Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• What is New in the Second Edition
• 1 Introduction to Igneous Petrology
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The Scope of Igneous Petrology
• 1.3 Classification of Igneous Rocks
• 1.3.1 Preliminary Classification
• 1.3.2 IUGS Classification of Plutonic Rocks
• 1.3.3 IUGS Classification of Volcanic and Hypabyssal Rocks
• 1.4 Igneous Textures
• 1.4.1 The Crystallization of Igneous Melts
• 1.4.2 Crystal Size
• 1.4.3 Crystal Shape
• 1.5 Igneous Structures
• 1.5.1 Structures in Volcanic Flows
• 1.5.2 Structures in Pyroclastic Deposits
• 1.5.3 Structures in Hypabyssal Rocks
• 1.5.4 Structures in Plutonic Rocks
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• Note
• 2 An Introduction to Igneous Phase Diagrams
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 The Phase Rule
• 2.3 The Lever Rule
• 2.4 Two-Component Systems Involving Melt
• 2.4.1 Binary Systems with a Eutectic
• 2.4.2 Binary Systems with a Peritectic
• 2.4.3 Binary Systems with a Thermal Barrier
• 2.4.4 Binary Systems with Solid Solution
• 2.4.5 Binary Systems with Partial Solid Solution
• 2.5 Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems
• 2.5.1 The Ternary System CaAl2Si2O8-CaMgSi2O6-Mg2SiO4
• 2.6 Implications for Petrology
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 3 Introduction to Silicate Melts and Magmas
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Role of Volatiles
• 3.2.1 Role of H2O
• 3.2.2 Role of CO2
• 3.3 Physical Properties of Magma
• 3.3.1 Temperature
• 3.3.2 Heat Capacity and Heat of Fusion
• 3.3.3 Viscosity
• 3.3.4 Density
• 3.4 Ascent of Magmas
• 3.5 Magmatic Differentiation
• 3.5.1 Partial Melting
• 3.5.2 Crystallization Processes
• 3.5.3 Liquid-Liquid Fractionation
• 3.5.4 Assimilation
• 3.5.5 Magma Mixing
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• Note
• 4 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Modal Mineralogy versus Normative Mineralogy
• 4.3 Variation Diagrams Based on Major Elements
• 4.4 Major-Element Indices of Differentiation
• 4.4.1 Modified Alkali-Lime Index
• 4.4.2 Iron-Enrichment Index
• 4.4.3 Aluminum-Saturation Index
• 4.4.4 Alkalinity Index
• 4.4.5 Feldspathoid Silica-Saturation Index
• 4.5 Identification of Differentiation Processes Using Trace Elements
• 4.5.1 Use of Trace Elements to Model Melting and Crystallization Processes
• 4.5.2 Graphical Representations of Trace-Element Compositions
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 5 Application of Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes in Petrology
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Stable-Isotope Geochemistry
• 5.2.1 Stable-Isotope Geothermometry
• 5.2.2 Stable-Isotope Tracers of Magmatic Processes
• 5.3 Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
• 5.3.1 Geochronology
• The K–Ar System
• The Isochron Method of Age Determination
• The U–Pb System
• 5.3.2 Isotopic Petrogenesis
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 6 Basalts and Mantle Structure
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Basalt Petrology
• 6.2.1 Classification
• 6.2.2 Chemistry and Petrography
• 6.3 Melt Generation from the Mantle
• 6.3.1 Mantle Composition
• 6.3.2 Crust and Mantle Structure
• 6.3.3 Mechanisms for Partial Melting of the Mantle
• 6.3.4 The Process of Mantle Melting
• 6.3.5 Origin of Tholeiitic versus Alkali Basalts
• 6.4 Environments where Magmas are Generated
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• Note
• 7 Oceanic Magmatism
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Petrology and Structure of the Oceanic Crust
• 7.2.1 Ophiolites as a Model of the Oceanic Crust
• 7.2.2 Refinements of the Ophiolite Model
• Fast-Spreading Centers
• Slow- and Ultra-Slow-Spreading Centers
• 7.3 Petrography and Geochemistry of Oceanic Magmatism
• 7.3.1 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt
• 7.3.2 Off-Ridge Magmatism
• Hawaii: An Example of an Oceanic Island Volcano
• Ontong Java: An Example of an Oceanic Plateau
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 8 Convergent-Margin Magmatism
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Oceanic and Continental Arcs
• 8.2.1 Island Arc Magmatism
• 8.2.2 Continental Arc Magmatism
• 8.2.3 Structure of Island and Continental Arcs
• 8.2.4 Examples of Island and Continental Arcs
• Island Arc Volcano: Seguam, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
• Island Arc Plutonic Complex: Tobago, West Indies
• Continental Arc Volcano: Mount Saint Helens, Washington
• Continental Arc (Cordilleran) Batholith: The Tuolumne Intrusive Suite
• 8.3 Petrographic Characteristics of Island and Continental Arc Rocks
• 8.3.1 Petrography of Island Arc Rocks
• 8.3.2 Petrography of Continental Arc Rocks
• 8.4 Geochemical Characteristics of Convergent-Margin Magma Series
• 8.4.1 Comparison of Oceanic and Arc Differentiation Trends
• 8.4.2 Comparison of Island and Continental Arc Magma Series
• 8.4.3 Comparison of Oceanic and Continental Arc (Cordilleran) Plutonic Complexes
• 8.4.4 Geochemical and Isotopic Identification of Contrasting Processes Forming Seguam and Mount Sain
• 8.5 Magma Generation at Convergent Margins
• 8.5.1 Primary Arc Magma-Forming Processes
• 8.5.2 Evolution of Arc Magmas During Ascent Through the Crust
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 9 Intracontinental Volcanism
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Continental Flood Basalt Provinces
• 9.2.1 The Columbia Plateau-Snake River Plain Province
• Chemistry of the Columbia River Basalts
• 9.2.2 Petrography and Chemistry of Continental Flood Basalts
• 9.2.3 Models for the Generation of Continental Flood Basalts
• 9.3 Bimodal Volcanism
• 9.3.1 Bimodal Volcanism in the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Province
• 9.3.2 Geochemistry of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain Bimodal Suite
• 9.3.3 Models for the Generation of Bimodal Volcanism
• 9.4 Alkaline Volcanism
• 9.4.1 Sodic Alkaline Magmatism of the East African Rift
• Trends on the Fe-Index and MALI Diagrams
• Trends on the AI–FSSI Diagram
• Implications for the Evolution of Boina, Nyambeni, and Suswa Volcanoes
• 9.4.2 Potassic Alkaline Volcanism
• Mount Vesuvius and the Roman Province
• Kimberlites and Lamproites
• 9.5 Origin of the Chemical Diversity of Intracontinental Basaltic Magmas
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 10 Intracontinental Plutonism
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Layered Mafic Intrusions
• 10.2.1 The Bushveld Intrusion
• 10.2.2 Mineralogical Variation in LMIs
• 10.2.3 Granitic Rocks Associated with LMIs
• 10.2.4 Tectonic Environments of LMIs
• 10.3 Anorthosites and Related Rocks
• 10.3.1 Archean Anorthosites
• 10.3.2 Massif Anorthosites
• 10.3.3 Lunar Anorthosites
• 10.4 Ferroan Granites
• 10.4.1 The Pikes Peak Batholith
• 10.4.2 Composition of Ferroan Granites
• 10.5 Alkaline Complexes
• 10.5.1 Geology of the Ilimaussaq Intrusion
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 11 Interpretation of Granitic Rocks
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Classification of Granitic Rocks
• 11.2.1 Mineralogical Classification
• 11.2.2 Classification Based on Opaque Oxides
• 11.2.3 Alphabetic Classification
• 11.2.4 Geochemical Classification
• 11.3 Peraluminous Leucogranites
• 11.3.1 Himalayan Leucogranites
• 11.3.2 Geochemistry of Peraluminous Leucogranites
• 11.4 Caledonian Granites
• 11.4.1 The Etive Granite
• 11.4.2 Geochemistry and Origin of Caledonian Granites
• 11.5 Review of the Four Main Granite Types
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 12 Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Scope of Metamorphism
• 12.3 Types of Metamorphism
• 12.3.1 Regional Metamorphism
• 12.3.2 Contact Metamorphism
• 12.3.3 Burial Metamorphism
• 12.3.4 Dynamic Metamorphism
• 12.3.5 Hydrothermal Metamorphism
• 12.3.6 Impact Metamorphism
• 12.4 Basic Goals of Metamorphic Petrology
• 12.5 Identification of Protolith
• 12.5.1 Rocks of Clearly Sedimentary Parentage
• 12.5.2 Rocks of Clearly Igneous Parentage
• 12.5.3 Rocks of Uncertain Parentage
• 12.6 Determination of Metamorphic Conditions
• 12.6.1 Stability Range of Single Minerals
• 12.6.2 Stability of Mineral Assemblages
• 12.6.3 Metamorphic Facies
• 12.6.4 Thermobarometry
• 12.7 Metamorphic Textures
• 12.7.1 Primary Textures
• Sedimentary Textures
• Igneous Textures
• 12.7.2 Metamorphic Textures
• Static Textures
• Tectonic Textures
• 12.8 Naming a Metamorphic Rock
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• Note
• 13 Interpretation of Metamorphic Phase Diagrams
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 A Little History
• 13.3 Use of Chemographic Projections
• 13.3.1 Chemographic Projections in a Two-Component System
• 13.3.2 Chemographic Projections in a Three-Component System
• 13.3.3 Chemographic Projections in Systems with Four and More Components
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 14 Metamorphic Facies and the Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Definition of Metamorphic Facies
• 14.3 Facies of Regional Metamorphism
• 14.3.1 Greenschist Facies
• 14.3.2 Blueschist Facies
• 14.3.3 Amphibolite Facies
• 14.3.4 Very Low-Temperature Metamorphism
• 14.3.5 Granulite Facies
• 14.3.6 Eclogite Facies
• 14.4 Facies of Contact Metamorphism
• 14.5 Textural Changes during Metamorphism
• 14.6 Mafic Mineral Assemblages at Increasing Temperature and Pressure
• 14.6.1 Relations at Very Low Temperatures
• 14.6.2 Relations at Low Pressure with Increasing Temperature
• 14.6.3 Relations at Low Temperature with Increasing Pressure
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 15 Metamorphism of Peridotitic Rocks
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 The Process of Serpentinization
• 15.3 Prograde Metamorphism of Serpentinite: Reactions in the System CaO–MgO–SiO2–H2O
• 15.4 Role of Minor Components
• 15.4.1 Iron
• 15.4.2 Aluminum
• 15.5 Metaperidotites and Metamorphic Facies
• 15.6 Role of CO2 in Metamorphism of Peridotites
• 15.7 Metasomatism of Peridotites
• 15.8 Examples of Metaperidotites in the Field
• 15.8.1 Malenco Serpentinite
• 15.8.2 Ingalls Peridotite
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 16 Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Chemographic Projections for Pelitic Systems
• 16.2.1 Chemographic Projections for Continuous Reactions
• 16.2.2 AFM Projections for Pelitic Rocks
• 16.3 Progressive Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks: Barrovian Metamorphism
• 16.3.1 The Protolith: The Mineralogy of Shale
• 16.3.2 Low-Grade Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
• 16.3.3 Barrovian Metamorphism of Pelitic Schists
• Biotite Zone
• Garnet Zone
• Staurolite Zone
• Kyanite Zone
• Sillimanite Zone
• 16.4 Pressure–Temperature Conditions for Metamorphic Assemblages in Metapelitic Rocks
• 16.4.1 Metapelitic Assemblages and Metamorphic Facies
• 16.4.2 Pressure Information from Metapelitic Rocks
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 17 Metamorphism of Calcareous Rocks and the Role of Fluids in Metamorphism
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Metamorphism of Impure Dolomitic Marble
• 17.2.1 Stability of Metamorphic Assemblages in T–X Space
• 17.2.2 Examples of How Mineral Assemblages Can Monitor Fluid Flow in Aureoles
• 17.3 Buffering of Other Fluid Components
• 17.4 Buffering of pH
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 18 Thermobarometry and the Conditions of Metamorphism
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Review of Thermodynamics
• 18.2.1 Free Energy
• 18.2.2 Effect of Changes in Pressure and Temperature on ΔG
• 18.2.3 Equilibrium Constant
• 18.2.4 Activity–Composition Relations
• 18.3 Thermobarometers
• 18.3.1 Geothermometry
• Ion-Exchange Thermometry
• Solvus Thermometry
• 18.3.2 Geobarometry
• 18.3.3 Thermobarometry
• 18.3.4 Metamorphic Assemblage Diagrams (Pseudosections)
• 18.4 Conditions of Metamorphism
• 18.4.1 P–T Conditions for the Metamorphic Facies
• 18.4.2 Upper Temperature Limits to Metamorphism and Migmatites
• 18.4.3 Upper Pressure Limit of Metamorphism
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• 19 Regional Occurrence and Tectonic Significance of Metamorphosed Rocks
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Metamorphism in Continental Collisions
• 19.2.1 Examples of Continental Collisions
• 19.3 Metamorphism along Convergent Plate Margins
• 19.3.1 Subduction-Zone Metamorphism
• 19.3.2 Metamorphism in Island Arcs
• 19.3.3 Metamorphism in Accretionary Prisms
• 19.3.4 Metamorphism in Continental Arcs
• 19.4 Metamorphism in Rifting Terrains
• 19.5 Sea-Floor Metamorphism
• 19.6 Burial Metamorphism
• 19.7 Metamorphism in Archean Terrains
• 19.7.1 Greenstone Belts
• 19.7.2 Gneiss Terrains
• 19.7.3 Tectonic Interpretation of Archean Metamorphic Belts
• Summary
• Questions and Problems
• Further Reading
• Appendix: Review of Mineralogy
• A.1 Introduction
• A.2 Leucocratic Rock-Forming Minerals
• A.2.1 Quartz
• A.2.2 Feldspars and Feldspathoids
• Plagioclase Series
• Alkali Feldspars
• Feldspathoids
• A.2.3 Carbonates
• A.3 Ferromagnesian Minerals
• A.3.1 Olivine
• A.3.2 Pyroxenes
• Quadrilateral Pyroxenes
• Sodic Pyroxenes
• A.3.3 Amphiboles
• Quadrilateral Amphiboles
• Sodic Amphiboles
• Hornblende
• A.3.4 Phyllosilicates
• Serpentine
• Greenalite
• Talc
• Minnesotaite
• Chlorite
• Micas
• A.4 Aluminum-Excess Minerals
• A.4.1 Aluminosilicates (Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite)
• Andalusite
• Sillimanite
• Kyanite
• A.4.2 Garnets
• A.4.3 Staurolite
• A.4.4 Cordierite
• A.4.5 Chloritoid
• A.5 Calcium-Aluminum Silicates
• A.5.1 Clinozoisite-Epidote
• A.5.2 Prehnite
• A.5.3 Pumpellyite
• A.5.4 Lawsonite
• A.5.5 Laumontite
• A.6 Oxide, Sulfide, and Other Nominally Opaque Phases
• A.6.1 Iron-Titanium Oxides (Magnetite and Ilmenite)
• A.6.2 Other Spinel Minerals
• A.6.3 Iron Sulfides
• A.6.4 Graphite
• A.6.5 Rutile
• A.7 Accessory Minerals
• A.7.1 Zircon
• A.7.2 Titanite (or Sphene)
• A.7.3 Apatite
• A.7.4 Monazite
• Summary
• Glossary
• References
• Index