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• Half-title
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Table of contents
• Foreword
• Preface and Acknowledgements to the Fourth Edition
• Preface and Acknowledgements to the Third Edition
• Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition
• Preface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition
• Table of Cases
• Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
• List of Abbreviations
• Part I The Legal and Institutional Framework
• 1 The Environment and International Society: Issues, Concepts and Definitions
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction: The Environmental Challenge
• The Basis for Decision-Making: Science, Economics and Other Values
• Science
• Economics
• Other Social Objectives
• Sustainable Development
• The International Legal Order
• The Functions of International Law
• Sovereignty and Territory
• International Actors
• The Environment and International Law: Defining Terms
• Challenges for International Environmental Law
• Further Reading
• International Environmental Law: Texts, Articles and History
• Sources of International Environmental Law
• Primary Materials
• International Environmental Jurisprudence
• Secondary Materials – Journals
• Websites
• 2 History
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• From Early Fisheries Conventions to the Creation of the United Nations
• From the Creation of the United Nations to Stockholm: 1945–72
• UNCCUR
• Development of International Environmental Rules
• The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
• Stockholm Follow-up
• From Stockholm to Rio: 1972–92
• Post-Stockholm: Treaties and Other International Acts
• 1978 UNEP Draft Principles
• 1981 Montevideo Programme
• 1982 World Charter for Nature
• 1980 World Conservation Strategy/1991 ‘Caring for the Earth’ Strategy
• The Brundtland Report and the Report of the Legal Experts Group
• Lead-up to UNCED
• UNCED
• The Rio Declaration
• Agenda 21
• UNCED Follow-up
• Beyond UNCED: Trends and Directions
• World Summit on Sustainable Development
• Rio+20 Summit
• Post Rio+20 Follow-up: Institutional Reform and the Sustainable Development Goals
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 3 Governance: States, International Organisations and Non-State Actors
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• States
• International Organisations
• History of International Organisational Arrangements
• UNCED, WSSD and the Rio+20 Summit
• The Function and Role of International Organisations
• Global Organisations
• United Nations (www.un.org)
• Coordination
• UN General Assembly
• UN Environment Programme (www.unep.org)
• UN Development Programme (www.undp.org)
• International Law Commission (www.un.org/law/ilc)
• High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf)
• Other Subsidiary Bodies Established by the General Assembly
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• Security Council
• Trusteeship Council
• International Court of Justice (www.icj-cij.org)
• United Nations Specialised Agencies and Related Organisations
• Food and Agriculture Organization (www.fao.org)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (www.unesco.org)
• International Maritime Organization (www.imo.org)
• International Labour Organization (www.ilo.org)
• World Meteorological Organization (www.wmo.int)
• International Civil Aviation Organization (www.icao.int)
• UN Industrial Development Organization (www.unido.org)
• World Health Organization (www.who.int)
• International Atomic Energy Agency (www.iaea.org)
• World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization
• Cooperative Arrangements
• Other Global Institutions
• Regional and Subregional Organisations
• Europe and the OECD
• OECD (www.oecd.org)
• Council of Europe (www.coe.int)
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (www.osce.org)
• Africa
• Americas and the Caribbean
• Asia Pacific
• Organisations Established by Environmental Treaties
• Non-State Actors
• Scientific Community
• Environmental, Health and Developmental Organisations
• Legal Groups
• Corporate Sector
• Individuals and Indigenous Communities
• The Media
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 4 International Lawmaking and Regulation
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Treaties
• Environmental Treaties
• The Treaty-Making Process
• The 1969 Vienna Convention and Legal Issues Relating to Treaties
• Interpretation
• Entry into Force
• Reservations and Interpretative Declarations
• Relations between International Agreements
• Amendment
• Other International Acts
• Acts of International Organisations
• Conference Declarations and Other Acts
• Customary International Law
• State Practice
• Opinio Juris
• Treaties and Custom
• Persistent Objector
• Regional Custom
• General Principles of International Law
• Equity
• Subsidiary Sources
• Introduction to Regulatory Approaches
• Direct Regulation
• Environmental Quality Standards
• Product Standards
• Emissions Standards
• Process Standards
• Economic Instruments
• Charges and Taxes
• Tradeable Permit Schemes
• Deposit-Refund Systems
• Subsidies
• Enforcement Incentives
• Liability and Compensation for Damage
• Trade Measures
• Investment Incentives
• Voluntary Approaches
• Consumer Information Incentives
• Integrated Environmental Management
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 5 Compliance: Implementation, Enforcement, Dispute Settlement
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Implementation
• National Law
• National Compliance
• Reporting
• International Enforcement
• Enforcement by States
• Damage to a State’s Own Environment
• Damage to the Environment of Another State
• Damage to the Environment in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
• Enforcement by International Organisations
• Enforcement by Non-State Actors
• Enforcement in the National Courts
• International Enforcement
• International Settlement of Disputes
• Introduction
• Diplomatic Means of Dispute Settlement
• Negotiation and Consultation
• Mediation, Conciliation, Fact-Finding and International Institutions
• Non-Compliance Procedures
• Inspection Procedures of Multilateral Development Banks
• NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation
• Legal Means of Dispute Settlement
• Arbitration
• International Courts
• International Court of Justice
• Contentious Cases
• Advisory Opinions
• Interim Measures of Protection
• UNCLOS and ITLOS
• WTO Dispute Settlement Body
• European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance
• Human Rights Courts
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Part II Principles and Rules Establishing Standards
• 6 General Principles and Rules
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Principles and Rules
• Sovereignty Over Natural Resources and the Responsibility Not to Cause Damage to the Environment of
• Sovereign Rights Over Natural Resources
• Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality
• Responsibility Not to Cause Environmental Damage
• Conclusion
• Principle of Preventive Action
• Cooperation
• Sustainable Development
• Introduction
• Future Generations
• Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
• Equitable Use of Natural Resources
• Integration of Environment and Development
• Conclusion
• Precautionary Principle
• Polluter Pays Principle
• OECD
• European Union
• Principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility
• Common Responsibility
• Differentiated Responsibility
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 7 Atmospheric Protection
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Milestones in the Development of Atmospheric Regulation
• Trail Smelter Case
• Nuclear Testing
• Customary Law
• UN Environmental Summits
• Urban and Transboundary Air Pollution
• 1979 UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Its Protocols
• 1979 LRTAP Convention
• 1984 Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol
• 1985 Sulphur Protocol
• 1988 NOx Protocol
• 1991 Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol
• 1994 Sulphur Protocol
• 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals
• 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants
• 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone
• 1991 Canada–US Air Quality Agreement
• Sulphur Dioxide
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Ozone
• Assessment, Information and Institutions
• 2002 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
• Aircraft Emissions: ICAO Convention
• 2013 Minamata Mercury Convention
• Ozone Depletion
• 1985 Vienna Convention
• The 1987 Montreal Protocol: Adjustments and Amendments
• Controlled Substances
• Control Measures: Consumption and Production
• CFCs
• Halons
• Additional CFCs
• Carbon Tetrachloride
• Methylchloroform
• HCFCs, Hydrobromofluorocarbons and Methyl Bromide
• Bromochloromethane
• HFCs
• Transfer of Production
• Control Measures: Trade in Controlled Substances
• Developing Countries
• Technical, Financial and Other Assistance
• Reporting and Compliance
• Institutional Arrangements
• Outer Space
• 1967 Outer Space Treaty
• 1979 Moon Treaty
• Outer Space Principles
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 8 Climate Change
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• The Climate Change Problem
• Development of the Climate Change Regime
• 1992 Climate Change Convention
• Preamble, Definitions, Objective and Principles
• General Commitments
• Reporting
• Specific Commitments: Sources and Sinks
• Commitments: Financial Resources and Technology Transfer
• Institutional Arrangements
• Implementation and Dispute Settlement
• The 1997 Kyoto Protocol
• Emission Reduction Targets and Timetable
• Policies and Measures
• Flexibility Mechanisms: Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation and the CDM
• Sinks
• Developing Countries
• Reporting and Compliance
• Negotiations for a New Climate Treaty Agreement
• Paris Agreement
• Preamble and Objectives
• Nationally Determined Contributions
• Mitigation Commitments
• Sinks
• Voluntary Cooperation and Carbon Markets
• Adaptation and Loss and Damage
• Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and Capacity-Building
• Implementation and Compliance
• Institutional Arrangements
• Post-Paris Developments
• Intersectoral Linkages
• Emissions from International Aviation
• Emissions from International Shipping
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 9 Freshwater Resources
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Customary Law
• Lac Lanoux Arbitration
• ILA: 1966 Helsinki Rules
• ILC 2008: Articles on Transboundary Aquifers
• Case Concerning the Gabcíkovo–Nagymaros Project
• The Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay
• Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration
• Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Cases
• Global Rules
• 1997 Watercourses Convention
• 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
• Regional Rules
• Europe
• Rhine
• Americas
• 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
• Gut Dam Arbitration
• 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
• Africa
• Niger Basin
• Southern Africa, Including the Zambezi River
• Asia
• Mekong River Basin
• Subcontinental Asia
• Middle East
• Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty
• Jordan–Saudi Arabia Al-Sag/Al-Disi Aquifer Agreement
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 10 Biological Diversity
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Protocols
• 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
• Objectives
• Preamble and Jurisdictional Scope
• Conservation and Sustainable Use
• Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
• Biotechnology and Living Modified Organisms
• Financial Resources
• Institutions and Other Mechanisms
• 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• 2010 Nagoya Protocol
• Evolution of the Biodiversity Convention
• Other Global Biodiversity-Related Conventions
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
• CITES Institutions
• Preamble and Definitions
• Appendices I–III and International Trade
• Introduction from the Sea under CITES
• Amendments to Appendices
• Reservations
• Exemptions and Special Provisions
• Compliance and Enforcement
• 1979 Bonn Convention on Migratory Species
• Ramsar Convention
• 1972 World Heritage Convention
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
• International Plant Protection Convention
• Other Instruments Addressing Specific Ecosystems or Species
• Forests
• International Tropical Timber Agreement 2006
• UN Forum on Forests
• 2007 UN Forest Instrument
• Land and Soil Degradation, and Desertification
• 1994 Convention to Combat Desertification
• Birds
• 1950 Birds Convention
• 1970 Benelux Convention
• Other Animal Species
• 1973 Polar Bear Agreement
• 1979 Vicuna Convention
• General Instruments of Regional and Subregional Application
• Africa
• 1968 African Nature Convention
• 2003 Revised African Nature Convention
• 1994 Lusaka Agreement
• The Americas and the Caribbean
• 1940 Western Hemisphere Convention
• 1978 Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation
• Pacific Islands Region
• Europe
• 1979 Berne Convention
• 1982 Benelux Convention
• 1991 Alpine Convention
• 2003 Carpathians Convention
• Asia
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 11 Oceans, Seas and Marine Living Resources
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Protection of the Marine Environment
• Introduction
• Development of International Law Rules
• Global Rules: UNCLOS
• Regional Arrangements
• UNEP Regional Seas Programme
• North-East Atlantic: 1992 OSPAR Convention
• Baltic Sea: the 1992 Helsinki Convention
• Pollution from Land-Based Sources
• Pollution by Dumping
• 1972 London Convention and 1996 Protocol
• 1972 London Convention
• 1996 Protocol
• Regional Agreements
• Pollution from Vessels
• UNCLOS Rules
• MARPOL 73/78
• Annex I: Pollution by Oil
• Annex II: Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
• Annex III: Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
• Annex IV: Sewage from Ships
• Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
• Annex VI: Air Pollution from Ships
• Polar Code
• Other Agreements on Pollution from Ships
• 2001 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships (AFS)
• 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments
• 2007 Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks
• 2009 International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships
• Safety Agreements
• Pollution from Seabed Activities
• UNCLOS and the International Seabed Authority
• Regional Agreements
• 1989 Kuwait Protocol and the 1994 Madrid Protocol
• 1992 OSPAR Convention and the 1992 HELCOM Convention
• Environmental Emergencies
• 1969 Intervention Convention and 1973 Intervention Protocol
• 1989 Salvage Convention
• 1990 OPRC Convention and 2000 HNS Protocol
• Regional Agreements
• 1969 and 1983 Bonn Agreements
• UNEP Regional Seas Protocols
• Liability and Compensation
• Conservation of Marine Living Resources
• Introduction
• Development of International Law Rules
• Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration
• Food and Agriculture Organization
• The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958)
• Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases
• 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
• UNCLOS
• Territorial Waters, Archipelagic Waters and the Continental Shelf
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• High Seas
• 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement and Other Global Arrangements
• 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
• 1993 Compliance Agreement
• 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
• Regional Fishery Arrangements
• Fisheries Case Law
• Estai Case (Canada v. Spain)
• Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v. Japan, Australia v. Japan)
• Swordfish Case (Chile v. EU)
• South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. China)
• Prompt Release Cases
• Marine Mammals
• International Whaling Commission
• Whaling in the Antarctic Case
• Regional Agreements
• 1992 ASCOBANS and 1996 ACCOBAMS
• 1992 NAMMCO
• Marine Mammal Sanctuary in the Mediterranean
• Marine Birds
• Destructive Fishing Practices
• Driftnet Fishing
• Bottom Trawling
• Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing
• 2009 Agreement on Port State Measures
• Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance
• ITLOS Jurisprudence
• Advisory Opinion by ITLOS on IUU Fishing
• The M/V ‘Virginia G’ Case (Panama v. Guinea-Bissau)
• Conservation of Marine Biodiversity
• Introduction
• From Agenda 21 to the Sustainable Development Goals
• Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly
• The International Legal Framework
• UNCLOS and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
• South China Sea Arbitration
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• Regional Arrangements
• Protection of Deep-Sea Ecosystems
• Resolutions of the UN General Assembly
• Food and Agriculture Organization
• Marine Protected Areas
• Marine Protected Areas Under National Jurisdiction
• Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. United Kingdom)
• MPAs in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 12 Hazardous Substances and Activities, and Waste
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Hazardous Substances
• Definition of Hazardous Substances
• Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
• EU Seveso Directive
• 1992 Industrial Accidents Convention
• Chemicals, Pesticides and Other Dangerous Substances
• Registration and Classification (Including Labelling and Packaging)
• Production and Use
• 2001 POPs Convention
• 2013 Minamata Mercury Convention
• International Trade
• 1985 FAO Code of Conduct
• 1998 Chemicals Convention
• Transport
• Exposure in the Work Environment
• Hazardous Activities
• Nuclear Activities and Radioactive Substances
• Nuclear Safety
• 1994 Nuclear Safety Convention
• 1997 Joint Safety Convention
• Transport
• Protection of Workers and the Public
• Border Area Cooperation
• Emergencies
• Nuclear Weapons and Testing, and Nuclear-Free Zones
• Other Hazardous Activities
• Energy
• Mining
• Phosphate Lands in Nauru Case
• Mercury Mining
• Agriculture
• Transportation
• Tourism
• Wastes
• Defining Wastes
• Municipal Waste
• Hazardous and Toxic Wastes (Industrial, Agricultural and Mining Waste and Sewage Sludge)
• Radioactive Waste
• Prevention and Treatment
• Disposal
• Disposal at Sea
• Disposal into Rivers and Lakes by Other Land-Based Sources
• Incineration
• Landfill and Other Land Disposal and Storage
• Recycling and Reuse
• International Movement (Including Trade) in Waste
• The 1989 Basel Convention
• 1991 Bamako Convention
• 1995 Waigani Convention
• North America
• 1990 IAEA Code of Conduct on Radioactive Waste and 1997 Joint Convention on Spent Fuel and Radioacti
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 13 The Polar Regions: Antarctica and the Arctic
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• The Antarctic
• The Antarctic Treaty Regime
• 1959 Antarctic Treaty
• 1972 Antarctic Seals Convention
• 1980 CCAMLR
• 1988 CRAMRA
• 1991 Environment Protocol
• Institutional Arrangements
• Compliance and Related Matters
• Other Treaty Provisions
• The Arctic
• The Arctic Council
• Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
• Arctic Contaminants Action Program
• Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group
• Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group
• Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Working Group
• Sustainable Development Working Group
• Arctic Treaties
• 2013 Arctic Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response Agreement
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Part III Techniques for Implementing International Principles and Rules
• 14 Environmental Impact Assessment
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Non-Binding Instruments
• Developments from Stockholm to Rio
• UN Environmental Summits
• ILC Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm
• Treaties and Other Binding Instruments
• 1982 UNCLOS
• 1986 Noumea Convention
• 1991 Espoo Convention
• 2003 Strategic Environmental Assessment Protocol
• 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
• 1992 Biodiversity Convention
• Risk Assessment Procedures
• World Bank and Other Multilateral Lending Institutions
• International Cases
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 15 Environmental Information and Technology Transfer
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Environmental Information
• Information Exchange
• Reporting and Provision of Information
• Reports by Organisations
• Reports Under Treaties or Other Agreements
• Reports of Events Other than Emergencies
• Information to and from Non-State Organisations
• Consultation
• Prior Informed Consent
• Notification of Emergency Situations
• Nuclear Accidents
• 1986 Notification Convention
• Monitoring and Other Information Gathering
• Treaty Arrangements
• Access to Environmental Information and Public Participation
• 1992 OSPAR Convention
• 1998 Aarhus Convention
• 2003 Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
• Public Education and Awareness
• Eco-Labelling
• Eco-Auditing and Accounting
• Environmental Accounting
• Environmental Auditing
• Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance
• Soft Law Developments
• Treaty Provisions
• The Ozone Regime
• Biodiversity Convention
• 2010 Nagoya Protocol
• The Climate Change Regime
• Intellectual Property and Barriers to Technology Transfer
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 16 Liability for Environmental Damage
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• State Liability
• Introduction
• General International Law
• Defining Environmental Damage
• Threshold at which Environmental Damage Entails Liability
• Standard of Care
• Reparation
• Trail Smelter Case (1941)
• State Practice
• UN Compensation Commission
• International Crimes
• Treaties
• 1972 Space Liability Convention
• 1979 LRTAP Convention
• 1982 UNCLOS
• 1988 CRAMRA and 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol
• 1992 Climate Change Convention and 2015 Paris Agreement
• The Work of the International Law Commission
• Civil Liability for Environmental Damage Under International Law
• Nuclear Installations
• 1960 Paris Convention and 1963 Brussels Convention
• 1963 Vienna Convention
• 1988 Joint Protocol
• 1997 Convention on Supplementary Compensation
• Oil Pollution
• 1992 Civil Liability Convention
• The 1992 Fund Convention
• 2003 Supplementary Fund Protocol
• IOPC Fund Practice
• The Patmos Claim
• The Haven Case
• The Erika Claim
• Other Claims
• 2001 Bunker Oil Convention
• Private Compensation Schemes
• Marine Environment
• Waste
• Transport
• Antarctic
• 1988 CRAMRA
• 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
• Biodiversity
• General Instruments Relating to Dangerous Goods or Activities
• 1993 Lugano Convention
• 2003 Civil Liability Protocol
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Part IV Linkage of International Environmental Law and Other Areas of International Law
• 17 Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Human Rights Law
• Development of International Human Rights Law
• Environmental Protection and Human Rights
• Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• Civil and Political Rights
• International Humanitarian Law
• Military Activities and Environmental Protection
• International Environmental Law During War and Armed Conflict
• International Law of War and Armed Conflict: General Rules of Environmental Protection
• International Law of War and Armed Conflict: Special Rules of Environmental Protection
• Environmental Security and International Law
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 18 International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Trade and Environment
• Trade Measures in International Environmental Agreements
• Unilateral Environmental Measures and International Trade
• WTO/GATT
• Technical Barriers to Trade
• Committee on Trade and the Environment
• WTO Dispute Settlement
• Previous GATT Jurisprudence – Tuna/Dolphin
• Reformulated Gasoline Case (1996)
• Shrimp/Turtle Cases (1998 and 2001)
• Asbestos Case (2000)
• Brazil Retreaded Tyres Case (2007)
• Tuna/Dolphin II (2012)
• Assessment
• Measures for Health and Safety Protection
• Beef Hormones Disputes (1998 and 2008)
• EC – Biotech (2006)
• Assessment
• Regional and Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
• European Union
• Trade Restrictions on Environmental Grounds: The Role of the European Court of Justice
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Agricultural, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
• Non-Technical Barriers to Trade
• Competition
• Institutions and Dispute Settlement
• North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
• Border Environment Cooperation Commission, and North American Development Bank
• African Economic Community
• Competition and Subsidies
• Subsidies
• Anti-Competitive Agreements
• Anti-Dumping
• Foreign Investment
• Investment Treaties
• Substantive Rules
• Dispute Settlement
• Case Law
• Insurance
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Patents and Other Rights
• Traditional Knowledge
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 19 Future Developments
• Chapter Outline
• Introduction
• Governance Challenges
• Implementation and Enforcement Challenges
• Future Regulatory Development
• Conclusions
• Index