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• Fundamentals of Nursing
• Cover image
• Title page
• Disclaimer
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors and Reviewers
• Dedication
• Preface to the instructor
• Acknowledgments
• List of Illustrations
• List of Tables
• UNIT 1. Nursing and the Health Care Environment
• 1.  Nursing today
• Nursing as a profession
• Historical influences
• Contemporary influences
• Trends in nursing
• Professional registered nurse education
• Nursing practice
• Professional nursing organizations
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 2.  The health care delivery system
• Traditional levels of health care
• Integrated health care delivery
• Issues in health care delivery for nurses
• The future of health care
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 3.  Population health
• Community-based health care
• Population/community health nursing
• Community-based nursing
• Community assessment
• Changing patients’ health
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 4.  Theoretical foundations of nursing practice
• Theory
• Shared theories
• Select nursing theories
• Links among theory and knowledge development and research in nursing
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 5.  Evidence-based practice
• The need for evidence-based practice
• The scientific method
• Scope of nursing research
• Performance improvement
• The relationship among evidence-based practice, research, and performance improvement
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• UNIT 2. Caring Throughout the Life Span
• 6.  Health and wellness
• Healthy People
• Definition of health
• Models of health and illness
• Variables influencing health and health beliefs and practices
• Health promotion, wellness, and illness prevention
• Risk factors
• Risk-factor identification and changing health behaviors
• Illness
• Caring for yourself
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 7.  Caring in nursing practice
• Theoretical views on caring
• Patients’ perceptions of caring
• Ethic of care
• Caring in nursing practice
• The challenge of caring
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 8.  Caring for patients with chronic illness
• The prevalence and costs of chronic disease
• Multifactorial nature of chronic disease
• Family caregivers
• The chronic care model
• Implications for nursing
• Health promotion and disease prevention
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 9.  Cultural care
• Culture and health
• Cultural identity and cultural competence
• Cultural awareness and knowledge
• Cultural skill
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 10.  Family dynamics
• The family
• Family forms and current trends
• Family nursing
• Family-centered care and the nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 11.  Developmental theories
• Theories of development
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 12.  Conception through adolescence
• Stages of growth and development
• Selecting a developmental framework for nursing
• Intrauterine life
• Transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life
• Newborn
• Infant
• Toddler
• Preschooler
• School-age child and adolescent
• School-age child
• Adolescent
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 13.  Young and middle adults
• Young adults
• Middle adults
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 14.  Older adults
• Variability among older adults
• Myths and stereotypes
• Nurses’ attitudes toward older adults
• Developmental tasks for older adults
• Community-based and institutional health care services
• Assessing the needs of older adults
• Addressing the health concerns of older adults
• Care of older adults
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• UNIT 3. Clinical Judgment in Nursing Practice
• 15.  Critical thinking and clinical judgment
• Clinical judgment in nursing practice
• Critical thinking and the nursing process
• Critical thinking competencies
• Levels of critical thinking
• Components of critical thinking in the clinical judgment model
• Evaluation of clinical judgments
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 16.  Nursing assessment
• Critical thinking in assessment
• The assessment database
• The nurse-patient relationship in assessment
• The patient-centered interview
• Nurse’s experience
• Environment in assessment
• Critical thinking attitudes for assessment
• Standards in assessment
• The nursing health history format
• The assessment process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 17.  Analysis and nursing diagnosis
• Types of diagnoses
• Terminologies for nursing diagnoses
• Critical thinking in analysis and nursing diagnosis
• Use of nursing diagnosis in practice
• Care planning
• Documentation and informatics
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 18.  Planning and outcomes identification in nursing care
• Critical thinking in planning
• Establishing priorities
• Clinical judgment in selecting outcomes
• Planning nursing interventions
• Systems for planning nursing care
• Consulting with health care professionals
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 19.  Implementing nursing care
• Standard nursing interventions
• Critical thinking in implementation
• Implementation process
• Direct care
• Indirect care
• Achieving patient outcomes
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 20.  Evaluation
• Clinical judgment and critical thinking in evaluation
• The evaluation process
• Document outcomes
• Collaboration and evaluation
• Evaluation of health care quality
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 21.  Managing patient care
• Building a nursing team
• Leadership skills for nursing students
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• UNIT 4. Professional Standards in Nursing Practice
• 22.  Ethics and values
• Basic terms in health ethics
• Professional nursing code of ethics
• Values
• Approaches to ethics
• Nursing point of view
• Issues in health care ethics
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 23.  Legal implications in nursing practice
• Legal limits of nursing
• Federal statutes affecting nursing practice
• State statutes affecting nursing practice
• Nursing workforce guidelines
• Legal implications and reducing your legal risks
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 24.  Communication
• Communication and nursing practice
• Elements of the communication process
• Forms of communication
• Professional nursing relationships
• Elements of professional communication
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 25.  Patient education
• Purposes of patient education
• Teaching and learning
• Domains of learning
• Basic learning principles
• Clinical judgment in patient education
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 26.  Informatics and documentation
• Purposes of the health record
• Interprofessional communication within the health record
• Standards and guidelines for quality nursing documentation
• Methods of documentation
• Common record-keeping forms within the electronic health record
• Documenting communication with providers and unique events
• Acuity rating systems
• Documentation in the long-term and home health care settings
• Case management and use of critical pathways
• Informatics and information management in health care
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• UNIT 5. Foundations for Nursing Practice
• 27.  Patient safety and quality
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 27.1 Fall prevention in health care settings
• SKILL 27.2 Applying physical restraints
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 28.  Infection prevention and control
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 28.1 Hand hygiene
• SKILL 28.2 Preparation of a sterile field
• SKILL 28.3 Surgical hand antisepsis
• SKILL 28.4 Sterile gloving
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 29.  Vital signs
• Guidelines for measuring vital signs
• Body temperature
• Nursing process
• Pulse
• Nursing process
• Respiration
• Nursing process
• Blood pressure
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 29.1 Measuring body temperature
• SKILL 29.2 Assessing apical and radial pulse
• SKILL 29.3 Assessing respirations
• SKILL 29.4 Measuring oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry)
• SKILL 29.5 Assessing arterial blood prSKILL 29.5 essure
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 30.  Health assessment and physical examination
• Purposes of the physical examination
• Preparation for examination
• Organization of the examination
• Techniques of physical assessment
• General survey
• Skin, hair, and nails
• Head and neck
• Thorax and lungs
• Heart
• Breasts
• Abdomen
• Female genitalia and reproductive tract
• Male genitalia
• Rectum and anus
• Musculoskeletal system
• Neurological system
• After the examination
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 31.  Medication administration
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Medication administration
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 31.1 Administering oral medications
• SKILL 31.2 Administering ophthalmic medications
• SKILL 31.3 Using metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), or soft mist inhalers (SMIs)
• SKILL 31.4 Preparing injections: Ampules and vials
• SKILL 31.5 Administering injections
• Needle length and injection sites for immunizations (based on CDC [2023a] guidelines)
• SKILL 31.6 Administering medications by intravenous push
• SKILL 31.7 Administering intravenous medications by piggyback and syringe pumps
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 32.  Complementary, alternative, and integrative therapies
• Complementary and integrative therapies
• Nursing-accessible therapies
• Training-specific therapies
• The integrative nursing role
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• UNIT 6. Psychosocial Basis for Nursing Practice
• 33.  Self-concept
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 34.  Sexuality
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 35.  Spiritual health
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 36.  Loss and grief
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 37.  Stress and coping
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• UNIT 7. Physiological Basis for Nursing Practice
• 38.  Activity and exercise
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 38.1 Using safe and effective transfer techniques
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 39.  Immobility
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 39.1 Moving and positioning patients in bed
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 40.  Hygiene
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 40.1 Bathing and perineal care
• SKILL 40.2 Performing nail and foot care
• SKILL 40.3 Performing mouth care for a patient who is unconscious or debilitated
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 41.  Oxygenation
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 41.1 Suctioning
• SKILL 41.2 Care of an artificial airway
• SKILL 41.3 Care of patients with chest tubes
• SKILL 41.4 Using home oxygen equipment
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 42.  Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 42.1 Insertion of a short peripheral intravenous device
• SKILL 42.2 Regulating intravenous flow rates
• SKILL 42.3 Maintenance of an intravenous system
• SKILL 42.4 Changing a short peripheral intravenous dressing
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 43.  Sleep
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 44.  Pain management
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 44.1 Patient-controlled analgesia
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 45.  Nutrition
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 45.1 Aspiration precautions
• SKILL 45.2 Insertion and removal of a small-bore feeding tube
• SKILL 45.3 Administering enteral nutrition: Nasogastric, nasointestinal, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy tube
• SKILL 45.4 Blood glucose monitoring
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 46.  Urinary elimination
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 46.1 Urine specimen collection: Midstream (clean-voided) urine; sterile urinary catheter
• SKILL 46.2 Insertion of a straight (intermittent) or indwelling urinary catheter
• SKILL 46.3 Care and removal of an indwelling catheter
• SKILL 46.4 Closed catheter irrigation
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 47.  Bowel elimination
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 47.1 Administering an enema
• SKILL 47.2 Insertion, maintenance, and removal of a nasogastric tube for gastric decompression
• SKILL 47.3 Pouching a colostomy or SKILL 47.3 an ileostomy
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 48.  Skin integrity and wound care
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 48.1 Risk assessment, skin assessment, and prevention strategies for pressure injury
• SKILL 48.2 Treating pressure injuries and wounds
• SKILL 48.3 Applying dry and moist dressings
• SKILL 48.4 Implementation of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT)
• SKILL 48.5 Performing wound irrigation
• SKILL 48.6 Applying roller gauze or elastic bandage
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 49.  Sensory alterations
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Critical thinking
• Nursing process
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• 50.  Perioperative nursing care
• Scientific knowledge base
• Nursing knowledge base
• Perioperative phases
• Critical thinking
• Preoperative surgical phase
• Nursing process
• Transport to the operating room
• Preanesthesia care unit
• Intraoperative surgical phase
• Nursing roles during surgery
• Nursing process
• Postoperative surgical phase
• Immediate postoperative recovery (phase I)
• Recovery in ambulatory surgery (phase II)
• Recovery of inpatients: Postoperative recovery and convalescence
• Nursing process
• Safety guidelines for nursing skills
• SKILL 50.1 Perioperative teaching
• Key points
• Reflective learning
• Review questions
• References
• Research references
• Index
• Special features