Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Contents
• Chapter 1 The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce
• 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
• A Brief History of Biotechnology
• The Do-It-Yourself Biotechnology Movement
• Biotechnology: A Science of Many Disciplines
• Products of Modern Biotechnology
• Ethics and Biotechnology
• 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Microbial Biotechnology
• Agricultural Biotechnology
• Animal Biotechnology
• Forensic Biotechnology
• Bioremediation
• Aquatic Biotechnology
• Medical Biotechnology
• Biotechnology Regulations
• The Biotechnology “Big Picture”
• 1.3 What Will the New Biotechnology Century Look Like? An Example from Medical Biotechnology
• A Scenario in the Future: How Might We Benefit from the Human Genome Project?
• 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
• The Business of Biotechnology
• Top Regions for Biotechnology Jobs
• What Is a Biotechnology Company?
• Jobs in Biotechnology
• Salaries in Biotechnology
• Hiring Trends in the Biotechnology Industry
• Questions & Activities
• Chapter 2 An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
• 2.1 A Review of Cell Structure
• Prokaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells
• 2.2 The Molecule of Life
• DNA Structure
• What Is a Gene?
• 2.3 Chromosome Structure, DNA Replication, and Genomes
• Chromosome Structure
• 2.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
• Copying the Code: Transcription
• Translating the Code: Protein Synthesis
• 2.5 Regulation of Gene Expression
• Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression
• Noncoding RNAs and Their Roles in Regulating Gene Expression
• Bacteria Use Operons to Regulate Gene Expression
• 2.6 Mutations: Causes and Consequences
• Types of Mutations
• Mutations Are the Basis of Variation in Genomes and a Cause of Human Genetic Diseases
• 2.7 Revealing the Epigenome
• 2.8 Immune Response Mechanism in Prokaryotes Results in Extraordinary New Technology for Editing Gen
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Loss of Circular RNA Impacts miRNA Degradation and Brain Function
• Chapter 3 Recombinant DNA Technology and Genomics
• 3.1 Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology and DNA Cloning
• Restriction Enzymes and Plasmid DNA Vectors
• Transformation of Bacterial Cells and Antibiotic Selection of Recombinant Bacteria
• Introduction to Human Gene Cloning and Expressing Proteins for Biotechnology Applications
• What Makes a Good Vector?
• 3.2 How Do You Identify and Clone a Gene of Interest?
• DNA Libraries: Collections of Cloned Genes
• 3.3 Laboratory Techniques and Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
• Restriction Mapping
• DNA Sequencing
• Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
• Third-Generation Sequencing Technology
• Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
• Southern Blotting
• Studying Gene Expression
• Analyzing Gene Function
• 3.4 Genomics and Bioinformatics: The Hottest Disciplines in the History of Biotechnology
• Whole-Genome Sequencing
• Bioinformatics: Merging Molecular Biology with Computing Technology
• Examples of Bioinformatics in Action
• A Genome Cloning Effort of Epic Proportion: The Human Genome Project
• What Have We Learned from the Human Genome?
• Accessing Human Genome Information Via the Internet
• The Human Genome Project Started an “Omics” Revolution
• After the HGP: What Is Next?
• 3.5 Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study The PANTHER Database
• Chapter 4 Proteins as Products
• 4.1 Proteins as Biotechnology Products
• Biotech Drugs and Other Medical Applications
• Bioremediation: Treating Pollution with Proteins
• 4.2 Protein Structures
• Structural Arrangement
• Protein-Protein Interaction Map Created
• Protein Folding
• Post-Translational Protein Modifications
• Protein Engineering by Directed Molecular Evolution
• 4.3 Protein Production
• Protein Expression: Upstream Processing
• Protein Purification Methods: Downstream Processing
• Verification
• Preserving Proteins
• Scaling Up Protein Purification
• Postpurification Analysis Methods
• 4.4 Proteomics
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Tau-Tau Protein Interaction in Alzheimer’s Disease Study
• Chapter 5 Microbial Biotechnology
• 5.1 The Structure of Microbes
• Yeasts Are Important Microbes, Too
• 5.2 Microorganisms as Tools
• Microbial Enzymes
• Bacterial Transformation
• Cloning and Expression Techniques
• 5.3 Using Microbes for a Variety of Everyday Applications
• Food Products
• Therapeutic Proteins
• Using Microbes Against Other Microbes
• 5.4 Vaccines
• A Primer on Antibodies
• Types of Vaccines: How Are Vaccines Made?
• Major Targets for Vaccine Development
• 5.5 Microbial Genomics
• Why Sequence Microbial Genomes?
• Metagenomic Studies Sequence Genomes from Microbial Communities
• Viral Genomics
• Creating Synthetic Genomes
• 5.6 Microbial Diagnostics
• Detecting and Tracking Disease-Causing Microorganisms
• 5.7 Combating Bioterrorism
• Microbes as Bioweapons
• Targets of Bioterrorism
• Using Biotechnology against Bioweapons
• 5.8 Microbes for Making Biofuels
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Designer Microbes Rely on Synthetic Amino Acids
• Chapter 6 Plant Biotechnology
• 6.1 Uses of Biotechnology to Enhance Selective Breeding
• Marker-Assisted Selection
• Mutation Breeding
• Protoplast Fusion
• 6.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants
• Using Agrobacterium to Insert Genes
• The Leaf Fragment Technique
• Gene Guns
• Chloroplast Engineering
• Gene Inactivation Using CRISPR-Cas Technology
• Antisense Technology
• Gene Stacking
• 6.3 Practical Applications
• Protecting Plants from Viruses
• Genetic Pesticides
• Herbicide Resistance
• Enhanced Nutrition
• “Biopharming”
• Engineered Deletion of Gene Promoters Rather Than Genes
• 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns
• Concerns about Human Health
• Concerns about the Environment
• Regulations
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Can RNA Interference Silence Genes in a Citrus Pest?
• Chapter 7 Animal Biotechnology
• 7.1 Animals in Research
• Why Use Animals in Research?
• Types of Animals Used in Research
• Regulations in Animal Research
• Alternatives to the Use of Animals
• Regulation of Animal Research
• Veterinary Medicine: Benefits for Humans and Animals
• 7.2 Cloning
• Creating Dolly: A Breakthrough in Cloning
• Limits to Cloning
• Human Organ Development in GM Animals
• 7.3 Transgenic Animals
• Transgenic Techniques
• GM Animals for the Agriculture Industry
• Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors
• Kidney on a Chip Determines Drug Dosing
• Gene Editing Technologies in Animals
• 7.4 Producing Human Antibodies in Animals
• Monoclonal Antibodies
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Using Zebrafish as a Heart Disease Model
• Chapter 8 DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Analysis
• 8.1 What Is a DNA Fingerprint?
• How Is DNA Typing Performed?
• 8.2 Preparing a DNA Fingerprint
• Specimen Collection
• Extracting DNA for Analysis
• PCR and STR Analysis
• STR Analysis
• 8.3 Putting DNA to Use
• The Narborough Village Murder Case Led to a New Method of DNA Separation
• How Significant Is Contamination?
• World Events Lead to the Development of New Technologies
• 8.4 DNA and the Rules of Evidence
• DNA Fingerprinting and the Chain of Evidence
• Human Error and Sources of Contamination
• DNA Forensics from “Touch DNA”
• 8.5 Familial Relationships and DNA Profiles
• Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
• Y-Chromosome Analysis
• 8.6 Nonhuman DNA Analysis
• Identifying Plants through DNA
• Protein Analysis May Join DNA Forensics
• Animal DNA Analysis
• Food Fraud—A Recent DNA Forensics Application
• Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Testing
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Mouse Cell Line Contamination ID Using DNA Forensics
• Chapter 9 Bioremediation
• 9.1 What Is Bioremediation?
• Why Is Bioremediation Important?
• 9.2 Bioremediation Basics
• What Needs to Be Cleaned Up?
• Chemicals in the Environment
• Fundamentals of Cleanup Reactions
• The Players: Metabolizing Microbes
• Bioremediation Genomics Programs
• 9.3 Cleanup Sites and Strategies
• Soil Cleanup
• Bioremediation of Water
• 9.4 Turning Wastes into Energy
• 9.5 Applying Genetically Engineered Strains to Clean Up the Environment
• Petroleum-Eating Bacteria
• Engineering Microbes to Clean Up Heavy Metals
• Genetically Modified Plants and Phytoremediation
• Biosensors
• 9.6 Environmental Disasters: Case Studies in Bioremediation
• The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
• Oil Fields of Kuwait
• The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
• 9.7 Challenges for Bioremediation
• Recovering Valuable Metals
• Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
• Degrading Macro- and Microplastics in the Environment
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Turning Outhouses into Light houses?
• Chapter 10 Aquatic Biotechnology
• 10.1 Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology
• 10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World’s Food Supply through Biotechnology
• The Economics of Aquaculture
• Fish-Farming Practices
• Improving Strains for Aquaculture
• Enhancing the Quality and Safety of Seafood
• Barriers and Limitations to Aquaculture
• 10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic Organisms
• Analysis of Novel Genes from Aquatic Species
• Genetic Manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish
• 10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
• Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the Sea
• 10.5 Nonmedical Products
• A Potpourri of Products
• Aquatic Biomass and Bioprocessing Applications
• 10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
• Antifouling Agents
• Biosensors
• Environmental Remediation
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Massive Fish Escape Jeopardizes New Salmon Farm
• Chapter 11 Medical Biotechnology
• 11.1 Animal Models of Human Disease
• 11.2 Detecting and Diagnosing Human Disease Conditions
• Biomarkers for Disease Detection
• The Human Genome Project Revealed Disease Genes on All Human Chromosomes
• Genetic Testing: Detecting Chromosomal Abnormalities and Defective Genes
• 11.3 Sequence Analysis of Individual Genomes
• Whole-Exome Sequencing
• Genomic Analysis of Single Cells by DNA and RNA Sequencing
• Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations in Populations
• 11.4 Precision Medicine and Biotechnology
• What Is the Precision Medicine Initiative?
• Harnessing the Immune System for Treating Disease: Antibodies and Immunotherapy
• 11.5 Gene Therapy
• How Is It Done?
• Genome Editing Approaches for Gene Therapy
• Curing Genetic Diseases: Targets for Gene Therapy
• Challenges Facing Gene Therapy
• Future Challenges to Address
• 11.6 The Potential of Regenerative Medicine
• Cell and Tissue Transplantation
• Tissue Engineering
• Stem Cells
• Cloning
• Therapeutic Cloning and Reproductive Cloning
• Regulations Governing Embryonic Stem Cell and Therapeutic Cloning in the United States
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study Personal Genomics Helps Elizabeth Davis Walk Again
• Chapter 12 International Biotechnology Regulations
• 12.1 Overview of International Regulations
• 12.2 Protection of Human, Animal, and Plant Health
• Biotechnology for Disease Control, Surveillance, and Response
• Safe Handling, Transfer, and Use of Biological Materials
• Food Safety
• 12.3 Biodiversity Conservation and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• 12.4 Management of Genetic Resources
• State Sovereign Rights
• The Nagoya Protocol
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
• The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework
• 12.5 Trade and Intellectual Property Rights
• Trade in Biotechnology Products
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Plant Variety Rights
• 12.6 Human Rights
• 12.7 Preventing the Hostile Use of Biotechnology
• 12.8 Role of Scientists in the Development of International Regulations
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study How Should the Safe Transport of Infectious Substances Be Ensured?
• Chapter 13 Ethics and Biotechnology
• 13.1 What Is Ethics?
• Approaches to Ethical Decision Making
• Ethical Exercise Warm-up
• 13.2 Examples of Ethics and Biotechnology
• Cells and Products
• GM Crops: Are You What You Eat?
• Animal Husbandry or Animal Tinkering?
• Synthetic Genomes and Synthetic Biology
• Drug Trials with Human Patients
• What Does It Mean to Be Human?
• Spare Embryos for Research Versus Creating Embryos for Research
• Should Humans and Other Animals Be Cloned for Any Reason?
• Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
• Patient Rights and Biological Materials
• Genetic Information and Genetic Privacy
• More or Less Human?
• Genome Editing and Germline Gene Modifications
• 13.3 Economics, the Role of Science, and Communication
• Questions & Activities
• Case Study The GTEx Project, Cadavers, and Family Rights
• Appendix 1: Answers to Questions & Activities
• Appendix 2: The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins
• Credits
• Glossary
• Index