Efnisyfirlit

• Coverpage
• Halftitle page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Foreword to the First Edition
• Preface to Second Edition
• Acknowledgements
• Table of treaties
• Table of MOUs
• Table of cases
• Glossary of legal terms
• List of abbreviations
• 1 International law
• Introduction
• Private international law
• Transnational law
• The nature of international law
• But is international law really law?
• International lawyers
• The sources of international law
• Treaties
• Customary international law
• General principles of law recognised by ‘civilized’ nations
• Good faith
• Estoppel
• Norms
• Judicial decisions
• Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists
• General international law
• Obligations erga omnes
• Jus cogens
• ‘Soft law’
• Comity
• Domestic law
• Subjects and objects of, and actors in, international law
• National liberation movements
• NGOs
• 2 States and recognition
• Introduction
• Criteria for statehood
• Recognition of States
• Vatican City
• Taiwan
• Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
• Soviet Republics and former Soviet Republics
• Yugoslavia
• Domestic courts and unrecognised States
• Self-determination
• Secession
• Territorial integrity and uti possidetis
• Recognition of governments
• Governments in exile
• De jure and de facto recognition
• Palestine
• Western Sahara
• Means of recognition
• Overseas territories
• British territories
• Colonies
• Protectorates
• Protected States
• Condominiums
• Mandated and trust territories
• 3 Territory
• Introduction
• Boundary, border or frontier?
• Delimitation and demarcation
• Intertemporal rule
• Critical date
• Means of acquisition
• Discovery
• Conquest and annexation
• Cession
• Occupation and prescription
• Acquiescence, estoppel and recognition
• Boundary treaties
• Leases
• Rivers
• State servitudes
• Res communis
• Common heritage of mankind
• Territorial integrity and uti possidetis
• 4 Jurisdiction
• Introduction
• Territorial principle
• Nationality principle
• Passive personality principle
• Protective principle
• Universal and quasi-universal jurisdiction
• Effects doctrine
• Alien Tort Claims Act 1789
• Abduction
• 5 The law of treaties
• Introduction
• The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
• What is a treaty?
• Concluded between States
• In written form
• Governed by international law
• Embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments
• Given any name
• Signed?
• MOUs
• But are MOUs really treaties?
• Agreements between States governed by domestic law
• Capacity to make treaties
• Federations
• Overseas territories
• International organisations
• Credentials and full powers
• Credentials
• Full powers
• Adoption and authentication
• Adoption
• Consensus
• Authentication
• Final act
• Consent to be bound
• Signature only
• ‘Open for signature’
• Witnessing
• Exchange of instruments
• Ratification
• Who can sign the instrument of ratification?
• Acceptance or approval
• Accession
• Any other agreed means
• ‘Signatory’, ‘party’ and ‘adherence’
• The ‘all States’ and ‘Vienna’ formulas
• Rights and obligations before entry into force
• Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty before its entry into force
• Withdrawal of consent to be bound before entry into force
• Development of treaties
• Reservations
• Bilateral treaties
• Multilateral treaties
• Interpretative declarations
• Disguised reservations
• Reservations generally not prohibited
• Acceptance of, and objection to, reservations
• ‘Plurilateral treaties’
• Constituent instrument of an international organisation
• All other cases
• The legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations
• Unresolved issues
• Reservations to human rights treaties
• Treaty-monitoring bodies
• Some ways of minimising the problem of reservations
• Procedure
• Late reservations
• The International Law Commission study
• Entry into force
• Express provisions
• Date of entry into force
• Provisional application
• Preparatory commissions
• Treaties and domestic law
• Duty to perform treaties
• Constitutional provisions
• Dualism
• Monism
• United Kingdom
• United States
• Implementation by states of a federation
• Territorial application
• Territorial extension clauses
• Declaration on signature or ratification of a multilateral treaty
• Political subdivisions of metropolitan territory
• Successive treaties
• Interpretation
• Article 31 General rule of interpretation
• Paragraph 1
• Paragraph 2 (context)
• Paragraph 3(a) (subsequent agreements)
• Paragraph 3(b) (subsequent practice)
• Paragraph 3(c) (relevant rules of international law)
• Paragraph 4 (special meaning)
• Supplementary means of interpretation
• Implied terms
• Interpretation of treaties in more than one language
• Third States
• Amendment
• Bilateral treaties
• Multilateral treaties
• Duration and termination
• Express provisions
• Termination or withdrawal by consent
• No provision for termination or withdrawal
• Termination or suspension for breach
• Supervening impossibility of performance
• Fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus)
• Severance of diplomatic or consular relations
• Outbreak of hostilities
• Can one validly withdraw from a treaty and immediately become a party again?
• Desuetude
• Invalidity
• ‘Unequal treaties’
• The depositary
• Designation of a depositary
• Multiple depositaries
• Duty to act impartially
• Functions of the depositary
• Correction of errors
• Registration and publication
• Registration
• Publication
• Sources of treaty texts
• Treaty indexes
• Further reading on treaties
• 6 Diplomatic privileges and immunities
• Introduction
• The establishment of diplomatic relations and permanent diplomatic missions
• The functions of a diplomatic mission
• The members of the mission
• Persona non grata
• Size and composition of the mission staff
• The premises of the mission
• Facilitating the acquisition of premises for the mission
• Help with facilities for the mission
• Inviolability of the premises of the mission
• Police action
• Service of legal process
• Immunity from jurisdiction
• Bank account of the mission
• Protection from intrusion or damage
• Disturbance of the peace of the mission and impairment of its dignity
• Asylum
• When inviolability of mission premises begins and ends
• Exemption of mission premises from taxation
• Inviolability of mission archives
• Means of transport
• Freedom of movement
• Freedom of communication
• Inviolability of official correspondence
• The diplomatic bag
• What is a diplomatic bag?
• What may the diplomatic bag contain?
• Prohibition on opening or detaining the diplomatic bag
• Scanning the diplomatic bag
• Diplomatic couriers
• Personal inviolability
• No arrest or detention
• Safeguarding from attack
• Inviolability of the private residence
• Inviolability of private papers, correspondence and property
• The difference between diplomatic immunity and State immunity
• Diplomatic immunity
• Exception (a): private immovable property in the territory of the receiving State
• Exception (b): private involvement in succession proceedings
• Exception (c): private professional or commercial activity
• Proof of diplomatic immunity
• Immunity from giving evidence
• What immunity is not
• Immunity from execution
• Waiver of immunity
• Social security exemption
• Exemption from taxation
• Exemption from personal services
• Exemption from customs duties and inspection
• Members of the family of a diplomatic agent
• Working spouses
• Administrative and technical staff
• Service staff
• Private servants
• Nationals and permanent residents of the receiving State
• Commencement of privileges and immunities
• Termination of privileges and immunities
• Third States
• Diplomats in transit
• Communication in transit
• Duties of the mission to the receiving State
• End of the functions of a diplomatic agent
• Facilities for depature
• Breach of diplomatic relations and the protection of the interests of the sending State
• Non-discrimination and reciprocity
• Special missions
• Consular relations
• 7 State immunity
• Introduction
• The relationship of State immunity to other legal doctrines
• Diplomatic immunity distinguished
• Non-justiciability
• Act of State
• Human rights
• Sources of the law on State immunity
• Which entities enjoy immunity?
• Exceptions to immunity
• Consent
• Commercial transactions
• Contracts of employment
• Torts (delicts)
• Ownership, possession and use of property
• Intellectual and industrial property rights
• Ships
• Aircraft and space objects
• Registration of a foreign judgment
• Criminal jurisdiction
• Enforcement
• Pre-judgment measures of constraint
• Execution of the judgment
• Procedure
• Service of process
• Judgment in default
• Visiting forces
• Civil claims
• Criminal jurisdiction
• Heads of State, heads of government, foreign ministers and other senior officials
• Civil proceedings
• Criminal proceedings
• 8 Nationality, aliens and refugees
• Nationality
• Introduction
• Dual nationality
• Citizenship
• The right to leave and return to one’s State of nationality
• Passports
• Statelessness
• Legal persons
• Ships and aircraft
• Diplomatic protection
• Aliens
• Property of aliens
• Asylum
• Diplomatic asylum
• Refugees
• Definition of refugee
• Application for refugee status
• Fear of persecution
• Exceptions to refugee status
• Non-refoulement
• Protection for the State of refuge
• Obligations of the State of refuge to the refugee
• 9 International organisations
• Introduction
• Membership and representation
• Credentials
• Withdrawal
• International legal personality
• Immunities and privileges
• Liability
• Dispute settlement
• The United Nations
• The (so-called) UN specialised agencies
• Staff disputes
• 10 The United Nations, including the use of force
• Introduction
• Membership
• Withdrawal, suspension and expulsion
• Regional groups
• The UN’s principal organs
• The UN’s specialised agencies
• The General Assembly
• Main Committees of the General Assembly
• Sixth Committee
• The Security Council
• Membership
• Working methods
• Powers of the Security Council
• Sanctions
• Human rights
• Uniting for peace
• Charter amendment
• Use of force
• Prohibition on the use of force
• Security Council authorisation for the use of force
• Self-defence
• Humanitarian intervention
• A responsibility to protect?
• 11 Human rights
• Introduction
• Who enjoys the rights?
• What is a human right?
• Universal human rights treaties
• United Nations
• ILO
• Regional human rights treaties
• European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950
• American Convention on Human Rights 1969
• African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 1981
• Arab Charter on Human Rights 1994
• Outline of the principal civil and political rights
• Right to life
• Prohibition of torture
• Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
• Right to liberty and security
• Right to a fair trial
• No punishment without law
• Respect for private and family life
• Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of assembly and association
• Right to marry
• Right to an effective remedy
• Prohibition of discrimination
• Freedom of movement
• Right to free elections
• Right to property
• Right to education
• General qualifications to rights
• Reservations
• Derogations
• Enforcement
• European Court of Human Rights
• Other regional treaties
• Human Rights Committee
• Other UN monitoring bodies
• 12 The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law)
• Introduction
• Sources
• International and internal armed conflicts
• Weaponry
• Conventional weapons
• Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons (WMD)
• Reprisals
• Prisoners of war
• Mercenaries
• Civilians and civilian objects
• Occupied territory
• Palestine
• Enforcement
• UN forces
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• 13 International criminal law
• Introduction
• Mutual legal assistance
• Extradition
• Political offence/exception
• Simplified extradition
• Irregular means
• International crimes
• Piracy
• Slavery
• Genocide
• Crimes against humanity
• War crimes
• Aggression
• Responsibility of superiors
• Superior orders
• International tribunals
• International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
• Sierra Leone Special Court
• Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia
• Special Tribunal for Lebanon
• International Criminal Court (ICC)
• Jurisdiction
• Surrender of accused persons
• Personal responsibility
• United States
• Procedure
• 14 Terrorism
• Introduction
• Definitions
• ‘State terrorism’
• ‘State-sponsored terrorism’
• Universal terrorism conventions
• No international definition of terrorism
• The sectoral, segmental or incremental approach
• The main provisions of the universal terrorism conventions
• ‘International’ terrorism
• Definition of the offences
• Quasi-universal jurisdiction
• ‘Refugees’ and terrorism
• Security Council
• Lockerbie
• Bin Laden, Al-Qaida and the Taliban
• 15 The law of the sea
• Introduction
• Internal waters
• Right of access by foreign ships
• Baselines
• Territorial sea
• Islands
• Innocent passage
• Rights of the coastal State over ships in innocent passage
• Contiguous zone
• Exclusive economic zone
• Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the EEZ
• Rights and duties of other States in the EEZ
• International straits
• Archipelagos
• Continental shelf
• Construction of artificial islands and other installations in the EEZ or on the continental shelf
• Delimitation
• Territorial sea
• EEZ and continental shelf
• The Area
• The high seas
• Freedom of navigation
• Hot pursuit
• Other freedoms
• Nationality of ships
• Warships and ships used only on government non-commercial service
• Landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States
• Fishing
• In internal waters and the territorial sea
• In EEZs
• On the high seas
• Shared and straddling stocks and highly migratory species
• Sedentary species
• Whales and other marine mammals
• Wrecks
• Underwater cultural heritage
• Dispute settlement under the Convention
• The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
• Means of dispute settlement
• 16 International environmental law
• Introduction
• What is the environment?
• The development of international environmental law
• Concepts
• The precautionary approach
• The polluter pays
• Sustainable development
• Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
• Whaling
• Other fishing
• Wildlife
• Biological diversity
• The ozone layer, climate change and the Kyoto Protocol
• Nuclear material
• The marine environment
• Emergencies
• Liability
• Dumping
• Hazardous wastes
• Liability for environmental damage
• Enforcement
• 17 International civil aviation
• Introduction
• International Civil Aviation Organization
• Meaning of aircraft
• Civil and State aircraft, induding military aircraft
• National airspace
• Domestic air services
• International air services, scheduled and non-scheduled
• International airspace
• Civil aircraft and airlines
• Air services agreements
• Warsaw and Rome Conventions
• Jurisdiction over civil aircraft
• Use of force against aircraft
• 18 Special regimes
• Introduction
• Antarctica
• The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
• The Antarctic Treaty
• Sovereignty clause
• Measures
• The Environmental Protocol
• Amendment of the Treaty and the Protocol and its Annexes
• Secretariat
• CCAMLR
• The Arctic
• Svalbard
• Canals
• Suez Canal
• Panama Canal
• Kiev Canal
• International rivers
• Freedom of navigation
• Other uses of watercourses
• Outer space
• Outer space treaties
• The geostationary orbit
• The International Space Station
• International space organisations
• Intelsat
• Inmarsat
• 19 International economic law
• Introduction
• Bilateral investment treaties
• A typical BIT
• The entities protected
• Types of investment product
• Treatment of investments
• Expropriation and compensation
• Civil disturbance, etc.
• Dispute settlement
• Duration of BITs
• ICSID
• Energy Charter Treaty
• World Trade Organization
• Dispute Settlement
• Panels
• Appellate Body
• Recommendations
• Compensation and countermeasures
• NAFTA
• MERCOSUR
• International commercial arbitration
• 20 Succession of States
• Introduction
• Independence of an overseas territory
• Secession
• Dissolution
• Merger
• Absorption and extinction
• Recovery of sovereignty
• Transfer of territory
• Continuity of statehood
• Succession to treaties
• Customary law principles
• Former colonies and other dependent territories
• Germany
• Russia
• Former Soviet republics
• The Baltic States
• Former Yugoslav republics
• Czechoslovakia
• Hong Kong and Macao
• Succession to State property, archives and debts
• Former Yugoslav republics
• Membership of international organisations
• Representation in international organisations
• Hong Kong Special Administration Region
• Nationality of natural persons
• 21 State responsibility
• Introduction
• Terminology
• General matters
• The internationally wrongful act of a State
• General principles
• Attribution of conduct to a State
• Organs of the State
• Unauthorised or ultra vires conduct
• Other conduct attributable to the State
• Breach of an international obligation
• Intertemporal rule
• Extension in time of breach of an international obligation
• Breach consisting of a composite act
• Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
• Content of the international responsibility of a State
• Cessation and non-repetition
• Reparation
• Forms of reparation
• Serious breaches of obligations under peremptory norms of general international law
• The implementation of the international responsibility of a State
• Invocation of responsibility by an injured State
• Notice of claim by an injured State (Article 43)
• Admissibility of claims
• Loss of right to invoke responsibility
• Plurality of injured or responsible States
• Countermeasures
• Objects and limits of countermeasures
• Proportionality
• Procedural conditions
• Obligations not affected by countermeasures
• Responsibility of an international organisation
• Individual responsibility
• 22 Settlement of disputes
• Introduction
• Informal means
• Negotiations and consultations
• Involvement of third parties
• Compulsory binding settlement
• Jurisdiction and admissibility
• Jurisdiction
• Admissibility
• International arbitration
• Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
• Mixed arbitral tribunals
• International Court of Justice
• Composition of the ICJ
• Jurisdiction
• Reciprocal declarations
• Variations of declarations
• Admissibility
• Intervention by third parties
• The applicable law
• Non-appearance
• Provisional measures/interim measures of protection
• Judicial review?
• Procedure and practice
• Judgments
• Effect, interpretation and revision
• Advisory opinions
• 23 The European Union
• Introduction
• A brief history
• Member States
• European Communities, European Community or European Union?
• Institutions
• Council of Ministers
• Commission
• Parliament
• Court of Auditors
• Legislative procedure
• Consultative procedure
• Co-decision procedure
• EU law
• The Treaty and legislation
• Supremacy of EU law
• Court of Justice
• Court of First Instance
• Preliminary rulings
• Common Foreign and Security Policy and Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
• Legal personality and treaties
• Human rights
• Acquis communautaire
• Competence
• Comitology
• European Economic Area
• Languages
• Qualified majority voting
• Schengen
• Subsidiarity
• The Lisbon Treaty
• Documentation
• Index