Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Preface
• About the companion website
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• 1.1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.2 BEGINNINGS
• 1.3 GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
• 1.4 THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
• 1.5 ELEMENTS, ATOMS, CRYSTALS, AND CHEMICAL BONDS: SOME CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS
• 1.6 A BRIEF LOOK AT THE EARTH
• 1.7 A LOOK AHEAD
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• NOTES
• Chapter 2: Energy, entropy, and fundamental thermodynamic concepts
• 2.1 THE THERMODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
• 2.2 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND EQUILIBRIUM
• 2.3 EQUATIONS OF STATE
• 2.4 TEMPERATURE, ABSOLUTE ZERO, AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• 2.5 ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• 2.6 THE SECOND LAW AND ENTROPY
• 2.7 ENTHALPY
• 2.8 HEAT CAPACITY
• 2.9 THE THIRD LAW AND ABSOLUTE ENTROPY
• 2.10 CALCULATING ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY CHANGES
• 2.11 FREE ENERGY
• 2.12 THE MAXWELL RELATIONS*
• 2.13 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 3: Solutions and thermodynamics of multicomponent systems
• 3.1 INTRODUCTION
• 3.2 PHASE EQUILIBRIA
• 3.3 SOLUTIONS
• 3.4 CHEMICAL POTENTIAL
• 3.5 IDEAL SOLUTIONS
• 3.6 REAL SOLUTIONS
• 3.7 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
• 3.8 IDEAL SOLUTIONS IN CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AND THEIR ACTIVITIES
• 3.9 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
• 3.10 PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ELECTROLYTE EQUILIBRIUM
• 3.11 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
• 3.12 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 4: Applications of thermodynamics to the Earth
• 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• 4.2 ACTIVITIES IN NONIDEAL SOLID SOLUTIONS
• 4.3 EXSOLUTION PHENOMENA
• 4.4 THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE DIAGRAMS
• 4.5 GEOTHERMOMETRY AND GEOBAROMETRY
• 4.6 THERMODYNAMIC MODELS OF MAGMAS
• 4.7 REPRISE: THERMODYNAMICS OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
• 4.8 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 5: Kinetics: the pace of things
• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 REACTION KINETICS
• 5.3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
• 5.4 DIFFUSION
• 5.5 SURFACES, INTERFACES, AND INTERFACE PROCESSES
• 5.6 KINETICS OF DISSOLUTION
• 5.7 DIAGENESIS
• 5.8 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 6: Aquatic chemistry
• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 ACID–BASE REACTIONS
• 6.3 COMPLEXATION
• 6.4 DISSOLUTION AND PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
• 6.5 CLAYS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
• 6.6 MINERAL SURFACES AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH SOLUTIONS
• 6.7 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 7: Trace elements in igneous processes
• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 BEHAVIOR OF THE ELEMENTS
• 7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS BETWEEN COEXISTING PHASES
• 7.4 FACTORS GOVERNING THE VALUE OF PARTITION COEFFICIENTS
• 7.5 CRYSTAL-FIELD EFFECTS
• 7.6 TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION DURING PARTIAL MELTING
• 7.7 TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION DURING CRYSTALLIZATION
• 7.8 SUMMARY OF TRACE ELEMENT VARIATIONS DURING MELTING AND CRYSTALLIZATION
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 8: Radiogenic isotope geochemistry
• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 PHYSICS OF THE NUCLEUS AND THE STRUCTURE OF NUCLEI
• 8.3 BASICS OF RADIOGENIC ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY
• 8.4 DECAY SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
• 8.5 “EXTINCT” AND COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES
• 8.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 9: Stable isotope geochemistry
• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• 9.3 ISOTOPE GEOTHERMOMETRY
• 9.4 ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION IN THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM
• 9.5 ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
• 9.6 PALEOCLIMATOLOGY
• 9.7 HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS AND ORE DEPOSITS
• 9.8 MASS-INDEPENDENT SULFUR ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION AND THE RISE OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN
• 9.9 STABLE ISOTOPES IN THE MANTLE AND MAGMATIC SYSTEMS
• 9.10 NONTRADITIONAL STABLE ISOTOPES
• 9.11 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 10: The big picture: cosmochemistry
• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 IN THE BEGINNING … NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• 10.3 METEORITES: ESSENTIAL CLUES TO THE BEGINNING
• 10.4 TIME AND THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• 10.5 ASTRONOMICAL AND THEORETICAL CONSTRAINTS ON SOLAR SYSTEM FORMATION
• 10.6 BUILDING A HABITABLE SOLAR SYSTEM
• 10.7 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 11: Geochemistry of the solid Earth
• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 THE EARTH’S MANTLE
• 11.3 ESTIMATING MANTLE AND BULK EARTH COMPOSITION
• 11.4 THE EARTH’S CORE AND ITS COMPOSITION
• 11.5 MANTLE GEOCHEMICAL RESERVOIRS
• 11.6 THE CRUST
• 11.7 SUBDUCTION ZONE PROCESSES
• 11.8 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 12: Organic geochemistry, the carbon cycle, and climate
• 12.1 INTRODUCTION
• 12.2 A BRIEF BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
• 12.3 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR NOMENCLATURE
• 12.4 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
• 12.5 ORGANIC MATTER IN NATURAL WATERS AND SOILS
• 12.6 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
• 12.7 SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER
• 12.8 PETROLEUM AND COAL FORMATION
• 12.9 THE CARBON CYCLE AND CLIMATE
• 12.10 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 13: The land surface: weathering, soils, and streams
• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 13.2 REDOX IN NATURAL WATERS
• 13.3 WEATHERING, SOILS, AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING
• 13.4 WEATHERING RATES
• 13.5 THE COMPOSITION OF RIVERS
• 13.6 CONTINENTAL SALINE WATERS
• 13.7 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 14: The ocean as a chemical system
• 14.1 INTRODUCTION
• 14.2 SOME BACKGROUND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS
• 14.3 COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER
• 14.4 SOURCES AND SINKS OF DISSOLVED MATTER IN SEAWATER
• 14.5 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Chapter 15: Applied geochemistry
• 15.1 INTRODUCTION
• 15.2 MINERAL RESOURCES
• 15.3 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY
• 15.4 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• PROBLEMS
• NOTES
• Appendix: Constants, units and conversions
• PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS
• THE EARTH
• SI UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
• SI PREFIXES
• Index
• LIST OF EXAMPLES
• End User License Agreement