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• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• List of figures, tables and boxes
• Preface
• Author’s acknowledgements
• 1 What is forensic and criminal psychology?
• Overview
• Introduction
• Researcher-practitioners
• History of forensic and criminal psychology
• Conclusion
• Further reading
• 2 The social context of crime
• Overview
• Introduction
• The extent of crime
• The extent of criminality
• Crime rates compared internationally
• Estimating the amount of crime
• Life-time likelihood of being a crime victim
• Conservative and radical interpretations
• COVID-19 and crime
• International variations in justice systems
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 3 Crime and the public
• Overview
• Introduction
• Knowledge of crime
• What is fear of crime?
• What influences fear of crime?
• Theories of fear of crime
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 4 Victims of crime
• Overview
• Introduction
• Victim-offender overlap
• Psychology and the victims of crime
• PTSD and the victims of crime
• What leads to a greater likelihood of PTSD?
• PTSD and re-victimisation
• PTSD among offenders
• Post-traumatic anger
• Psychological help for victims
• Victim decision making
• Counterfactual thinking
• Victim resistance to crime
• Restorative justice
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 5 Theories of crime
• Overview
• Introduction
• Neuropsychology of offending
• Intelligence and crime
• Psychoanalysis and crime
• Addiction to crime
• Eysenck’s biosocial theory of crime
• Social learning theory
• The social construction of crime
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 6 Juvenile offenders and beyond
• Overview
• Introduction
• International comparisons
• Adolescents, crime and the family
• Criminogenic factors in childhood
• Continuity of childhood and adult antisocial behaviour
• Biological factors in antisocial behaviour
• Two types of delinquents
• Specific explanations of antisocial behaviour in childhood
• Social interventions to reduce delinquency
• Diversion from the criminal justice system
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 7 Theft and other crimes against property
• Overview
• Introduction
• Illegal downloading
• Shoplifting
• Burglary
• Expertise among criminals
• Arson and pyromania
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 8 Violent offenders
• Overview
• Introduction
• Are violent criminals specialists?
• Alcohol and violent crime
• Anger and its management in violent crime
• Media influences on violent crime
• Theories of homicide
• Domestic violence: forensic issues
• Domestic violence by women against men
• Stalking: what sort of crime?
• Desistance from violent crime
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 9 Sexual offenders 1: rapists
• Overview
• Introduction
• Frequency of rape
• Youthful sex offenders
• Sex offenders as specialists and generalists
• Is rape a sexual orientation?
• Anger and hostility and sex offending
• Patterns in rape
• The nature of rapists
• Rape myths
• Rape myths and policing
• Socio-cultural factors and sexual violence
• More on the theory of rape
• Synthesising explanations of sex offending
• Offence Seriousness Escalation
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 10 Sexual offenders 2: paedophiles and child molestation
• Overview
• Introduction
• Classifications of child molesters
• How common is paedophilia?
• The normal sex lives of paedophiles
• The nature of paedophile offences
• Theories of paedophilia
• Denial and sex offending
• Internet paedophile offenders
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 11 Police psychology
• Overview
• Introduction
• Police culture
• Explaining police bias
• The cognitive interview
• Other types of police interview
• Forensic hypnosis
• Police as eyewitnesses: how accurate are they?
• The police caution
• Use of lethal force
• Stress and other impacts of police work
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 12 Terrorism and hostage-taking incidents
• Overview
• Introduction
• The consequences of terrorism
• The nature of terrorism
• Mental health and personality problem issues and terrorism
• The problem of terrorist risk assessment
• What makes a terrorist?
• Planning terrorist attacks
• The end of terrorist organisations
• Hostage barricade incidents
• Hostage negotiation
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 13 Eyewitness testimony
• Overview
• Introduction
• Eyewitness testimony as a central issue in forensic and criminal psychology
• The accuracy of witness evidence
• Later intrusions into eyewitness memory
• Eyewitness evidence in court
• Improving the validity of the line-up
• The importance of eyewitness evidence research
• Facial composites, age progression and identification
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 14 Profile analysis 1: FBI-style offender profiling
• Overview
• Introduction
• The origins of offender profiling
• The FBI profiling process
• The methodology of the FBI profilers
• Profiling and police investigations
• An example of FBI profiling
• What research says about profiles
• Does profiling work?
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 15 Profile analysis 2: investigative psychology, statistical and geographical profiling
• Overview
• Introduction
• Geographical profiling
• Criminal profiling – the research-based approach
• The homology issue and basic theory
• Consistency in offending
• Crime linkage
• Profiling and personality
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 16 False allegations
• Overview
• Introduction
• The police approach to false allegations
• Pathways to false allegations
• The recovered memory/false memory debate
• False claims of abuse and children
• Suggestibility
• The diagnosticity of signs of abuse
• In what ways are genuine allegations different?
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 17 False and true confessions
• Overview
• Introduction
• Methods of inducing confessions
• Police interrogation and false confessions
• Demonstrating different types of false confession
• Distinguishing between true and false confessions
• Consequences of a false confession
• Can evidence of a confession be disregarded in court?
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 18 Lies, lie detecting and credibility 1: the psychology of deception
• Overview
• Introduction
• Ekman’s theory of lie detection
• Are professional lie detectors really no better?
• Reliance on invalid cues to deception
• The quest for lie detection wizards
• Improving lie detection hit rates – cognitive overload
• What offenders say about lying
• Talking more for better lie detection
• Strategic questioning and the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) technique
• Verifiability approach to lie detection
• Wider uses of deception research
• Training in lie detection
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 19 Lies, lie detecting and credibility 2: the polygraph test, statement validity analysis and SCAN
• Overview
• Introduction
• The polygraph
• Problems with the polygraph
• Studies of the validity of polygraphy
• Polygraphy and the post-conviction sex offender
• Alternatives to the polygraph
• Statement validity analysis: criterion-based content analysis and the validity checklist
• The validity of statement validity analysis
• The status of criterion-based content analysis
• Scientific content analysis (SCAN)
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 20 Children as witnesses
• Overview
• Introduction
• What is difficult about forensic interviews with children?
• The ground rules for interviews
• Improving forensic questioning of children
• Interviewing very young children
• The problem of non-compliance with good questioning
• The trade-off of accuracy against completeness
• What do we know about interviewing children?
• Rapport
• Children and lying
• Errors of omission and commission
• Long-term influences of questioning
• Children and line-up identifications
• Facial fit construction
• Interviewers and child witness testimony
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 21 Mental disorders and crime
• Overview
• Introduction
• Mental disorders and the criminal justice system
• Controlling for confounding factors
• Psychosis and criminal violence
• Violence in the mentally ill and national trends
• Confounding by overlapping definitions
• The confounding effects of medication
• The clinical sample problem
• Misclassification of the mentally ill and violence
• Effects of general social trends
• Mental illness and violent crime in community samples
• Post-traumatic stress disorder and crime
• Clinical aspects of violence
• Who among the mentally ill is violent?
• Mental illness and crime in general
• Why should there be greater criminality among the mentally ill?
• Violent victimisation of the mentally ill
• The special issue of psychopaths and crime
• Reconviction and mental illness
• The police and mental illness
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 22 Mental, personality and intellectual problems in court
• Overview
• Introduction
• Competence/capacity/fitness to stand trial
• Psychopaths and mental illness
• Post-traumatic stress disorder as a defence
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 23 Judges and lawyers
• Overview
• Introduction
• The adversarial and inquisitorial types of trial
• Are trial outcomes predictable?
• The presentation of evidence in court
• Underlying narrative of legal arguments
• Other lawyer tactics
• Is expert evidence understood in court?
• Judgements
• Decision making in court
• Theories of judicial decision making
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 24 Juries and decision making
• Overview
• Introduction
• Scientific jury selection and litigation consultation
• Simple improvements to aid jurors
• The effect of jury size and decision rules
• How real juries make decisions
• Non-evidential evidence
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 25 Effective prison
• Overview
• Introduction
• Prison as a therapeutic community
• Violence in prison
• Therapeutic fixes for prison violence
• A quick fix for prison aggression?
• Suicide in prison
• The effectiveness of prison
• ‘Nothing works’
• Prison work works
• The many dimensions of psychology in prison
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 26 Psychological treatments for prisoners and other offenders
• Overview
• Introduction
• Sex offender therapy in prison
• Does treatment work?
• Treating violent criminals
• The Aggression Training Programme (ART)
• Other treatments for violent offending
• Anger and violence
• Manualisation
• The high-risk offender problem
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 27 Risk, recidivism and desistance
• Overview
• Introduction
• Risk assessment
• Just what are dynamic risk factors?
• What does research say about risk factors?
• Clinical judgement versus statistical assessment
• Some structured clinical methods
• Predictors may be specific rather than general
• Statistical or actuarial prediction
• Predictive factors
• Issues in the assessment of risk and dangerousness
• Offence paralleling behaviour
• Protective factors in risk assessment
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Publisher’s acknowledgements
• Back Cover