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• Cover
• Half title
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Figures
• Boxes
• Tables
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Authority, power, legitimacy
• Ideas and norms as drivers of policy
• The United Nations in a changing world context
• The tribalisation and retreat of violence
• The Arab Spring turns to an Islamist winter
• The revenge of geopolitics
• Taming war
• A personal note
• Part I An international organisation for keeping the peace
• 1 Pacific settlement, collective security and international peacekeeping
• International organisation
• Pacific settlement and collective security
• Classical peacekeeping
• Peace operations
• UN peacekeepers pay the ultimate price
• Review and reform of UN peace operations
• Peacekeeping abuses
• Impact of peacekeeping
• Conclusion
• 2 Peace operations and the UN–US relationship
• Overview
• The USA and traditional peacekeeping
• Post-Cold War optimism
• The US retreat from multilateralism
• Relative gains and costs of unilateralism and multilateralism
• Conclusion
• Part II Soft security perspectives
• 3 Human security and human rights
• Human security
• Security as a contested concept
• A template for policy and action
• Human rights
• Universal human rights
• UN machinery
• The retreat of human rights
• UN complicity
• Civil society and the United Nations
• Conclusion
• 4 International criminal justice
• International law and international criminal accountability
• The International Criminal Court
• Normative incoherence
• Democratic authority and accountability deficits
• Institutional integrity
• Peace and justice or peace versus justice?
• Transitional justice
• Normative inconsistency
• Selective victors’ justice or impartial universal justice?
• Torture and rendition
• Universal justice constrained by power politics
• UN Security Council
• The North–South divide and the rule of international law
• Conclusion
• 5 International sanctions
• Defining, measuring and proving success
• The limited utility of sanctions
• Ineffectual
• Nuclear non-proliferation
• Counter-productive
• Self-damaging
• Strained relations with third parties and allies
• Questionable morality
• Termination trap
• Iraq’s oil-for-food programme (OFFP)
• Smartening up the sanctions act
• Conclusion
• Part III Hard security issues
• 6 The nuclear threat
• The state of play of nuclear weapons in 2015
• Disarmament
• Non-proliferation
• North Korea
• Iran
• Incentivised sanctions
• Norms
• Treaties
• The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
• The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
• Nuclear-weapon-free zones
• Nuclear safety and security
• Compliance and coercion
• Mitigating and eliminating nuclear risks
• Conclusion
• 7 International terrorism
• 9/11 and the ‘war on terror’
• Fashioning a global response
• Nuclear terrorism and ICSANT
• Law enforcement
• Root causes
• Democracy, good governance and the rule of law
• Death from the air: drone strikes as a weapon in the war on terror
• Group grievance
• Intractable conflicts
• Poverty
• Conclusion
• 8 Kosovo 1999 and Iraq 2003 as unilateral interventions
• Kosovo 1999
• The case for NATO intervention: filling a critical protection gap …
• … Or opening new international fault lines?
• Iraq 2003
• Motives
• Enduring costs
• Kosovo as precedent
• Conclusion
• 9 Afghanistan, Libya and Syria: UN-authorised interventions and non-intervention
• Afghanistan 2001–15
• Light UN footprint
• Libya 2011
• Syria 2011–15
• Five reasons for caution
• Chemical weapons use
• Use of force?
• Long-term instability and spread of jihad
• Rule of law
• Conclusion
• 10 From humanitarian intervention to R2P: cosmetic or consequential?
• Annan’s ‘challenge of humanitarian intervention’
• Political
• Humanitarian intervention
• Disrespecting the rest
• Conceptual
• International executive authority: updating principle to align with evolving practice
• Normative
• Procedural
• International intervention in the USA?
• R2P constrains all major power unilateralism in use of force
• Operational
• Conclusion
• 11 The development and evolution of R2P as international policy
• Default policy setting: non-intervention norm breached but not challenged
• Policy challenge: mass atrocity crimes
• Policy innovation: ICISS and the responsibility to protect
• Policy development
• Policy implementation
• Policy paralysis?
• Emerging policy parameters
• Developing countries’ unease in 2001
• Emerging powers today
• Conclusion
• Part IV Institutional developments
• 12 Reforming the United Nations
• The UN record
• The Millennium Development Goals
• Internal reforms
• The 2005 reform effort
• Peace-building Commission
• Security Council reform
• Legitimacy deficits
• Renewed efforts
• Reforming Security Council procedures
• The veto
• Quota politics in the Secretariat?
• Conclusion
• 13 The political role of the United Nations Secretary-General
• Bases of power and authority of the SG
• The key UN constituencies
• Personality
• Leadership
• Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan
• Ban Ki-moon
• Appointment process
• Conclusion
• Conclusion: at the crossroads of ideals and reality
• The use of force
• Legality and legitimacy
• The UN–US pas de deux
• The United Nations as a bridge between the North and the global South
• The rule of law
• International interventions
• R2P as the intersection of interests and values
• The romantics and the cynics
• Conclusion
• Index