Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 The Soils Around Us
• 1.1 What Ecosystem Services Do Soils Perform?
• 1.2 How Do Soils Support Plant Growth?
• 1.3 How Do Soils Regulate Water Supplies?
• 1.4 How Do Soils Recycle Raw Materials?
• 1.5 How Do Soils Modify the Atmosphere?
• 1.6 What Lives in the Soil Habitat?
• 1.7 Soil as an Engineering Medium
• 1.8 The Pedosphere and the Critical Zone?
• 1.9 Soils as Natural Bodies
• 1.10 The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons)
• 1.11 Topsoil and Subsoil
• 1.12 Soil—Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life
• 1.13 What are the Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils?
• 1.14 The Nature of Soil Organic Matter
• 1.15 Soil Water—Dynamic and Complex
• 1.16 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases
• 1.17 How Do Soil Components Interact to Supply Nutrients to Plants?
• 1.18 How Do Plant Roots Obtain Nutrients?
• 1.19 Soil Health, Degradation, and Resilience
• 1.20 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 2 Formation of Soils from Parent Materials
• 2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals
• 2.2 What Environmental Factors Influence Soil Formation?
• 2.3 Parent Materials
• 2.4 How Does Climate Affect Soil Formation?
• 2.5 How Do Living Organisms (Including People) Affect Soil Formation?
• 2.6 How Does Topography Affect Soil Formation?
• 2.7 How Does Time Affect Soil Formation?
• 2.8 Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation
• 2.9 The Soil Profile
• 2.10 Urban Soils
• 2.11 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 3 Soil Classification
• 3.1 Concept of Individual Soils
• 3.2 Soil Taxonomy: A Comprehensive Classification System
• 3.3 Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy
• 3.4 Soil Orders
• 3.5 Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development)
• 3.6 Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon)
• 3.7 Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils)
• 3.8 Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning)
• 3.9 Histosols (Organic Soils Without Permafrost)
• 3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils)
• 3.11 Vertisols (Dark, Swelling, and Cracking Clays)
• 3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands)
• 3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Moderately Leached)
• 3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Highly Leached)
• 3.15 Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Highly Leached)
• 3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered)
• 3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy
• 3.18 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 4 Soil Architecture and Physical Properties
• 4.1 Soil Color
• 4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles)
• 4.3 Soil Textural Classes
• 4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils
• 4.5 Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates
• 4.6 Tillage and Structural Management of Soils
• 4.7 Soil Density
• 4.8 Pore Space of Mineral Soils
• 4.9 Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses
• 4.10 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior
• 5.1 Structure and Related Properties of Water
• 5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water
• 5.3 Soil Water Energy Concepts
• 5.4 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential
• 5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil
• 5.6 Infiltration and Percolation
• 5.7 Water Vapor Movement in Soils
• 5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness
• 5.9 Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water
• 5.10 Mechanisms by Which Plants are Supplied with Water
• 5.11 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 6 Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle
• 6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle
• 6.2 Fate of Incoming Water
• 6.3 The Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC)
• 6.4 Control of ET
• 6.5 Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil
• 6.6 Percolation and Groundwater
• 6.7 Enhancing Soil Drainage
• 6.8 Septic Tank Drain Fields
• 6.9 Irrigation Principles and Practices
• 6.10 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 7 Soil Aeration and Temperature
• 7.1 Soil Aeration—The Process
• 7.2 Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration
• 7.3 Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Potential
• 7.4 Factors Affecting Soil Aeration and Eh
• 7.5 Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration
• 7.6 Soil Aeration in Urban Landscapes
• 7.7 Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils
• 7.8 Processes Affected by Soil Temperature
• 7.9 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy
• 7.10 Thermal Properties of Soils
• 7.11 Soil Temperature Control
• 7.12 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 8 The Colloidal Fraction: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity
• 8.1 General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids
• 8.2 Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure
• 8.3 Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays
• 8.4 Structural Characteristics of Nonsilicate Colloids
• 8.5 Genesis and Geographic Distribution of Soil Colloids
• 8.6 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids
• 8.7 Adsorption of Cations and Anions
• 8.8 Cation Exchange Reactions
• 8.9 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
• 8.10 Exchangeable Cations in Field Soils
• 8.11 Anion Exchange
• 8.12 Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination
• 8.13 Binding of Biomolecules to Clay and Humus
• 8.14 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 9 Soil Acidity
• 9.1 What Processes Cause Soil Acidification?
• 9.2 Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity
• 9.3 Pools of Soil Acidity
• 9.4 Buffering of pH in Soils
• 9.5 How Can We Measure Soil ph?
• 9.6 Human-Influenced Soil Acidification
• 9.7 Biological Effects of Soil pH
• 9.8 Raising Soil pH by Liming
• 9.9 Alternative Ways to Ameliorate the Ill Effects of Soil Acidity
• 9.10 Lowering Soil pH
• 9.11 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 10 Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity
• 10.1 Characteristics and Problems of Dry Region Soils
• 10.2 Causes of High Soil pH (Alkalinity)
• 10.3 Development of Salt-Affected Soils
• 10.4 Measuring Salinity and Sodicity
• 10.5 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils
• 10.6 Physical Degradation of Soil by Sodic Chemical Conditions
• 10.7 Biological Impacts of Salt-Affected Soils
• 10.8 Water-Quality Considerations for Irrigation
• 10.9 Reclamation of Saline Soils
• 10.10 Reclamation of Saline–Sodic and Sodic Soils
• 10.11 Management of Reclaimed Soils
• 10.12 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil
• 11.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil
• 11.2 Organisms in Action
• 11.3 Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity
• 11.4 Earthworms
• 11.5 Ants and Termites
• 11.6 Soil Microanimals
• 11.7 Plant Roots
• 11.8 Soil Algae
• 11.9 Soil Fungi
• 11.10 Soil Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
• 11.11 Conditions Affecting the Growth and Activity of Soil Microorganisms
• 11.12 Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms on Plant Communities
• 11.13 Soil Organisms and Plant Damage
• 11.14 Ecological Relationships among Soil Organisms
• 11.15 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 12 Soil Organic Matter
• 12.1 The Global Carbon Cycle
• 12.2 Organic Decomposition in Soils
• 12.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Residue Decomposition and Mineralization
• 12.4 Genesis and Nature of Soil Organic Matter and Humus
• 12.5 Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth and Soil Function
• 12.6 Amounts and Quality of Organic Matter in Soils
• 12.7 Carbon Balance in the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System
• 12.8 Environmental Factors Influencing Soil Organic Carbon Levels
• 12.9 Soil Organic Matter Management
• 12.10 Soils and Climate Change
• 12.11 Composts and Composting
• 12.12 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 13 Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils
• 13.1 Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development
• 13.2 Distribution of Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle
• 13.3 Immobilization and Mineralization
• 13.4 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen
• 13.5 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals
• 13.6 Ammonia Volatilization
• 13.7 Nitrification
• 13.8 Gaseous Losses by Denitrification and Anammox
• 13.9 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
• 13.10 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes
• 13.11 Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes
• 13.12 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
• 13.13 Nitrogen Deposition from the Atmosphere
• 13.14 The Nitrate Leaching Problem
• 13.15 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen
• 13.16 Importance of Sulfur
• 13.17 Natural Sources of Sulfur
• 13.18 The Sulfur Cycle
• 13.19 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils
• 13.20 Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction
• 13.21 Sulfur Retention and Exchange
• 13.22 Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance
• 13.23 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 14 Soil Phosphorus and Potassium
• 14.1 Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility
• 14.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality
• 14.3 The Phosphorus Cycle
• 14.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils
• 14.5 Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils
• 14.6 Solubility of Inorganic Soil Phosphorus
• 14.7 Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils
• 14.8 Plant Strategies for Adequate Phosphorus Acquisition from Soils
• 14.9 Practical Phosphorus Management
• 14.10 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles
• 14.11 Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition
• 14.12 The Potassium Cycle
• 14.13 The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility
• 14.14 Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils
• 14.15 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils
• 14.16 Practical Aspects of Potassium Management
• 14.17 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 15 Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon, and Trace Elements
• 15.1 Calcium as an Essential Nutrient
• 15.2 Magnesium as a Plant Nutrient
• 15.3 Silicon in Soil–Plant Ecology
• 15.4 Deficiency Versus Toxicity
• 15.5 Micronutrient Roles in Plants
• 15.6 Sources of Micronutrients
• 15.7 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Cations
• 15.8 Organic Compounds as Chelates
• 15.9 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions
• 15.10 Soil Management and Trace Element Needs
• 15.11 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 16 Practical Nutrient Management
• 16.1 Goals of Nutrient Management
• 16.2 Nutrients as Pollutants
• 16.3 Natural Ecosystem Nutrient Cycles
• 16.4 Recycling Nutrients Through Animal Manures
• 16.5 Industrial and Municipal By-Products
• 16.6 Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources
• 16.7 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers
• 16.8 Fertilizer Application Methods
• 16.9 Timing of Fertilizer Application
• 16.10 Diagnostic Tools and Methods
• 16.11 Soil Analysis
• 16.12 Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management
• 16.13 Some Advances and Challenges in Fertilizer Management
• 16.14 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 17 Soil Erosion and Its Control
• 17.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation
• 17.2 On-Site and Off-Site impacts of Accelerated Soil Erosion
• 17.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion
• 17.4 Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion
• 17.5 Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion
• 17.6 Conservation Tillage
• 17.7 Vegetative Barriers
• 17.8 Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting
• 17.9 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range- and Forestland
• 17.10 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites
• 17.11 Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It
• 17.12 Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion
• 17.13 Tillage Erosion
• 17.14 Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation
• 17.15 Progress in Soil Conservation
• 17.16 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 18 Soils and Chemical Pollution
• 18.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals
• 18.2 Kinds of Organic Contaminants
• 18.3 Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil
• 18.4 Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms
• 18.5 Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals
• 18.6 Soil Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances
• 18.7 Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge
• 18.8 Prevention and Remediation of Inorganic Soil Contamination
• 18.9 Landfills
• 18.10 Radionuclides in Soil
• 18.11 Radon Gas from Soils
• 18.12 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 19 Geographic Soils Information
• 19.1 Soil Spatial Variability in the Field
• 19.2 Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils
• 19.3 Modern Technology for Soil Investigations
• 19.4 Remote Sensing in Soil Survey
• 19.5 Making a Soil Survey
• 19.6 Using Soil Surveys
• 19.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• 19.8 Digital Soil Maps: Properties or Polygons?
• 19.9 GIS, GPS, and Precision Agriculture
• 19.10 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• 20 Prospects for Soil Health in the Anthropocene
• 20.1 The Concepts of Soil Health and Soil Quality
• 20.2 Soil Resistance and Resilience
• 20.3 Soils and Global Ecosystem Services
• 20.4 Using Plants to Improve Soil Health
• 20.5 Feeding the Human Population
• 20.6 Intensified Agriculture—the Green Revolution
• 20.7 Impacts of Vastly Increased Ratios of People to Land
• 20.8 Sustainable Agriculture in Developed Countries
• 20.9 Biochar: Hype or Hope for Soil Quality?
• 20.10 Organic Farming Systems
• 20.11 Sustainable Agriculture Systems for Resource-Poor Farmers
• 20.12 Conclusion
• Study Questions
• References
• Appendix A World Reference Base, Canadian, and Australian Soil Classification Systems
• Appendix B SI Units, Conversion Factors, Periodic Table of the Elements, and Plant Names
• Glossary of Soil Science Terms
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z