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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface to the Third Edition
• 1 Plate Tectonics
• In this Chapter
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The Lithosphere
• 1.3 Accreting Plate Boundaries
• 1.4 Subduction
• 1.5 Transform Faults
• 1.6 Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
• 1.7 Continents
• 1.8 Paleomagnetism and the Motion of the Plates
• 1.9 Triple Junctions
• 1.10 The Wilson Cycle
• 1.11 Continental Collisions
• 1.12 Volcanism and Heat Flow
• 1.13 Seismicity and the State of Stress in the Lithosphere
• 1.14 The Driving Mechanism
• 1.15 Comparative Planetology
• 1.16 The Moon
• 1.17 Mercury
• 1.18 Mars
• 1.19 Phobos and Deimos
• 1.20 Vesta
• 1.21 Venus
• 1.22 The Galilean Satellites
• 1.23 Saturnian Satellites
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 2 Stress and Strain in Solids
• In this Chapter
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Body Forces and Surface Forces
• 2.3 Stress in Two Dimensions
• 2.4 Stress in Three Dimensions
• 2.5 Pressures in the Deep Interiors ofPlanets
• 2.6 Stress Measurement
• 2.7 Basic Ideas about Strain
• 2.8 Strain Measurements
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 3 Elasticity and Flexure
• In this Chapter
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Linear Elasticity
• 3.3 Uniaxial Stress
• 3.4 Uniaxial Strain
• 3.5 Plane Stres
• 3.6 Plane Strain
• 3.7 Pure Shear and Simple Shear
• 3.8 Isotropic Stress
• 3.9 Two-Dimensional Bending or Flexure of Plates
• 3.10 Bending of Plates under Applied Moments and Vertical Loads
• 3.11 Buckling of a Plate under a Horizontal Load
• 3.12 Deformation of Strata Overlying an Igneous Intrusion
• 3.13 Application to the Earth’s Lithosphere
• 3.14 Periodic Loading
• 3.15 Stability of the Earth’s Lithosphere under an End Load
• 3.16 Bending of the Elastic Lithosphere under the Loads of Island Chains
• 3.17 Bending of the Elastic Lithosphere at an Ocean Trench
• 3.18 Flexure and the Structure of Sedimentary Basins
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 4 Heat Transfer
• In this Chapter
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Fourier’s LawofHeat Conduction
• 4.3 Measuring the Earth’s Surface Heat Flux
• 4.4 The Earth’s Surface Heat Flow
• 4.5 Heat Generation by the Decay ofRadioactive Elements
• 4.6 One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction with Volumetric Heat Production
• 4.7 A Conduction Temperature Profile for the Mantle
• 4.8 Continental Geotherms
• 4.9 Radial Heat Conduction in a Sphere or Spherical Shell
• 4.10 Temperatures in the Moon
• 4.11 Steady Two- and Three-Dimensional Heat Conduction
• 4.12 Subsurface Temperature Due to Periodic Surface Temperature and Topography
• 4.13 One-Dimensional, Time-Dependent Heat Conduction
• 4.14 Periodic Heating of a Semi-Infinite Half-Space: Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Subsurface Temperature
• 4.15 Instantaneous Heating or Cooling of a Semi-Infinite Half-Space
• 4.16 Cooling of the Oceanic Lithosphere
• 4.17 Plate Cooling Model of the Lithosphere
• 4.18 The Stefan Problem
• 4.19 Solidification of a Dike or Sill
• 4.20 The Heat Conduction Equation in a Moving Medium: Thermal Effects of Erosion and Sedimentation
• 4.21 One-Dimensional, Unsteady Heat Conduction in an Infinite Region
• 4.22 Thermal Stresses
• 4.23 Ocean Floor Topography
• 4.24 Changes in Sea Level
• 4.25 Thermal and Subsidence History ofSedimentary Basins
• 4.26 Heating or Cooling a Semi-Infinite Half-Space by a Constant Surface Heat Flux
• 4.27 Frictional Heating on Faults: Island Arc Volcanism and Melting on the Surface of the Descending Slab
• 4.28 Mantle Geotherms and Adiabats
• 4.29 Thermal Structure of the Subducted Lithosphere
• 4.30 Culling Model for the Erosion and Deposition of Sediments
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 5 Gravity
• In this Chapter
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Gravitational Acceleration External to the Rotationally Distorted Earth
• 5.3 Centrifugal Acceleration and the Acceleration of Gravity
• 5.4 The Gravitational Potential and the Geoid
• 5.5 Moments ofInertia
• 5.6 Surface Gravity Anomalies
• 5.7 Bouguer Gravity Formula
• 5.8 Reductions ofGravity Data
• 5.9 Compensation
• 5.10 The Gravity Field ofa Periodic Mass Distribution on a Surface
• 5.11 Compensation Due to Lithospheric Flexure
• 5.12 Isostatic Geoid Anomalies
• 5.13 Compensation Models and Observed Geoid Anomalies
• 5.14 Forces Required to Maintain Topography and the Geoid
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 6 Fluid Mechanics
• In this Chapter
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 One-Dimensional Channel Flows
• 6.3 Asthenospheric Counterflow
• 6.4 Pipe Flow
• 6.5 Artesian Aquifer Flows
• 6.6 Flow Through Volcanic Pipes
• 6.7 Conservation of Fluid in Two Dimensions
• 6.8 Elemental Force Balance in Two Dimensions
• 6.9 The Stream Function
• 6.10 Postglacial Rebound
• 6.11 Angle of Subduction
• 6.12 Diapirism
• 6.13 Folding
• 6.14 Stokes Flow
• 6.15 Plume Heads and Tails
• 6.16 Pipe Flowwith Heat Addition
• 6.17 Aquifer Model for Hot Springs
• 6.18 Thermal Convection
• 6.19 Linear Stability Analysis for the Onset of thermal Convection in a Layer of Fluid Heated from Below
• 6.20 A Transient Boundary-Layer Theory for Finite-Amplitude Thermal Convection
• 6.21 A Steady-State Boundary-Layer Theory for Finite-Amplitude Thermal Convection
• 6.22 The Forces that Drive Plate Tectonics
• 6.23 Heating by Viscous Dissipation
• 6.24 Mantle Recycling and Mixing
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 7 Rock Rheology
• In this Chapter
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Elasticity
• 7.3 Diffusion Creep
• 7.4 Dislocation Creep
• 7.5 Shear Flows of Fluids with Temperature- and Stress-Dependent Rheologies
• 7.6 Mantle Rheology
• 7.7 Rheological Effects on Mantle Convection
• 7.8 Mantle Convection and the Cooling of the Earth
• 7.9 Crustal Rheology
• 7.10 Viscoelasticity
• 7.11 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Behavior
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 8 Faulting
• In this Chapter
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Classification of Faults
• 8.3 Friction on Faults
• 8.4 Anderson Theory ofFaulting
• 8.5 Strength Envelope
• 8.6 Thrust Sheets and Gravity Sliding
• 8.7 Earthquakes
• 8.8 San Andreas Fault
• 8.9 North Anatolian Fault
• 8.10 Some Elastic Solutions for Strike-Slip Faulting
• 8.11 Stress Diffusion
• 8.12 Thermally Activated Creep on Faults
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 9 Flows in Porous Media
• In this Chapter
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Darcy’s Law
• 9.3 Permeability Models
• 9.4 Flow in Confined Aquifers
• 9.5 Flow in Unconfined Aquifers
• 9.6 Geometrical Form of Volcanoes
• 9.7 Equations of Conservation of Mass, Momentum, and Energy for Flow in Porous Media
• 9.8 One-Dimensional Advection of Heat in a Porous Medium
• 9.9 Thermal Convection in a Porous Layer
• 9.10 Thermal Plumes in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media
• 9.11 Porous Flow Model for Magma Migration
• 9.12 Two-Phase Convection
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 10 Chemical Geodynamics
• In this Chapter
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Radioactivity and Geochronology
• 10.3 Geochemical Reservoirs
• 10.4 A Two-Reservoir Model with Instantaneous Crustal Differentiation
• 10.5 Noble Gas Systems
• 10.6 Isotope Systematics of OIB
• Summary
• Further Reading
• 11 Numerical Tools
• In this Chapter
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Getting Started with MATLAB
• 11.3 Integration ofFourier’s Law ofHeat Conduction, an Initial Value Problem
• 11.4 Integration of the Equation for One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction with Volumetric Heat Production, a Boundary Value Problem
• 11.5 Integration of the Equation for Two-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction
• 11.6 Integration of the Equation for One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Heat Conduction
• Summary
• 12 Geophysical Applications of Computational Modeling
• In this Chapter
• 12.1 Bending of the Lithosphere under a Triangular Load
• 12.2 Bending of the Elastic Lithosphere under Axisymmetric Loads
• 12.3 MATLAB Evaluation of Temperature and Surface Heat Flow for the Plate Model of the Cooling Oceanic Lithosphere
• 12.4 MATLAB Evaluation of Seafloor Depth for the Plate Model of the Cooling Oceanic Lithosphere
• 12.5 Cooling of a Solidified Dike
• 12.6 Gravity Anomaly above a Rectangular Prism
• 12.7 Free-air Gravity Anomaly ofArbitrary Topography
• 12.8 Postglacial Rebound and Crater Relaxation:Axisymmetric Geometry
• 12.9 A Numerical Solution for Steady, Two-Dimensional, Finite-Amplitude Thermal Convection
• 12.10 Surface Velocity for Strike-Slip Faulting
• 12.11 Additional Solutions for Strike-Slip Faulting
• 12.12 Faulting on Cracks of Arbitrary Size and Orientation
• Summary
• Appendix A Symbols and Units
• Appendix B Physical Constants and Properties
• Appendix C Answers to Selected Problems
• References
• Index