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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Philosophy of Science
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Philosophy of the Natural Sciences
• 1.3 What is Science? Differentiating Science from Nonscience
• 1.4 Knowledge and Truth: What is Knowledge and What Constitutes a Scientific Fact?
• 1.5 The Glue That Holds the World Together: Causation
• 1.6 Scientific Explanation
• 1.7 Modes of Inference
• 1.8 What Science is About
• 1.9 Scientific Rationality
• 1.10 Hypothesis Testing
• 1.11 The Aim of Science: Reducing Uncertainty
• 1.12 The Empirical Turn in the Philosophy of Science: Science in Society
• 1.13 Philosophy of the Social Sciences
• 1.14 Interpretation, Understanding, and Explanation
• 1.15 The Hermeneutic Circle, Horizon of Understanding, and “Double Hermeneutics”
• 1.16 Power, Ideology, and Interests
• 1.17 Validity
• 1.18 Reductionism and Emergence
• 1.19 Generalization
• Questions to Discuss
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 2. Ethics and Scientific Conduct
• 2.1 Why the Current Focus on Scientific Misconduct?
• 2.2 What Do We Know About Scientific Misconduct?
• 2.3 What is Wrong with Scientific Misconduct?
• 2.4 Scientific Conduct and Misconduct
• 2.5 Scientific Misconduct That Affects the Truth Claims of Scientific Findings
• 2.6 Authorship
• 2.7 Salami, Imalas, and Duplicate Publication
• 2.8 The Investigation, Prevention, and Punishment of Scientific Misconduct
• Questions to Discuss
• Appendix 1 ICMJE Recommendations on the Role of Authors and Contributors
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 3. Ethics in Human and Animal Studies
• 3.1 Basic Principles of Human Biomedical Research Ethics
• 3.2 International Regulation
• 3.3 The Ethics of Animal Research
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 4. Research Strategies, Planning, and Analysis
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Identifying Scientific Problems
• 4.3 The Experimental Design
• 4.4 Data Types
• 4.5 Methods and Experimental Techniques
• 4.6 Experimental Research Checklist
• 4.7 Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Reliability
• 4.8 Multifactorial Relationships and Observational Studies
• 4.9 Validity, Effect Estimate, and Choice of Statistical Test
• 4.10 Research Protocol
• 4.11 Experimental Routines
• Acknowledgments
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 5. Literature Searches and Reference Management
• 5.1 Information Literacy
• 5.2 Literature Searches
• 5.3 Establishment of a Search Query
• 5.4 Selection of Relevant Sources of Information
• 5.5 Search Techniques
• 5.6 Critical Assessment
• 5.7 Bibliometric Measures
• 5.8 Principal Scientific Bibliographic Databases
• 5.9 Staying Up to Date
• 5.10 Medical and Scientific Internet Search Engines
• 5.11 Finding Research Protocols and Ongoing Projects
• 5.12 Reference Management
• 5.13 Open Access Publication, Copyright, and Self-Archiving
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 6. Basic Medical Science
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Long-Term Goals and Specific Aims
• 6.3 Background and Significance
• 6.4 Experimental Strategies and Methods
• 6.5 Levels of Research—from Organisms to Cells
• 6.6 Research on Experimental Animals
• 6.7 The Three Rs
• 6.8 Animal Models
• 6.9 Mouse Models for Studies of Mammalian Development and Disease
• 6.10 Legislation
• 6.11 Notes on the Use of Experimental Animals
• 6.12 Commonly Used Experimental Animals
• 6.13 Cell and Tissue Culture
• 6.14 An Overview of Selected Technical Developments
• 6.15 Applications of Cell Culture
• 6.16 Manipulation of Cultured Cells
• 6.17 Possibilities Provided by Molecular Biological Techniques
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 7. Translational Medical Research
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 An Old Success Story—Aspirin
• 7.3 Research Provides a Path to Understanding Mechanisms and New Drugs
• 7.4 The Importance of Understanding Drug Metabolism—The Rise and Fall of Clopidogrel (Plavix)
• 7.5 The Need for More Translational Medical Research
• 7.6 Translational Medical Research and the Development of Orphan Drugs
• 7.7 From Rare Disorders to Common Disorders
• 7.8 Target-Based Drug Development—Aquaporins
• 7.9 Training of Investigators for Translational Medical Research
• 7.10 Collaboration Between Academia and the Pharmaceutical Industry
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 8. Clinical Research
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 The Research Process—Important Steps
• 8.3 Controlled Clinical Trials
• 8.4 Drug Development
• 8.5 Clinical Trial Protocol
• 8.6 Trial Designs
• 8.7 Target Population
• 8.8 Historical Controls
• 8.9 Randomization
• 8.10 Blinding
• 8.11 Choice of Endpoints
• 8.12 Sample Size Estimation
• 8.13 Statistical Analysis
• 8.14 Personalized Medicine
• 8.15 Noninferiority Trials
• 8.16 Sources and Control of Bias
• 8.17 Generalization of Trial Results
• 8.18 Regulatory Issues
• Questions to Discuss
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 9. Epidemiology
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 The Definition of Epidemiology
• 9.3 The Role of Epidemiology
• 9.4 Target Population, Source Population, and Study Sample
• 9.5 Disease Occurrence, Risk, Association, Importance, and Implication
• 9.6 Epidemiological Study Designs
• 9.7 Effect Measures in Epidemiological Studies
• 9.8 Experimental Studies and Randomized Control Trials
• 9.9 Types and Sources of Error
• 9.10 Tests and Validity
• 9.11 Causes of Disease
• 9.12 Association Versus Causal Relationship
• 9.13 Causal Calculus
• Acknowledgments
• Question to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 10. Qualitative Research Methods
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 What is Qualitative Research?
• 10.3 Doing Qualitative Research
• 10.4 What is Qualitative Interviewing?
• 10.5 Doing Qualitative Interviewing
• 10.6 What is Participant Observation?
• 10.7 Doing Participant Observation
• 10.8 Qualitative Data Analysis
• 10.9 Making Insights Portable and Applicable
• 10.10 The Quality of Qualitative Research
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 11. Statistical Inference
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Effect Estimate, Confidence Interval, and P-Value
• 11.3 Two Binomial Samples
• 11.4 Measures of Association in 2×2 Contingency Tables
• 11.5 Statistical Tests for Comparing Two Proportions
• 11.6 Normal Distribution
• 11.7 Comparison of Means
• 11.8 Nonparametric Methods
• 11.9 Linear Regression Analysis
• 11.10 Logistic Regression
• 11.11 Median Regression
• 11.12 Poisson Regression
• 11.13 Survival Analysis and Cox Regression
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Chapter 12. Evidence-Based Medicine and Systematic Reviews
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 The Five Elements of EBM
• 12.3 Introduction to Systematic Reviews
• 12.4 The Research Question
• 12.5 Search Strategy
• 12.6 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria and the Selection of Primary Studies
• 12.7 Data Extraction from Included Studies
• 12.8 Study Characteristics
• 12.9 Methods to Assess Risk of Bias (Internal Validity) in the Included Studies
• 12.10 Methods to Estimate the Common Effect
• 12.11 Methods to Assess Heterogeneity
• 12.12 Methods to Assess Publication Bias
• 12.13 Additional Analyses
• 12.14 Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 13. Scientific Communication
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Scientific Papers
• 13.3 General Guidelines for Tables and Figures (Graphs)
• 13.4 The Finish
• 13.5 Posters
• 13.6 Some Final Points and Caveats
• Questions to Discuss
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 14. Successful Lecturing
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Preparing the Lecture
• 14.3 Lecture Content and Form
• 14.4 Lecture Manuscript
• 14.5 Delivering a Lecture
• Questions to Discuss
• Acknowledgments
• Further Reading
• Chapter 15. Guide to Grant Applications
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Getting Started
• 15.3 The Postdoctoral Fellow and the Junior Scientist
• 15.4 What Goes into a Successful Grant Application?
• 15.5 Investigator-Initiated R01 NIH Grants
• 15.6 Multiproject Grants
• 15.7 Horizon 2020
• 15.8 International Research Collaborations
• 15.9 Summary and Perspective
• Acknowledgements
• Questions to Discuss
• References
• Index