Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Digital Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• Features
• ASM Recommended Curriculum Guidelinesfor Undergraduate Microbiology
• PART ONE Fundamentals of Microbiology
• 1 The Microbial World and You
• Microbes in Our Lives
• The Microbiome
• Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
• Nomenclature
• Types of Microorganisms
• Classification of Microorganisms
• A Brief History of Microbiology
• The First Observations
• The Debate over Spontaneous Generation
• The First Golden Age of Microbiology
• The Second Golden Age of Microbiology
• The Third Golden Age of Microbiology
• Microbes and Human Welfare
• Recycling Vital Elements
• Sewage Treatment: Using Microbes to Recycle Water
• Bioremediation: Using Microbes to Clean Up Pollutants
• Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms
• Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Technology
• Microbes and Human Disease
• Biofilms
• Infectious Diseases
• Emerging Infectious Diseases
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 2 Chemical Principles
• The Structure of Atoms
• Chemical Elements
• Electronic Configurations
• How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Molecular Mass and Moles
• Chemical Reactions
• Energy in Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis Reactions
• Decomposition Reactions
• Exchange Reactions
• The Reversibility of Chemical Reactions
• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
• Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Acids, Bases, and Salts
• Acid–Base Balance: The Concept of pH
• Organic Compounds
• Structure and Chemistry
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope
• Units of Measurement
• Microscopy: The Instruments
• Light Microscopy
• Two-Photon Microscopy
• Super-Resolution Light Microscopy
• Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
• Electron Microscopy
• Scanned-Probe Microscopy
• Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy
• Preparing Smears for Staining
• Simple Stains
• Differential Stains
• Special Stains
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
• THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
• The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells
• Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Glycocalyx
• Flagella and Archaella
• Axial Filaments
• Fimbriae and Pili
• The Cell Wall
• Composition and Characteristics
• Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism
• Atypical Cell Walls
• Damage to the Cell Wall
• Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
• The Movement of Materials across Membranes
• Cytoplasm
• The Nucleoid
• Ribosomes
• Inclusions
• Endospores
• THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Flagella and Cilia
• The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
• The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• Organelles
• The Nucleus
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Complex
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Peroxisomes
• Centrosome
• The Evolution of Eukaryotes
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 5 Microbial Metabolism
• Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
• Enzymes
• Collision Theory
• Enzymes and Chemical Reactions
• Enzyme Specificity and Efficiency
• Naming Enzymes
• Enzyme Components
• Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity
• Feedback Inhibition
• Ribozymes
• Energy Production
• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• The Generation of ATP
• Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
• Carbohydrate Catabolism
• Glycolysis
• Additional Pathways to Glycolysis
• Cellular Respiration
• Fermentation
• Lipid and Protein Catabolism
• Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification
• Photosynthesis
• The Light-Dependent Reactions: Photophosphorylation
• The Light-Independent Reactions: The Calvin-Benson Cycle
• A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms
• Metabolic Diversity among Organisms
• Photoautotrophs
• Photoheterotrophs
• Chemoautotrophs
• Chemoheterotrophs
• Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use
• Polysaccharide Biosynthesis
• Lipid Biosynthesis
• Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis
• Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
• The Integration of Metabolism
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 6 Microbial Growth
• The Requirements for Growth
• Physical Requirements
• Chemical Requirements
• Biofilms
• Culture Media
• Chemically Defined Media
• Complex Media
• Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods
• Special Culture Techniques
• Selective and Differential Media
• Enrichment Culture
• Obtaining Pure Cultures
• Preserving Bacterial Cultures
• The Growth of Bacterial Cultures
• Bacterial Division
• Generation Time
• Logarithmic Representation of Bacterial Populations
• Phases of Growth
• Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth
• Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 7 The Control of Microbial Growth
• The Terminology of Microbial Control
• The Rate of Microbial Death
• Actions of Microbial Control Agents
• Alteration of Membrane Permeability
• Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids
• Physical Methods of Microbial Control
• Heat
• Filtration
• Low Temperatures
• High Pressure
• Desiccation
• Osmotic Pressure
• Radiation
• Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
• Principles of Effective Disinfection
• Evaluating a Disinfectant
• Types of Disinfectants
• Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 8 Microbial Genetics
• Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
• Genotype and Phenotype
• DNA and Chromosomes
• The Flow of Genetic Information
• DNA Replication
• RNA and Protein Synthesis
• The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression
• Pre-transcriptional Control
• Post-transcriptional Control
• Changes in Genetic Material
• Mutation
• Types of Mutations
• Mutagens
• The Frequency of Mutation
• Identifying Mutants
• Identifying Chemical Carcinogens
• Genetic Transfer and Recombination
• Plasmids and Transposons
• Transformation in Bacteria
• Conjugation in Bacteria
• Transduction in Bacteria
• Genes and Evolution
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 9 Biotechnology and DNA Technology
• Introduction to Biotechnology
• Recombinant DNA Technology
• An Overview of Recombinant DNA Procedures
• Tools of Biotechnology
• Selection
• Mutation
• Restriction Enzymes
• Vectors
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Techniques of Genetic Modification
• Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells
• Obtaining DNA
• Selecting a Clone
• Making a Gene Product
• Applications of DNA Technology
• Therapeutic Applications
• Genome Projects
• Scientific Applications
• Agricultural Applications
• Safety Issues and the Ethics of Using DNA Technology
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• PART TWO A Survey of the Microbial World
• 10 Classification of Microorganisms
• The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships
• The Three Domains
• A Phylogenetic Tree
• Classification of Organisms
• Scientific Nomenclature
• The Taxonomic Hierarchy
• Classification of Prokaryotes
• Classification of Eukaryotes
• Classification of Viruses
• Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms
• Morphological Characteristics
• Differential Staining
• Biochemical Tests
• Serology
• Phage Typing
• Fatty Acid Profiles
• Flow Cytometry
• DNA Sequencing
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization
• Putting Classification Methods Together
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
• The Prokaryotic Groups
• DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Gram-Negative Bacteria
• Proteobacteria
• The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
• The Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
• Tenericutes
• Actinobacteria (High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
• DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Diversity within the Archaea
• MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
• Discoveries Illustrating the Range of Diversity
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths
• Fungi
• Characteristics of Fungi
• Medically Important Fungi
• Fungal Diseases
• Economic Effects of Fungi
• Lichens
• Algae
• Characteristics of Algae
• Selected Phyla of Algae
• Roles of Algae in Nature
• Protozoa
• Characteristics of Protozoa
• Medically Important Protozoa
• Slime Molds
• Helminths
• Characteristics of Helminths
• Platyhelminths
• Nematodes
• Arthropods as Vectors
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
• General Characteristics of Viruses
• Host Range
• Viral Size
• Viral Structure
• Nucleic Acid
• Capsid and Envelope
• General Morphology
• Taxonomy of Viruses
• Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses
• Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory
• Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory
• Viral Identification
• Viral Multiplication
• Multiplication of Bacteriophages
• Multiplication of Animal Viruses
• Viruses and Cancer
• The Transformation of Normal Cells into Tumor Cells
• DNA Oncogenic Viruses
• RNA Oncogenic Viruses
• Viruses to Treat Cancer
• Latent Viral Infections
• Persistent Viral Infections
• Plant Viruses and Viroids
• Prions
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• PART THREE Interaction between Microbe and Host
• 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
• Pathology, Infection, and Disease
• Human Microbiome
• Relationships between the Normal Microbiota and the Host
• Opportunistic Microorganisms
• Cooperation among Microorganisms
• The Etiology of Infectious Diseases
• Koch’s Postulates
• Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
• Classifying Infectious Diseases
• Occurrence of a Disease
• Severity or Duration of a Disease
• Extent of Host Involvement
• Patterns of Disease
• Predisposing Factors
• Development of Disease
• The Spread of Infection
• Reservoirs of Infection
• Transmission of Disease
• Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
• Microorganisms in the Hospital
• Compromised Host
• Chain of Transmission
• Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections
• Emerging Infectious Diseases
• Epidemiology
• Descriptive Epidemiology
• Analytical Epidemiology
• Experimental Epidemiology
• Case Reporting
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
• How Microorganisms Enter a Host
• Portals of Entry
• The Preferred Portal of Entry
• Numbers of Invading Microbes
• Adherence
• How Bacterial Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses
• Capsules
• Cell Wall Components
• Enzymes
• Antigenic Variation
• Penetration into the Host
• Biofilms
• How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells
• Using the Host’s Nutrients: Siderophores
• Direct Damage
• Production of Toxins
• Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity
• Pathogenic Properties of Viruses
• Viral Mechanisms for Evading Host Defenses
• Cytopathic Effects of Viruses
• Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Algae
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Helminths
• Algae
• Portals of Exit
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host
• The Concept of Immunity
• FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• Physical Factors
• Chemical Factors
• Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity
• SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
• Formed Elements in Blood
• The Lymphatic System
• Phagocytes
• Actions of Phagocytic Cells
• The Mechanism of Phagocytosis
• Inflammation
• Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels
• Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
• Tissue Repair
• Fever
• Antimicrobial Substances
• The Complement System
• Interferons
• Iron-Binding Proteins
• Antimicrobial Peptides
• Other Factors
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host
• The Adaptive Immune System
• Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System
• Overview of Humoral Immunity
• Overview of Cellular Immunity
• Cytokines: Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells
• Antigens and Antibodies
• Antigens
• Humoral Immunity: Antibodies
• Humoral Immunity Response Process
• Activation and Clonal Expansion of Antibody-Producing Cells
• The Diversity of Antibodies
• Results of the Antigen–Antibody Interaction
• Cellular Immunity Response Process
• Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
• Classes of T Cells
• Nonspecific Cells and Extracellular Killing by the Adaptive Immune System
• Immunological Memory
• Types of Adaptive Immunity
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 18 Practical Applications of Immunology
• Vaccines
• Principles and Effects of Vaccination
• Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
• Vaccine Production, Delivery Methods, and Formulations
• Diagnostic Immunology
• Use of Monoclonal Antibodies
• Precipitation Reactions
• Agglutination Reactions
• Neutralization Reactions
• Complement-Fixation Reactions
• Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
• Western Blotting (Immunoblotting)
• The Future of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Immunology
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System
• Hypersensitivity
• Allergies and the Microbiome
• Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
• Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
• Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
• Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions
• Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions
• Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reactions
• Reactions to Transplantation
• Immunosuppression to Prevent Transplant Rejection
• The Immune System and Cancer
• Immunotherapy for Cancer
• Immunodeficiencies
• Congenital Immunodeficiencies
• Acquired Immunodeficiencies
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• The Origin of AIDS
• HIV Infection
• Diagnostic Methods
• HIV Transmission
• AIDS Worldwide
• Preventing and Treating AIDS
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 20 Antimicrobial Drugs
• The History of Chemotherapy
• Antibiotic Use and Discovery Today
• Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity
• The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
• Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis
• Inhibiting Protein Synthesis
• Injuring the Plasma Membrane
• Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Inhibiting the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites
• Common Antimicrobial Drugs
• Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
• Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
• Injury to Membranes
• Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
• Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolites
• Antifungal Drugs
• Antiviral Drugs
• Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs
• Tests to Guide Chemotherapy
• The Diffusion Methods
• Broth Dilution Tests
• Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
• Mechanisms of Resistance
• Antibiotic Misuse
• Cost and Prevention of Resistance
• Antibiotic Safety
• Effects of Combinations of Drugs
• Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• PART FOUR Microorganisms and Human Disease
• 21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes
• Structure and Function of the Skin
• Mucous Membranes
• Normal Microbiota of the Skin
• Microbial Diseases of the Skin
• Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Fungal Diseases of the Skin and Nails
• Parasitic Infestation of the Skin
• Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Inflammation of the Eye Membranes: Conjunctivitis
• Bacterial Diseases of the Eye
• Other Infectious Diseases of the Eye
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 22 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
• Structure and Function of the Nervous System
• Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
• Bacterial Meningitis
• Tetanus
• Botulism
• Leprosy
• Viral Diseases of the Nervous System
• Poliomyelitis
• Rabies
• Arboviral Encephalitis
• Fungal Disease of the Nervous System
• Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis)
• Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
• African Trypanosomiasis
• Amebic Meningoencephalitis
• Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
• Diseases Caused by Unidentified Agents
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 23 Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Sepsis and Septic Shock
• Bacterial Infections of the Heart
• Rheumatic Fever
• Tularemia
• Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
• Anthrax
• Gangrene
• Systemic Diseases Caused by Bites and Scratches
• Vector-Transmitted Diseases
• Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Burkitt’s Lymphoma
• Infectious Mononucleosis
• Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus
• Cytomegalovirus Infections
• Chikungunya
• Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
• Toxoplasmosis
• Malaria
• Leishmaniasis
• Babesiosis
• Helminthic Disease of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Schistosomiasis
• Disease of Unknown Etiology
• Kawasaki Syndrome
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
• Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System
• MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System
• Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
• Scarlet Fever
• Diphtheria
• Otitis Media
• Viral Disease of the Upper Respiratory System
• The Common Cold
• MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
• Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
• Tuberculosis
• Bacterial Pneumonias
• Melioidosis
• Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
• Viral Pneumonia
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• Influenza (Flu)
• Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
• Histoplasmosis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia
• Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis)
• Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 25 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
• Structure and Function of the Digestive System
• Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
• Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
• Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
• Periodontal Disease
• Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis)
• Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)
• Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis)
• Typhoid Fever
• Cholera
• Noncholera Vibrios
• Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
• Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)
• Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Yersinia Gastroenteritis
• Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis
• Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea
• Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis
• Viral Diseases of the Digestive System
• Mumps
• Hepatitis
• Viral Gastroenteritis
• Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System
• Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System
• Giardiasis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Cyclosporiasis
• Amebic Dysentery (Amebiasis)
• Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System
• Tapeworms
• Hydatid Disease
• Nematodes
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
• Structure and Function of the Urinary System
• Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
• Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
• DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
• Cystitis
• Pyelonephritis
• Leptospirosis
• DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
• Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
• Gonorrhea
• Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Syphilis
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
• Chancroid (Soft Chancre)
• Bacterial Vaginosis
• Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
• Genital Herpes
• Genital Warts
• AIDS
• Fungal Disease of the Reproductive Systems
• Candidiasis
• Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive Systems
• Trichomoniasis
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• PART FIVE Environmental and Applied Microbiology
• 27 Environmental Microbiology
• Microbial Diversity and Habitats
• Symbiosis
• Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles
• The Carbon Cycle
• The Nitrogen Cycle
• The Sulfur Cycle
• Life without Sunshine
• The Phosphorus Cycle
• The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water
• Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment
• Aquatic Microorganisms
• The Role of Microorganisms in Water Quality
• Water Treatment
• Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• 28 Applied and Industrial Microbiology
• Food Microbiology
• Foods and Disease
• Industrial Food Canning
• Aseptic Packaging
• Radiation and Industrial Food Preservation
• High-Pressure Food Preservation
• The Role of Microorganisms in Food Production
• Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
• Fermentation Technology
• Industrial Products
• Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms
• Biofuels
• Industrial Microbiology and the Future
• Study Outline
• Study Questions
• Answers to Knowledge and Comprehension Study Questions
• Appendix A Metabolic Pathways
• Appendix B Exponents, Exponential Notation, Logarithms, and Generation Time
• Appendix C Methods for Taking Clinical Samples
• Appendix D Pronunciation Rules and Word Roots
• Appendix E Classification of Prokaryotes According to Bergey’s Manual
• Glossary
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• Credits
• Trademark Attributions
• Index
• A
• B
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• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
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• Back Cover