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• Cover
• Endorsements
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of figures
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction to the second edition
• 1. Art histories and art theories
• Introduction
• What is art?
• What is art history?
• The classical concept of ‘art’
• Plato’s idea of mimesis
• Issues arising from art as imitation
• Medieval art and its interpretation
• Art as imitation in the Renaissance
• Giorgio Vasari and the origins of western art history
• Early writing on art
• Academies and the ‘Hierarchy of Genres’
• Winckelmann, art history and the western Enlightenment
• Art as an expression of the ‘will to create’
• Aesthetic comparison and contrast
• Connoisseurship and art history
• The limits of connoisseurship
• Bell’s theory of ‘significant form’
• The theory of art as expression
• Objections to Collingwood’s theory
• Art as abstraction or idea
• Art understood as ‘family resemblance’
• The Institutional Theory of Art
• Art history in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
• Art history and the 1930s diaspora
• British art history, the Courtauld and Warburg Institutes
• The ‘New Art History’
• Beyond the ‘New Art History’
• Summary
• 2. Formalism, modernism and modernity
• Introduction
• Formalist art theories and the avant-garde
• The formal components of painting and design
• Abstraction as process
• Formal language, abstraction and sculpture
• Observations on formal analysis
• Formalism as art practice and art theory
• Roger Fry and a British formalist tradition
• Avant-garde art and ‘the crisis of taste’
• Greenberg and the dominance of modernist theory
• Modernism and the White Cube hang
• Objections to Greenberg’s modernism
• Art after Greenberg
• Summary
• 3. Marxist and social art histories
• Introduction
• Who was Karl Marx?
• Art as ideology
• Contextual analyses
• David and the Paris Salon
• Reactions and responses to the Horatii
• The Horatii as political metaphor
• Iconography and iconology
• Iconology and ‘intrinsic meaning’
• Art, alienation and ‘species being’
• Art as commodity and a ‘deposit of a social relationship’
• Superstructure and infrastructure
• Art and agency – ‘life creates consciousness, not consciousness life’
• David’s Horatii as a revolutionary manifesto
• The Horatii as a canonical painting of the French Revolution
• Tendency and social commitment – what should art and artists do?
• Malevich’s Black Square and the ‘zero of forms’
• Social interpretation and meaning
• Art and the ‘social command’: Soviet Socialist Realism and its legacies
• Social realism in Europe
• Critical theory, the ‘Frankfurt School’ and Gerhard Richter
• T. J. Clark and a British Marxist tradition
• New social and political constellations
• Summary
• 4. Semiotics and poststructuralism
• Introduction
• Introducing Language and Linguistics
• Ferdinand de Saussure
• Charles Sanders Peirce
• Developments of semiosis
• Art and semiotics
• Signs and representations of reality
• Modalities of the sign
• Challenging ‘reality’
• Whose ‘reality’?
• Structural analysis
• Syntagmatic analysis of images
• Discourse and power
• Discourse and ‘metanarratives’
• Paradigmatic oppositions
• Binary oppositions and art
• Markedness
• Figurative language
• Social semiotics
• Poststructuralism and its critics
• Summary
• 5. Psychoanalysis, art and the fractured self
• Introduction
• Freud, psychoanalysis and psycho-sexual development
• The Oedipus complex
• The psyche’s tripartite structure
• Instinctual energies, creativity and sublimation
• Surrealism and psychoanalysis
• Gombrich and psychoanalysis
• Klein, Stokes, Fuller and the ‘infant–mother’ paradigm
• Lacan: the mirror stage; the symbolic, the imaginary and the real
• Feminist challenges to the Freudian and Lacanian psyche
• Creativity, sadism and perversion
• A Freudian postscript: from symptoms to symbols
• Art and abjection
• Abjection, ambivalence and contemporary art
• Summary
• 6. Representations of gender, sex and sexualities
• Introduction
• Defining sex, gender and sexuality
• Classical representation of the human form
• Visualising gender difference
• Gender, status and power
• Challenges to gender boundaries
• Viewing the nude
• The gaze: the pleasure of looking
• Mary Cassatt’s challenge to the male gaze
• Caught in the act: subverting the pleasure of the gaze
• Feminism and art history
• Feminist interventions in art
• Expanding feminism
• Contemporary art history and feminism
• Gender perspectives on contemporary art
• Developments in gender studies
• New paradigms of gender, sex and sexuality
• Queer theory and LGBTQIA+
• Beyond gender: the body as sensorium and spectacle
• Summary
• 7. Art and art histories since the 1960s
• Introduction
• Art and ‘paradigm shifts’
• Duchamp’s readymades
• American hegemony and a new order
• Death of the author
• Art, objecthood and theatricality
• Art as commodity and concept
• The Institutional Theory of Art
• Limitations of the Institutional Theory
• Lyotard and the death of the ‘metanarratives’
• New countercultures for the 1960s and 1970s
• Photography, cultural reproduction and oppositional postmodern cultures
• Approaching the postmodern and late modern: how soon is now?
• The contemporary as ‘critical pluralism’
• Visual cultures and ‘double-coding’
• Baudrillard and the four orders of the simulacra
• ‘The End of History’?
• Relational Aesthetics
• Summary
• 8. Postcolonialism, globalisation and art histories
• Introduction
• Western-centrism within art history
• Global cultural and artistic interactions
• Western artistic appropriations and ‘Primitivism’
• The struggle for independence and decolonisation
• Edward Said and Orientalism
• Postcolonialism and postcolonial studies
• Globalisation
• Legacies and continuities: empire, coloniality and the subaltern
• Interpreting cultural interaction and exchange
• Identity, agency and place
• Globalising art history and global contemporary art
• Afterword from Oceania
• Summary
• Resources
• Galleries and museums: collections online
• Galleries, museums, virtual tours and videos
• Digital archives, essays and glossaries
• Other resources, magazines, journals, dictionaries and encyclopaedias
• Sources of images
• Glossary of terms
• Bibliography
• Index