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• Foreword
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Contents
• Part I: Introduction to Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement, and Program Evalua
• 1: Key Concepts, Definitions, and Frameworks
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Definitions and Descriptions of Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement, and
• 1.2.1 What Is Quality Improvement?
• 1.2.2 What Is Program Evaluation?
• 1.3 How Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and Program Evaluatio
• 1.4 How Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement, and Outcome Evaluation Are Diffe
• 1.4.1 Translational Research
• 1.4.2 Quality Improvement (QI)
• 1.4.3 Six Sigma Quality Improvement
• 1.4.4 Health Services Research
• 1.4.5 Big Data in Health Care Research
• 1.4.6 Program Evaluation
• 1.4.7 Implementation Research
• 1.5 Definitions of Similar Sounding Terms and What This Book Does Not Attempt
• 1.5.1 Comparative Effectiveness Research
• 1.5.2 Implementation Science Research
• 1.5.3 Dissemination Science
• 1.6 Frameworks to Support Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and
• 1.6.1 Theory
• 1.6.2 Logic Models
• 1.6.3 Theoretical Framework
• 1.6.4 Conceptual Framework
• References
• 2: Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-­Model (PIO MM): A Conceptual Meta Model for Intervention Ef
• 2.1 Introduction to the Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-Model (PIO MM)
• 2.2 PIO MM and the CDC Logic Model
• 2.3 PIO MM and the IHI Quality Improvement Model
• 2.4 Using the PIO MM
• 2.5 Operationalizing the PIO MM
• 2.6 PIO MM Relationship to Change Theory
• 2.7 PIO MM Relationship to PICOT
• References
• 3: Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-Model Project Design
• 3.1 Design for Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and Program E
• 3.1.1 Observational Design
• 3.1.2 Retrospective Design
• 3.1.3 Prospective Design
• 3.2 Intervention and Measurement Timing
• 3.3 PIO MM and Research Design
• 3.4 Benefits and Challenges of the Single Group Before and After Design
• 3.4.1 Threats to Internal Validity
• 3.4.2 Enhancing Before and After Design Using Comparisons
• 3.4.3 Considerations for Prospective Data Collection
• 3.5 Comparisons Using PIO MM Variables
• 3.5.1 Problem
• 3.5.2 Intervention
• 3.5.3 Interventionist
• 3.5.4 Outcome
• 3.5.5 Population (Individual Characteristics)
• 3.5.6 Setting
• 3.5.7 Time
• 3.6 Mixed Methods: Qualitative Evaluation
• References
• 4: Tools for Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and Program Eval
• 4.1 Data Sources
• 4.2 Checklists for Obtaining New or Existing Data for Operationalizing the PIO MM
• 4.3 Electronic Health Record Data
• 4.4 Nursing-Specific Data
• 4.5 Omaha System
• 4.5.1 Problem Classification Scheme
• 4.5.2 Intervention Scheme
• 4.5.3 Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes
• 4.6 Analysis Software and Techniques
• 4.7 Power Analysis
• 4.8 Software for Descriptive and Inferential Statistical Methods and for Creating Graphs/Charts
• 4.8.1 Microsoft Excel
• 4.8.2 R
• 4.8.3 SAS
• 4.9 Big Data (Pattern Detection) Methods
• 4.9.1 Clustering
• 4.9.2 Visualization
• 4.10 Team Approach
• References
• 5: Descriptive Analysis and Interpretation
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Data Cleaning
• 5.2.1 Screening Phase
• 5.2.2 Diagnostic Phase
• 5.2.3 Treatment Phase
• 5.2.4 Missing Data
• 5.3 Pre-Processing
• 5.3.1 Transforming and Recoding
• 5.3.2 Identification and Labeling of Clusters Within a Sample
• 5.4 Descriptive Statistics
• 5.4.1 Frequency
• 5.4.2 Cross Tabulation (Cross Tab) Matrix
• 5.4.3 Rank
• 5.4.4 Measures of Central Tendency
• 5.4.5 Measures of Distribution
• References
• 6: Inferential Analysis and Interpretation
• 6.1 About Inferential Statistics
• 6.2 Comparisons and Statistical Significance
• 6.2.1 Comparisons of Sample Characteristics
• 6.2.2 Outcomes as Measured by Before and After Comparison
• 6.2.3 Benchmarking
• 6.2.4 The P-Value in Large Dataset Research
• 6.3 Clinical or Practical Significance
• 6.3.1 Effect Size (Clinical or Practical Significance of Pchange = PTime2 − PTime1)
• 6.3.2 Interpretation of Effect Size (Clinical or Practical Significance)
• 6.4 Associations
• 6.4.1 Correlation
• 6.4.2 Regression
• 6.4.3 Interpretation of Correlations
• 6.4.4 Survival Analysis (PTime1, PTime2, … PTimeX)
• 6.4.5 Cross Tabs and Chi-Square (χ2)
• 6.5 Generalizability
• References
• 7: Exploratory Data Analysis
• 7.1 The Development of Exploratory Data Analysis
• 7.2 Interpretation of Exploratory Data Analysis
• 7.3 Visualization Techniques
• 7.3.1 Heat Map
• 7.3.2 Line Graph
• Line Graph with Trend Line
• Parallel Coordinates
• References
• 8: Ethical Considerations
• 8.1 Minimal Risk
• 8.2 Institutional Review
• 8.2.1 Where and How to Access an IRB
• 8.2.2 When a Project May Be Exempt from IRB Review
• 8.2.3 The Special Case of Quality Improvement
• 8.2.4 Minimal Risk and IRB Review
• 8.2.5 The Special Case of Program Evaluation
• 8.3 Informed Consent
• 8.3.1 What Is Informed Consent?
• 8.3.2 Informed Consent Processes in the Context of Existing Data
• 8.4 Data Privacy and Security
• References
• Part II: Practical Guide for Using the Problem-�Intervention-�Outcome Meta-Model
• 9: Use the Worksheets and PIO MM Figure
• 9.1 Review of Part I
• 9.2 Overview of Part II
• 9.2.1 Examples of Projects
• 9.3 Starting the Process
• 9.3.1 Worksheet Review
• 9.3.2 Complete the PIO MM Diagram
• References
• 10: Know the Literature (Worksheet A)
• 10.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet A
• 10.2 Step-by Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet A
• 10.2.1 Population of Interest
• 10.2.2 Problem Addressed
• 10.2.3 Measure(s) of Outcome
• 10.2.4 Intervention(s) Used
• 10.2.5 Measures of Intervention
• 10.2.6 Measure of Intervention Fidelity
• 10.2.7 Demographic Characteristics of a Sample
• 10.2.8 Contextual Factors
• 10.2.8.1 Contextual Factors – Interventionist
• 10.2.9 Analysis Methods
• 10.2.10 Comments
• 10.2.11 Complete Reference
• 10.3 Sources of Information for the PIO MM Matrix
• References
• 11: Define the Problem (Worksheet B)
• 11.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet B
• 11.2 Step-by Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet B
• 11.2.1 Problem
• 11.2.2 Definition of the Problem
• 11.2.3 Population of Interest
• 11.2.4 Background
• 11.2.5 Problem Measurement Instrument/Scale
• 11.2.6 Anticipated Outcome and Rationale
• 11.2.7 What is Not Known/Gap in Knowledge
• References
• 12: Describe the Intervention (Worksheet C)
• 12.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet C
• 12.2 Step-by Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet C
• 12.2.1 Describe the Intervention
• 12.2.2 Expected Effectiveness
• 12.2.3 Theoretical Framework
• 12.2.4 Intervention Content and Essential Core Components
• 12.2.5 Describe Intervention Measurement: Amount, Type, Fidelity, Quality
• 12.2.6 Describe Interventionist Characteristics: Qualifications, Training, Demographics
• References
• 13: Define the Outcome (Worksheet D)
• 13.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet D
• 13.2 Step-by-Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet D
• References
• 14: Plan the Analysis (Worksheet E)
• 14.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet E
• 14.1.1 Step 1. Review Project Statements
• 14.1.2 Step 2. Select Statements That Are Most Applicable to the Project and Discipline
• 14.1.3 Step 3. Review Design Options
• 14.1.4 Step 4. State the Design
• 14.1.5 Step 5. Review Variables
• 14.1.6 Step 6. Plan for Creating New Variables
• 14.2 Step-by-Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet E
• 14.2.1 Exploratory Data Analysis
• 14.2.2 Sample
• 14.2.3 Intervention
• 14.2.4 Outcome
• 14.2.5 Relationships Among Variables
• References
• 15: Interpret the Results (Worksheet F)
• 15.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet F
• 15.2 Results Statements and Presentation
• 15.2.1 Presenting the Results
• 15.2.2 Description of Sample Characteristics
• 15.2.3 Description of Interventions
• 15.2.4 Description of Outcomes
• 15.2.5 Description of Benchmark Attainment
• 15.2.6 Correlations Between Interventions and Outcomes
• 15.3 Results Interpretation
• 15.3.1 Theoretical Framework-Related Interpretation
• 15.3.2 Temporality-Related Interpretation
• 15.3.3 Give Alternative Explanations for the Findings
• References
• 16: Disseminate the Findings
• 16.1 Why Dissemination Matters
• 16.2 Getting the Most Benefit from This Chapter
• 16.3 Iterative Interpretation and Explication of the Overall Story
• 16.4 Drafting the Abstract: Summarize the Story in Brief
• 16.5 Develop and Display Results
• 16.6 Adding Meaningful Interpretation to the Results
• 16.7 Limitations
• 16.8 The Methods Section
• 16.9 The Purpose Statement
• 16.10 Background to Set the Stage for the Purpose
• 16.11 The Gap in Knowledge
• 16.12 Title, Abstract, and Conclusion
• 16.13 Rewrite the Abstract
• 16.14 Write the Conclusions Section
• 16.15 Polishing Tips
• 16.16 Styles and Author Guidelines
• References
• 17: Synthesis, Next Steps, and Epilogue
• 17.1 Planning Next Steps
• 17.2 Questions to Inspire Next Steps
• 17.3 Building Evidence on Evidence
• References