Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• IFC
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• Arrangement of Content
• Sectional Plan
• Conventions of Style
• Appendixes
• Acknowledgments
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Origin and Transport of Magma
• Introduction
• Glossary
• 1 The Melt of the Earth
• 2 Volcanism and Plate Tectonics
• 3 The Mid-ocean Ridge
• 4 The Subduction Factory
• 5 Volcanoes on Hot Spots
• 6 Volcanism on Other Worlds
• 7 Volcanic Processes
• 8 The Impact of Volcanism
• Further Reading
• The History of Volcanology
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Beginnings
• 3 The Legends and Hell
• 4 Wind in the Earth
• 5 Internal Combustion
• 6 Exothermic Chemical Reactions
• 7 The Cooling Star
• 8 Plutonists Victorious over the Neptunists
• 9 The First Field Volcanologists
• 10 Experiments of the Plutonists
• 11 A Solid Earth
• 12 Decompression Melting
• 13 Stirring the Pot: Convection
• 14 Birth of Petrology
• 15 The Source
• 16 The Role of Water
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Part I Origin and Transport of Magma
• Chapter 1. Melting the Earth’s Upper Mantle
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth’s Mantle
• 3 Mantle Melting Processes
• 4 Mantle Melt Compositions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 2. Migration of Melt
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Porous Flow Model of Melt Migration
• 2 Melt Viscosity
• 3 Permeability
• 4 Mechanical Properties of the Matrix
• 5 Melt Localization and Flow Focusing
• 6 Future Directions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 3. Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Plate Boundaries and Magmatism
• 3 Magma–Tectonic Interactions
• 4 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 4. The Composition and Origin of Magmas
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Rock Names and Compositions
• 3 Basaltic Magmas
• 4 Silicic Magmas: Granites and Rhyolites
• 5 Trace Elements
• 6 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 5. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• Nomenclature
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Magmatic Systems: Time and Length Scales
• 3 Magma Thermodynamic Properties
• 4 Magma Transport Properties
• 5 Conclusions
• Supplementary Material for Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma
• Further Reading
• Chapter 6. Chemical Thermodynamics and the Study of Magmas
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Thermodynamic Potentials and Modeling the Equilibrium State
• 3 The Minimization of a Thermodynamic Potential
• 4 Computational Thermodynamics Tools Available to the Volcanologist/Igneous Petrologist
• 5 Future Directions of Chemical Thermodynamic Applications in Magmatic Systems
• Further Reading
• Chapter 7. Volatiles in Magmas
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Definition and Significance of Magmatic Volatiles
• 2 Solubility of Volatiles in Silicate Melts
• 3 Approaches for Assessing Magmatic Volatile Contents
• 4 Analytical Techniques for Measuring Volatile Abundances in Silicate Glasses
• 5 Volatile Concentrations in Basaltic Magmas
• 6 Volatile Abundances in Silicic Magmas
• 7 Origin of Volatiles, Earth Degassing, and Volatile Recycling by Subduction
• 8 Future Directions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 8. Magma Chambers
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Magma Bodies: Types and Sizes
• 3 Magma Crystallization and SFs
• 4 Phenocrysts and SFs
• 5 Differentiation Processes in Chambers
• 6 Chamber Processes Revealed in the Pluton Rock Record
• 7 Chamber Evolution and Pluton Formation
• 8 Magmatic Systems as Mush Columns
• Further Reading
• Chapter 9. Rates of Magma Ascent and Storage
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Magma Storage Regions
• 3 Magma Extrusion Rates
• 4 Bubble Formation and Evolution during Magma Ascent
• 5 Groundmass Crystallization during Magma Ascent
• 6 Phenocryst–Melt Reactions during Magma Ascent
• 7 Summary
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 10. Magma Transport in Dikes
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Overview
• 3 Deformational Behavior of Materials
• 4 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
• 5 Magma Flow in Dikes
• 6 Dike Formation and Propagation
• 7 The Fate of Dikes
• Further Reading
• Chapter 11. Magma Ascent and Degassing at Shallow Levels
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 General Principles
• 2 Small-Scale Processes
• 3 Large-Scale Processes
• 4 Process Interactions
• Further Reading
• Part II: Eruptions
• Part II Eruptions
• Chapter 12. Earth’s Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcanoes—Types, Distribution, Number, and Setting
• 3 Eruptions
• 4 Volcanoes and Humans
• Further Reading
• Chapter 13. Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Scales and Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions
• 3 Typical Eruptions and Recurrence Rates
• 4 Mass and Volume of Volcanic Deposits
• 5 Magnitudes of Volcanic Eruptions
• 6 Intensities of Volcanic Eruptions
• 7 Very Large Eruptions
• 8 The Relationship between the Intensity and Magnitude of a Volcanic Eruption
• 9 Energy of Volcanic Eruptions
• 10 Other Measures of Eruption Size
• Further Reading
• Chapter 14. Global Rates of Volcanism and Volcanic Episodes
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Ocean Ridges (Divergent Plate Volcanism)
• 3 Volcanic Arcs (Subduction Zone Volcanism)
• 4 Large Igneous Provinces
• 5 Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 15. Primary Volcanic Landforms
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Polygenetic Volcanoes
• 3 Caldera Volcanoes (Including Supervolcanoes)
• 4 Monogenetic Volcanoes
• 5 Volcanic Clusters, Fields, or Provinces
• 6 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 16. Calderas
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Anatomy of a Caldera Volcano
• 3 Activity at Caldera Volcanoes
• 4 Discussion
• Further Reading
• Part III: Effusive Volcanism
• Part III Effusive Volcanism
• Chapter 17. Lava Flows and Rheology
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Types of Lava
• 3 Distribution Systems
• 4 Flow Dynamics, Cooling and Rheology
• 5 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 18. Lava Dome Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Definition
• 3 Types of Lava Domes
• 4 Lava Dome Structures and Textures
• 5 Classic Lava Dome Eruptions
• 6 Dynamics and Mechanics of Lava Dome Extrusion
• 7 Hazards Associated with Lava Domes
• 8 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 19. Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Mafic Lavas
• 3 Felsic Lavas and Associated Rocks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 20. Glaciovolcanism
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgment
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Basaltic Tuya Paradigm
• 3 Intermediate to Felsic Glaciovolcanism
• 4 Glaciovolcanism as a Paleoclimate Proxy
• 5 Physical Constraints on Glaciovolcanic Processes
• 6 Observations on Modern Eruptions
• 7 Future Research
• Further Reading
• Chapter 21. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Mid-ocean Ridges and Magma Generation
• 3 Segmentation
• 4 Magma Storage
• 5 Mid-ocean Ridge Eruptions
• 6 Volcanic Deposition
• 7 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 22. Seamounts and Island Building
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Definition of the Term Seamount
• 3 Types of Seamounts
• 4 Abundance of Seamounts
• 5 Geochemistry
• 6 Geochronology
• 7 Structural Rock Types at Seamounts
• 8 Hydrothermal Processes
• 9 Growth and Collapse of Seamounts
• 10 Importance of Seamounts
• Further Reading
• Chapter 23. Basaltic Volcanic Fields
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgment
• 1 Introduction
• 2 General Characteristics of Basaltic Volcanic Fields
• 3 Eruptive Processes and Products
• 4 Spatial Distribution of Volcanoes
• 5 Temporal Recurrence Rate of Activity within Basaltic Fields
• 6 Magma Sources and Ascent
• 7 Hazard Analysis
• 8 Future Directions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 24. Large Igneous Provinces and Flood Basalt Volcanism
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Compositional Range and Diversity of Provinces, Global Distribution, and Tectonic Settings
• 3 Physical Parameters: Size, Age, Periodicity/Timing
• 4 Source of Magmas and Mantle Dynamics
• 5 Petrological and Geochemical Character of Basaltic LIP Magmas
• 6 Oceanic Plateaus
• 7 Volcanic Divergent Margins
• 8 Continental Flood Basalts
• 9 Summary
• Further Reading
• Part IV: Explosive Volcanism
• Part IV Explosive Volcanism
• Mechanisms and Styles of Explosive Eruptions
• Pyroclast Transport and Deposition
• Chapter 25. Magmatic Fragmentation
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 From Source to Surface
• 3 Fragmentation Process
• 4 Products of Fragmentation
• 5 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 26. Magma–Water Interaction and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 History of Observations and Research
• 3 Processes and Physical Models
• 4 Phreatomagmatic Deposits and Diagnostic Tools
• Further Reading
• Chapter 27. Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Overview
• 2 Terminology
• 3 Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptive Styles
• 4 Deposit Geometry
• 5 Pyroclast Textures
• 6 Style Transitions
• 7 The Role of Volatiles
• 8 Insights from Infrasonic Measurements
• 9 Conduit Fluid Dynamics
• 10 New Directions and Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 28. Vulcanian Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Hazards
• 3 Field Example: Karymsky Volcano
• 4 General Phenomenological Features of Vulcanian Eruptions
• 5 Eruption Mechanism
• 6 Eruption Initiation
• 7 Decompression and Fragmentation
• 8 Vent Conditions
• 9 Atmospheric Dynamics: Shock Waves
• 10 Underexpanded Jet Stage
• 11 Plume Stage
• 12 Cyclic Activity, Transitions in Eruption Style
• 13 Summary and Future Perspectives
• Further Reading
• Chapter 29. Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Classification Issues and General Characteristics
• 3 The Plumbing System of Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions
• 4 Magma Ascent and Fragmentation
• 5 Atmospheric Dynamics
• 6 Products—Density and Componentry
• 7 Deposits
• 8 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 30. Phreatomagmatic and Related Eruption Styles
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Transient Explosions
• 3 Sustained Eruptions
• 4 Discussion
• Further Reading
• Chapter 31. Submarine Explosive Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Explosive Basaltic Eruptions
• 3 Explosive Silicic Eruptions
• 4 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 32. Volcanic Plumes
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Generation of Volcanic Plumes
• 3 Structure and Behavior of Volcanic Plumes
• 4 Atmospheric Dispersal of Plumes
• 5 Future Research
• Further Reading
• Chapter 33. Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Tephra Sedimentation from Volcanic Plumes and Clouds
• 3 Modeling Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation
• 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 34. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Large-Scale Features
• 3 Intermediate Scale Features
• 4 Small-Scale Features
• 5 Attempts to Classify Fall Deposits
• Further Reading
• Appendix: Techniques for Characterization of Fall Deposits
• Chapter 35. Pyroclastic Density Currents: Processes and Models
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 PDCs: Encompassing a Range of Particle Concentration
• 3 Morphology and Internal Dynamics
• 4 Bed-Load, Erosion, and Deposition
• 5 Models of PDCs
• Further Reading
• Chapter 36. Deposits of Pyroclastic Density Currents
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 PDC Deposits from Large Volume Explosive Eruptions
• 3 Deposits from Small Volume PDCs
• 4 Relationship to Topography
• 5 Co-PDC Ashfall Deposits
• 6 Emplacement Temperatures of PDC Deposits
• 7 Welding and Rheomorphism in Ignimbrites
• 8 Transport and Depositional Processes Inferred from PDC Deposits
• 9 Deposits from PDCs that Entered the Sea
• 10 Postdepositional Changes to PDC Deposits
• Further Reading
• Chapter 37. Lahars and Their Deposits
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Genesis of Lahars
• 3 Lahar Behavior: A Mechanical Perspective
• 4 Lahar Behavior: A Geological Perspective
• 5 Lahar Deposits
• Further Reading
• Chapter 38. Landslides, Debris Avalanches, and Volcanic Gravitational Deformation
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcano Spreading and Sagging
• 3 Volcanic Landslides
• 4 Volcanic Debris Avalanches
• 5 Volcanic Instability Priming and Triggers
• 6 General Structure of Landslides
• 7 General Structure of Deposits
• 8 Debris Avalanche Facies
• 9 Different Types of Avalanche Deposit
• 10 Secondary Effects of Volcanic Landslides
• 11 Transport Mechanisms
• 12 Hazards from Volcanic Debris Avalanches
• 13 Summary
• Further Reading
• Annexe 1—Extended Bibliography
• Part V: Extraterrestrial Volcanism
• Part V Extraterrestrial Volcanism
• Chapter 39. Volcanism on the Moon
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Mare Volcanism on the Moon
• 3 Styles of Volcanism and Associated Landforms
• 4 Nonmare Volcanism
• 5 The Beginning and End of Mare Volcanism
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 40. Volcanism on Mercury
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction: Background and the Questions
• 2 Mariner 10 Visits Mercury and the Postmission Debate
• 3 The MESSENGER Mission: The Flybys and the Orbital Phase
• 4 The Array of Volcanic Features on Mercury: What We See and What We Do Not
• 5 Magma Generation, Ascent, and Eruption
• 6 Outstanding Problems and Future Directions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 41. Volcanism on Mars
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Background
• 3 Large Central Volcanoes
• 4 Paterae and Tholi
• 5 Hellas Highland Volcanoes
• 6 Small Constructs
• 7 Volcanic Plains
• 8 Medusae Fossae Formation
• 9 Compositional Constraints
• 10 Volcanic History of Mars
• 11 Future Studies
• Further Reading
• Chapter 42. Volcanism on Venus
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Definition and Significance of Venus Volcanism
• 2 Volcanic Landforms
• 3 Factors Influencing Volcanic Eruptions and Volcanic Landforms on Venus
• 4 Global Stratigraphy of Volcanic Landforms on Venus
• 5 Evidence for Active Volcanism on Venus and Future Exploration
• Further Reading
• Chapter 43. Volcanism on Io
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Interior and Heat Flow
• 3 Surface Expressions of Volcanism
• 4 Surface Changes, Color, and Composition
• 5 Hot Spot Temperatures and Composition of Magma
• 6 Styles of Volcanic Activity
• 7 Global Geology and Distribution of Volcanism
• 8 Atmosphere and Torus
• 9 Future Studies
• Further Reading
• Chapter 44. Cryovolcanism in the Outer Solar System
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction and Scope
• 2 Materials and Mechanisms
• 3 Triton
• 4 Moons of Uranus
• 5 Saturnian Satellites
• 6 The Jupiter System
• 7 Future Exploration
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Part VI: Volcanic Interactions
• Part VI Volcanic Interactions
• Chapter 45. Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gases
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgment
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Sampling and Measuring of Volcanic Gases
• 3 Chemical Composition of Volcanic Gases
• 4 Degassing Processes
• 5 Thermodynamics of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Gases
• 6 Concluding Remarks
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 46. Intrusion-Related Geothermal Systems
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Intrusion-Related Geothermal Resources
• 3 Heat Flow in the Earth
• 4 Conceptual Models
• 5 Hydrothermal Alteration
• 6 Phase Distribution
• 7 Geothermal Fluid Characteristics
• 8 Geophysics, Structure, and Rock Properties
• 9 Exploration and Appraisal of High-Temperature Systems
• 10 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 47. Seafloor Hydrothermal Venting at Volcanic Arcs and Backarcs
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 MOR Hydrothermal Venting
• 3 Styles of Arc and Backarc Hydrothermal Activity
• 4 Arc Hydrothermal Fluids
• 5 Backarc Hydrothermal Fluids
• 6 Comparison with MOR Venting
• 7 Discussion
• 8 Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 48. Volcano-Related Lakes
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Characteristics of Volcano-Related Lakes
• 3 Ancient Volcano-Related Lakes as Ore-forming Environments
• 4 Hazards Posed by Volcano-Related Lakes
• 5 Monitoring of Volcano-Related Lakes
• 6 Mitigation of Volcano-Related Lake Hazards
• 7 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 49. Volcanic Successions Associated with Ore Deposits: Facies Characteristics and Ore–Host Relationships
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Ore Deposits
• 3 Komatiites and Their Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits
• 4 Epithermal Gold–Silver Ore Deposits
• 5 Kimberlites, Lamproites, and Diamonds
• 6 Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 50. Volcanic Influences on the Carbon, Sulfur, and Halogen Biogeochemical Cycles
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcanic Activity and Influence on the Carbon Cycle
• 3 Volcanic Activity and Influence on the Sulfur Cycle
• 4 Volcanic Activity and Influence on the Halogen Cycles
• 5 Closing Remarks
• Further Reading
• Part VII: Volcanic Hazards
• Part VII Volcanic Hazards
• Chapter 51. Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Recurrence Rates
• 3 Steady-state Models
• 4 Statistical Models
• 5 Location of Eruptive Vents
• 6 Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Curves and Maps
• 7 The Event Tree Scheme for Long-term Hazard Assessment
• 8 Future Developments
• Further Reading
• Chapter 52. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Hazards
• 2 Impacts
• 3 Quantification
• 4 Aviation Regulatory Environment
• List of Acronyms
• Further Reading
• Chapter 53. Climatic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcanic Emissions
• 3 Radiative Interactions and Climate Forcing
• 4 Climatic Impact of Volcanic Aerosols
• 5 Ozone Impacts
• 6 Discussion
• Further Reading
• Chapter 54. Hazards from Pyroclastic Density Currents
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Definitions
• 3 PDC Generation Mechanisms
• 4 Velocities of PDCS
• 5 Dynamic Pressures and Building Damage
• 6 Detachment/Decoupling of PDCS
• 7 Temperatures of PDCS
• 8 PDC Hazard Modeling and Mapping
• 9 Vesuvius Hazard Mapping Case Study
• 10 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 55. Lava Flow Hazards and Modeling
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 What Are Lava Flows?
• 3 Evolutionary Sequences Among Lava Flows
• 4 Field Classification of Lava Flows
• 5 The Lava Spectrum
• 6 Lava Dynamics and Internal Solidification
• 7 Forecasting the Behavior of Aa Flows
• 8 Forecasting the Behavior of Pahoehoe and Blocky Flows
• 9 The Control of Lava Flows
• 10 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 56. Hazards from Lahars and Jökulhlaups
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Lahar and Jökulhlaup Characteristics
• 3 Lahar and Jökulhlaup Hazards
• 4 Hazard Mitigation
• Further Reading
• Chapter 57. Hazards of Volcanic Gases
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Toxicity of Volcanic Gas Species
• 3 Hazards to Population and the Environment: Case Studies
• 4 Gas Hazard Mitigation
• 5 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 58. Volcanic Tsunamis
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction: Causes and Consequences of Volcanic Tsunamis
• 2 Examples of Different Volcanic Processes Which Can Produce Tsunamis
• 3 Monitoring of Tsunamigenic Volcanoes and the Mitigation of Hazards from Volcanic Tsunamis
• 4 Current and Future Research Directions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 59. Volcanic Seismicity
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Types of Volcanic Earthquakes and Terminology
• 3 General Features of Earthquakes at Volcanoes
• 4 Case Histories
• 5 Conclusions
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 60. Impacts of Eruptions on Human Health
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Early Studies of the Human Impacts of Eruptions
• 2 Injury Agents
• 3 Deaths in Volcanic Eruptions
• 4 Causes of Death and Injury
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• Chapter 61. Large Igneous Provinces and Biotic Extinctions
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Record of LIP Events, Extinctions and OAEs
• 3 The Nature of LIPs
• 4 How Might LIP Volcanism Affect the Atmosphere and Environment?
• 5 Release of Greenhouse Gases
• 6 Ocean Acidification
• 7 Possible Effects of Sulfur Gas Release
• 8 Acid Rain
• 9 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 62. Volcanic Lightning
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Instruments and Observations
• 3 Types of Lightning
• 4 Electrification Processes
• Further Reading
• Part VIII: Eruption Response and Mitigation
• Part VIII Eruption Response and Mitigation
• Chapter 63. Seismic and Infrasonic Monitoring
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction—History and Organization
• 2 Seismic Instruments and Networks
• 3 Terminology and Types of Volcanic Earthquakes
• 4 Forecasting Eruptions
• 5 Characterizing Eruptions in Progress
• 6 Case Histories
• 7 Conclusions
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 64. Ground Deformation, Gravity, and Magnetics
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Principles of Ground Deformation Monitoring
• 2 Techniques Used in the Field
• 3 Modeling Deformation
• 4 Case Histories of Deformation
• 5 Principles of Gravity Monitoring
• 6 Techniques Used in the Field
• 7 Case Histories of Gravity Changes
• 8 Principles of Magnetic Monitoring
• 9 Techniques Used in the Field
• 10 Case Histories of Magnetic Observations
• 11 Concluding Remarks
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 65. Gas, Plume, and Thermal Monitoring
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Gas Measurements and Monitoring
• 3 Thermal Measurements and Monitoring
• 4 Website Dissemination and Alert Systems
• 5 Future Directions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 66. Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring
• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Instruments and Networks
• 3 Monitoring Before Eruptions
• 4 Monitoring During Eruptions
• 5 Monitoring After Eruptions
• 6 Case History: Merapi 2010
• 7 Discussion
• 8 Volcano Monitoring in the Future
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 67. Volcano Warning Systems
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcano Warning Systems
• 3 Spatial and Temporal Classification of Notifications
• 4 An Effective Warning System
• 5 The Form of Warnings
• 6 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 68. Volcanic Crisis Management
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Pre-event Preparedness
• 3 Crisis Response
• 4 Recovery
• 5 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 69. Social Processes and Volcanic Risk Reduction
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Part I—Volcanic Activity: Social Outcomes, Individual Behavior, and Communication Processes
• 3 Part II – Social Factors that Modulate Volcanic Risk
• 4 Part III—Case Studies
• Further Reading
• Chapter 70. Volcanic Risk Assessment
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcanic Risk: Landmark Eruptions
• 3 Volcanic Risk: Assets and Vulnerabilities
• 4 Risk Metrics, Criteria, and Tolerability
• 5 Characterizing Volcanic Risk
• 6 Cost–Benefit Analysis in VRM
• 7 Relative Risks and Risk Management for Nonlethal Hazards
• 8 Expert Elicitation for Risk Assessment
• 9 Future Developments
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Part IX: Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism
• Part IX Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism
• Chapter 71. Utilization of Geothermal Resources
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Use of Hydrothermal Fluids
• 3 Hydrothermal Systems and their Roots
• 4 Renewability of Geothermal Systems
• 5 Drilling for Hydrothermal Fluids
• 6 Strategy in Geothermal Development and Use
• 7 Monitoring Studies
• 8 Environmental Aspects
• Further Reading
• Chapter 72. Volcanic Soils
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Formation and Evolution
• 3 Distribution
• 4 Properties
• 5 Utilization and Environmental Implications
• 6 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Chapter 73. Volcano Ecology: Disturbance Characteristics and Assembly of Biological Communities
• Abstract
• Glossary
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Conceptual Models of Succession: Biotic Assembly and Ecosystem Change Over Time
• 3 Volcanic Processes and Initial Implications for Soil and Ecosystem Development
• 4 Geography of Volcanism: Implications for Volcano Ecology
• 5 Distribution of Volcano Ecology Studies across Biomes of the World
• 6 Plant Successional Processes Following Volcanism
• 7 Animal Responses to Initial Eruption and Subsequent Assembly Processes
• 8 Ecosystem Processes and Biological Interactions
• 9 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 74. Volcanic Materials in Commerce and Industry
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Types of Materials
• 3 Prehistoric Uses
• 4 Modern Uses
• 5 Additives
• 6 Aggregates
• 7 Construction
• 8 Decorative Uses
• 9 Conclusions
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 75. Volcanoes and Tourism
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 What is Volcano Tourism?
• 2 Volcanoes in History, Culture, and Religion
• 3 Volcanic National Parks, Geoparks, and World Heritage Sites
• 4 Volcanic Eruptions—Unique Tourist Experiences
• 5 Activities in Volcanic Environments
• 6 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter 76. Volcanoes, Ancient People, and Their Societies
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Volcanic Activity and Ancient Human Ancestors
• 3 Volcanic Eruptions and Complex Societies
• 4 Recent Large-Scale Volcanic Impacts
• 5 Volcanoes and People in the Future
• Further Reading
• Chapter 77. Volcanoes in Art
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Beginnings of Landscape Painting
• 3 Vesuvius 1631 Eruption
• 4 Empedocles Leaps into Etna
• 5 The Neapolitan School
• 6 Neoclassicism
• 7 Turner’s Fire
• 8 Hokusai and the Spell of Fuji
• 9 American Exploration of Unknown Volcanoes
• 10 Hawaiian Eruptions
• 11 Dr Atl—Volcanologist and Artist
• 12 The Modern Volcano Landscape
• 13 Artistic Illustration
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Chapter 78. Volcanoes in Literature and Film
• Abstract
• Glossary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Pretwentieth-Century Novels
• 3 Twentieth-Century Novels
• 4 Juvenile Fiction and Comics
• 5 Volcano Films
• See also the Following Articles
• Further Reading
• Appendix 1. Common Units and Conversion Factors
• 1 Mathematical Prefixes of Units
• 2 Measurement Units and Conversion Factors
• Appendix 2. Catalog of Earth’s Documented Holocene Eruptions
• Index
• IBC