulation by Enhancers and Silencers
• Locus Control Regions
• Mutations in Regulatory Sequences
• Enhancer-sequence Conservation
• Yeast Enhancer and Silencer Sequences
• Insulator Sequences
• 15.2 Chromatin Remodeling and Modification Regulates Eukaryotic Transcription
• PEV Mutations
• Overview of Chromatin Remodeling and Chromatin Modification
• Open and Covered Promoters
• Mechanisms of Chromatin Remodeling
• Chemical Modifications of Chromatin
• Genetic Analysis 15.1
• An Example of Transcriptional Regulation in S.cerevisiae
• Epigenetic Heritability
• A Role for IncRNAs in Gene Regulation
• Inactivation of Eutherian Mammalian Female X Chromosomes
• Genomic Imprinting
• Nucleotide Methylation
• 15.3 RNA-Mediated Mechanisms Control Gene Expression
• Gene Silencing by Double-Stranded RNA
• Chromatin Modification by RNAi
• The Evolution and Applications of RNAi
• Case Study Environmental Epigenetics
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 16 Analysis of Gene Function by Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics
• 16.1 Forward Genetic Screens Identify Genes by Their Mutant Phenotypes
• General Design of Forward Genetic Screens
• Specific Strategies of Forward Genetic Screens
• Analysis of Mutageneses
• Genetic Analysis 16.1
• Identifying Interacting and Redundant Genes Using Modifier Screens
• 16.2 Genes Identified by Mutant Phenotype Are Cloned Using Recombinant DNA Technology
• Cloning Genes by Complementation
• Using Transposons to Clone Genes
• Positional Cloning
• Positional Cloning in Humans: the Huntington Disease Gene
• Genome Sequencing to Determine Gene Identification
• 16.3 Reverse Genetics Investigates Gene Action by Progressing from Gene Identification to Phenotype
• Use of Insertion Mutants in Reverse Genetics
• RNA Interference in Gene Activity
• Reverse Genetics by TILLING
• 16.4 Transgenes Provide a Means of Dissecting Gene Function
• Genetic Analysis 16.2
• Monitoring Gene Expression with Reporter Genes
• Enhancer Trapping
• Investigating Gene Function with Chimeric Genes
• Case Study Reverse Genetics and Genetic Redundancy in Flower Development
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 17 Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Applications
• 17.1 Specific Dna Sequences Are Identified and Manipulated Using Recombinant Dna Technology
• Restriction Enzymes
• Experimental Insight 17.1
• Genetic Analysis 17.1
• Molecular Cloning
• DNA Libraries
• Sequencing Long DNA Molecules
• 17.2 Introducing Foreign Genes into Genomes Creates Transgenic Organisms
• Expression of Heterologous Genes in Bacterial and Fungal Hosts
• Experimental Insight 17.2
• Transformation of Plant Genomes by Agrobacterium
• Transgenic Animals
• Advances in Altering and Synthesizing DNA Molecules
• Manipulation of DNA Sequences in Vivo
• Genetic Analysis 17.2
• 17.3 Gene Therapy Uses Recombinant DNA Technology
• Two Forms of Gene Therapy
• Gene Therapy in Humans
• 17.4 Cloning of Plants and Animals Produces Genetically Identical Individuals
• Case Study Curing Sickle Cell Disease in Mice
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 18 Genomics: Genetics from a Whole-genome Perspective
• 18.1 Structural Genomics Provides a Catalog of Genes in a Genome
• Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing
• The Clone-by-Clone Sequencing Approach
• Metagenomics
• 18.2 Annotation Ascribes Biological Function to Dna Sequences
• Experimental Insight 18.1
• Variation in Genome Organization Among Species
• Three Insights from Genome Sequences
• 18.3 Evolutionary Genomics Traces the History of Genomes
• Reseach Technique 18.1
• The Tree of Life
• Interspecific Genome Comparisons: Gene Content
• Research Technique 18.2
• Genetic Analysis 18.1
• Interspecific Genome Comparisons: Genome Annotation
• Interspecific Genome Comparisons: Gene Order
• Intraspecific Genome Comparisons
• Human Genetic Diversity
• SNPs and Indels in Humans
• Prenatal Genome Sequencing
• 18.4 Functional Genomics Aids in Elucidating Gene Function
• Transcriptomics
• Other “-omes” and “-omics”
• Genomic Approaches to Reverse Genetics
• Use of Yeast Mutants to Categorize Genes
• Genetic Networks
• Case Study Genomic Analysis of insect Guts May Fuel the World
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 19 Organelle Inheritance and The Evolution of Organelle Genomes
• 19.1 Organelle Inheritance Transmits Genes Carried on Organelle Chromosomes
• The Discovery of Organelle Inheritance
• Homoplasmy and Heteroplasmy
• Genome Replication in Organelles
• Replicative Segregation of Organelle Genomes
• 19.2 Modes of Organelle Inheritance Depend on the Organism
• Mitochondrial Inheritance in Mammals
• Genetic Analysis 19.1
• Mating Type and Chloroplast Segregation in Chlamydomonas
• Biparental Inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Summary of Organelle Inheritance
• 19.3 Mitochondria Are the Energy Factories of Eukaryotic Cells
• Mitochondrial Genome Structure and Gene Content
• Mitochondrial Transcription and Translation
• 19.4 Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis
• Chloroplast Genome Structure and Gene Content
• Chloroplast Transcription and Translation
• Editing of Chloroplast Mrna
• 19.5 The Endosymbiosis Theory Explains Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Evolution
• Experimental Insight 19.1
• Separate Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• Continual DNA Transfer from Organelles
• Encoding of Organellar Proteins
• The Origin of the Eukaryotic Lineage
• Secondary and Tertiary Endosymbioses
• Case Study Ototoxic Deafness: A Mitochondrial Gene–Environment Interaction
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 20 Developmental Genetics
• 20.1 Development Is the Building of a Multicellular Organism
• Cell Differentiation
• Pattern Formation
• 20.2 Development Is a Paradigm for Animal Development
• The Developmental Toolkit of Drosophila
• Maternal Effects on Pattern Formation
• Coordinate Gene Patterning of the Anterior–Posterior Axis
• Domains of Gap Gene Expression
• Regulation of Pair-Rule Genes
• Specification of Parasegments by Hox Genes
• Genetic Analysis 20.1
• Downstream Targets of Hox Genes
• Hot Genes in Metazoans
• Stabilization of Cellular Memory by Chromatin Architecture
• 20.3 Cellular Interactions Specify Cell Fate
• Inductive Signaling Between Cells
• Lateral Inhibition
• Cell Death During Development
• 20.4 “Evolution Behaves Like a Tinkerer”
• Evolution Through Co-Option
• Constraints on Co-Option
• 20.5 Plants Represent an Independent Experiment in Multicellular Evolution
• Development at Meristems
• Combinatorial Homeotic Activity in Floralorgan Identity
• Genetic Analysis 20.2
• Case Study Cyclopia and Polydactyly—Different Shh Mutations with Distinctive Phenotypes
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 21 Genetic Analysis Of Quantitative Traits
• 21.1 Quantitative Traits Display Continuous Phenotype Variation
• Genetic Potential
• Major Genes and Additive Gene Effects
• Continuous Phenotypic Variation from Multiple Additive Genes
• Allele Segregation in Quantitative Trait Production
• Effects of Environmental Factors on Phenotypic Variation
• Threshold Traits
• 21.2 Quantitative Trait Analysis Is Statistical
• Statistical Description of Phenotypic Variation
• Genetic Analysis 21.1
• Experimental Insight 21.1
• Partitioning Phenotypic Variance
• Genetic Analysis 21.2
• Partitioning Genetic Variance
• 21.3 Heritability Measures the Genetic Component of Phenotypic Variation
• Broad Sense Heritability
• Twin Studies
• Narrow Sense Heritability and Artificial Selection
• 21.4 Quantitative Trait Loci Are the Genes That Contribute to Quantitative Traits
• QTL Mapping Strategies
• Identification of QTL Genes
• Genome-Wide Association Studies
• Case Study GWAS and Crohn’s Disease
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• Chapter 22 Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels
• 22.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Describes the Relationship of Allele and Genotype Frequencies in
• Populations and Gene Pools
• The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
• Determining Autosomal Allele Frequencies in Populations
• The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium for More Than Two Alleles
• The Chi-Square Test of Hardy-Weinberg Predictions
• 22.2 Natural Selection Operates Through Differential Reproductive Fitness Within a Population
• Differential Reproduction and Relative Fitness
• Genetic Analysis 22.1
• Directional Natural Selection
• Natural Selection Favoring Heterozygotes
• Convergent Evolution
• 22.3 Mutation Diversifies Gene Pools
• Quantifying the Effects and Reverse Mutation Rates
• Mutation–Selection Balance
• Genetic Analysis 22.2
• 22.4 Migration Is Movement of Organisms and Genes Between Populations
• Effects of Gene Flow
• Allele Frequency Equilibrium and Equalization
• 22.5 Genetic Drift Causes Allele Frequency Change by Sampling Error
• The Founder Effect
• Genetic Bottlenecks
• 22.6 Inbreeding Alters Genotype Frequencies
• The Coefficient of Inbreeding
• Inbreeding Depression
• Genetic Analysis 22.3
• 22.7 Species and Higher Taxonomic Groups Evolve by the Interplay of Four Evolutionary Processes
• Processes of Speciation
• Reproductive Isolation and Speciation
• Contemporary Evolution in Darwin’s Finches
• 22.8 Molecular Evolution Changes Genes and Genomes Through Time
• Vertebrate Steroid Receptor Evolution
• Human Genetic Diversity and Evolution
• Case Study CODIS—Using Population Genetics to Solve Crime and Identify Paternity
• Summary
• Keywords
• Problems
• References and Additional Reading
• Appendix: Answers
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index