Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half title
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Contents
• Figures
• Acknowledgements
• 1 Introduction
• Rewards of jurisprudence
• Jurisprudence
• Legal theory
• Analytical and normative jurisprudence
• Law
• The quest for a definition of law
• The arrangement of the contents of this book
• Old debates and new frontiers
• Part 1 Law as it is
• 2 British legal positivism
• Positivism and logical positivism
• Positivism
• Logical positivism
• Nature of scientific knowledge
• Legal positivism
• Scientific, normative and hybrid theories of legal positivism
• Legal positivism and legal realism
• A continental beginning
• Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan
• Jeremy Bentham: law and the principle of utility
• Bentham’s definition of law
• Source of law – the sovereign within a state
• The will of the sovereign
• Subjects and objects of a law
• Forms of law
• Parts of a law
• Bentham’s contempt for the common law
• John Austin’s command theory of law
• Austin’s utilitarianism
• Austin’s respect for the common law
• Austin’s taxonomy
• Laws properly so called and positive law
• Laws improperly so called
• Austin’s positive law
• Sovereign
• 1. The sovereign is a determinate human superior
• 2. The bulk of the people habitually obey the sovereign
• 3. The sovereign is not in the habit of obedience to any other human superior
• 4. The sovereign’s power cannot be legally limited
• 5. Sovereignty is indivisible
• The problem of the sovereign in representative democracy
• Command, duty, sanction
• Law and morality
• Austin’s achievement
• Recommended further reading
• 3 Herbert Hart’s new beginning and new questions
• Rules and obligations
• Obligation
• Rules and commands
• External and internal aspects of a legal rule
• Nature of rules: the element of uncertainty
• Primary and secondary rules of obligation: emergence of a legal system
• The rule of recognition
• Some questions concerning the concept of the rule of recognition
• Courts and the rule of recognition
• Public opinion and the rule of recognition
• Developed legal systems without a rule of recognition
• International law
• Law and morality
• British positivism’s contribution to jurisprudence
• Recommended further reading
• 4 Germanic legal positivism
• From empiricism to transcendental idealism
• From transcendental idealism to the pure theory of law
• Law as norm
• Nature of norm
• Commands, authorisations and permissions
• Legislation, legal norm and statement of the law
• Distinguishing legal and moral norms
• Legal order as a coercive order
• Legal order is a dynamic order
• Validity and the basic norm
• Basic norm of customary law systems
• Logic of presupposing the basic norm
• Effectiveness and validity of the basic norm
• Logical unity of the legal order and determining whether a norm belongs to the legal order
• Membership of a legal order
• The criticism of Joseph Raz
• Legitimacy and revolution
• Revolution
• Consensual revolution
• Revolution by use of force
• Effects of revolution on existing law
• An attempted revolution fails and the existing basic norm is unchanged
• The revolution succeeds and a new basic norm is established
• The revolutionary struggle is in progress and there is uncertainty about the basic norm
• 1. Existing non-political law
• 2. Non-political law enacted by the rebel regime
• 3. Political law enacted by the rebel regime
• The old legal order is restored after the initial success of the revolution
• International law
• Logical unity of national and international law: Kelsen’s monist view
• Does unity result from the primacy of international law?
• Does unity result from the primacy of national law?
• An evaluation of the pure theory of law
• Purity of Kelsen’s theory
• Given that the content of Norm L is identical to the content of Norm M, is there a special moral duty to observe Norm L?
• Is there a general moral duty to obey a valid legal norm?
• Separation of law from fact
• Explanatory limitation of the pure theory
• Alternative concepts of legal systems
• Recommended further reading
• 5 Realism in legal theory
• Legal formalism and legal positivism
• American realism
• A few general comments
• Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr and the birth of American realism
• The evolutionary character of law
• Judicial role in legal evolution
• Judicial legislation and the certainty of the law
• Law as prophecy: the trouble with the ‘bad man’ point of view
• Karl Llewellyn and the Grand Style
• Rules and discretion
• Law and morality
• Distrust of rules as descriptions of what courts do
• Law reform
• The Grand Style
• Fact sceptics
• Effects of prejudice
• Dissolution of the rule–fact distinction
• The legacy of American legal realism
• Scandinavian realism
• Hägerström and the mystical force of law
• Inadequacy of Hägerström’s theory
• Hägerström’s follower: Karl Olivecrona
• The binding force of law
• The content of a rule of law
• Force and the effectiveness of law
• Morality and law
• Alf Ross’ revision of Scandinavian realism
• Norms
• Legal rules
• Assessment of Scandinavian realism
• Recommended further reading
• Part 2 Law and morality
• 6 Natural law tradition from antiquity to the Enlightenment
• Law of nature, natural right and natural law
• Law of nature
• Natural rights
• Natural law
• Two great questions in natural law theory
• Discovering natural law
• The effect of natural law on rulers and subjects
• Fusion of law and morals in early societies
• Natural law thinking in Greek philosophy
• Teleology
• Deciding what is natural: the Sophist challenge
• Role of wisdom
• Plato’s natural law
• Plato’s essentialism
• Plato’s just state
• Aristotle’s intellectual virtues
• Reception of natural law in Rome
• Christian natural law
• Saint Augustine of Hippo
• Saint Thomas Aquinas
• Eternal law
• Natural law
• Divine law
• Human law
• The effect of unjust human laws
• Theological beginnings of a secular natural law
• The Conciliar Movement
• The School of Salamanca
• Francisco de Vitoria and universal human rights
• Natural law and economics
• The rise of secular natural law: natural rights and social contract
• Enlightenment, empiricism and natural rights
• Hugo Grotius
• Thomas Hobbes
• Samuel von Pufendorf
• John Locke
• Natural rights in Kant’s moral philosophy
• Natural rights and common law rights
• Legacy of the natural rights theorists
• Recommended further reading
• 7 John Finnis’ restatement of classical natural law
• Finnis’ defence of classical natural law
• Basic values
• Self-evidence
• Marriage as a basic good
• Deriving moral rules from basic values: the requirement of common good
• Deriving moral rules from basic values: practical reasonableness
• Practical reasonableness and consequentialism
• What is law?
• Duty to obey the law
• 1. Empirical liability to sanction in the event of disobedience
• 2. Legal obligation in the intra-systemic sense
• 3. Legal obligation in the moral sense
• 4. Moral obligation deriving not from legality but from a collateral source
• A return to divine natural law?
• MacIntyre’s plea for the revival of teleology
• God in Finnis’ theory
• The enduring legacy of natural law theory
• Recommended further reading
• 8 Separation of law and morality
• Lon Fuller on the morality of law
• Historical roots of Fuller’s theory: the closing period of the Nazi regime in Germany
• The Radbruch doctrine
• Hart’s criticism
• Fuller’s response: the morality that makes law possible
• Moral basis of law: external and internal moralities of law
• Law is a purposive, reciprocal and ongoing enterprise
• Internal morality of law
• The internal morality of law is morality of duty and of aspiration
• Hart’s rejoinder
• Fuller’s counter
• The connection of internal and external moralities
• Ronald Dworkin and the integrity of law
• Beginning of Dworkin’s legal philosophy: the rights thesis
• Principles and policy
• Dworkin’s concept of law
• Justification for the use of force
• Law as integrity
• Integrity and interpretation of statutes
• Pre-interpretive stage
• Interpretive stage
• Post-interpretive stage
• Law as a chain novel
• Law and morality in Dworkin
• Recommended further reading
• Part 3 Social dimensions of law
• 9 Sociological jurisprudence and sociology of law
• Sociology, sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence
• Sociology
• Positivist sociology
• Interpretive sociology
• Sociology of law
• Sociological jurisprudence
• Society and class struggle: the sociology of Karl Marx
• Hegel’s influence
• Historicism of Karl Marx
• Max Weber and the rationalisation of the law
• Spontaneous emergence of norms
• From irrational adjudication to judge-made law
• Emergence of legislation
• Arrival of lawyers
• Tension between formal rationalisation and substantive rationalisation
• Law and economics
• Law and social solidarity: Emile Durkheim’s legal sociology
• Division of labour as the cause of social solidarity
• Law in the sociological sense
• Mechanical and organic solidarity
• Mechanical solidarity
• Organic solidarity
• Anomic division of labour
• An evaluation of Durkheim’s sociology of law
• The living law: the legal sociology of Eugen Ehrlich
• Society as an association of associations
• Legal norm and legal proposition
• Legal norm and norm for decision
• State and state law
• Ehrlich’s contribution to the sociology of law
• Roscoe Pound and law as social engineering
• Task of the legal order
• What are interests?
• The principle or measure of valuing and adjusting competing interests
• Pound’s worth
• The achievements of the sociological tradition
• Recommended further reading
• 10 Radical jurisprudence
• Liberalism and liberal legal theory
• Kinds of liberalism
• Liberal legal theory
• 1. Law is a public good
• 2. The rule of law is necessary for liberty
• 3. The rule of law is possible
• Law must be knowable
• Facts must be ascertainable
• The making of law must be separated from the application of law
• 4. The political institutions of liberalism protect liberty and the rule of law
• Challenge of the critical legal studies (CLS) movement
• Fundamental contradiction
• Alienation by categorisation and reification
• Denial of the value neutrality of law
• Alternative legal world of CLS
• What CLS achieved
• Postmodernist challenge
• Roots of postmodernist philosophy
• The nature of the problem
• The challenge to liberal legality
• Deconstruction and the law
• The mystical foundation of Derrida’s theory
• Categorisation and survival
• Law and language game theory
• Foucault’s theory of power and domination
• Radical feminist jurisprudence
• Liberalism and women
• Liberal feminist jurisprudence
• Cultural feminism
• Radical feminism
• Postmodern feminism
• Challenges to liberal jurisprudence: concluding thoughts
• Recommended further reading
• 11 Economic analysis of law
• Background and basic concepts
• Cost, price, value, utility
• Methodological individualism
• Economic efficiency
• Wealth and wealth maximisation
• Transaction costs and the law
• The problem of initial entitlements
• Efficiency reasons
• Distributional reasons
• Other justice reasons
• Protection and regulation of entitlements
• Property rules and liability rules
• Inalienability rules
• Choosing between property rule and liability rule
• Efficiency of the common law hypothesis
• Judicial neutrality promotes efficiency
• Evolutionary explanation of common law efficiency
• Efficiency, wealth maximisation and justice: some criticisms of the Coasean analysis
• The problem of disequilibrium
• The moral dimension
• Public choice theory: the economics of legislation
• Kinds of law
• Logrolling
• Rent seeking
• Importance of economic analysis of law
• Recommended further reading
• 12 Evolutionary jurisprudence
• Introduction
• The need for an evolutionary jurisprudence
• Argument from design versus the principle of the accumulation of design
• The common law beginnings and the Darwinians before Darwin
• Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees
• Hume’s evolutionary view of society and law
• Adam Smith and original passions
• Ferguson’s theory of unconscious rule following
• Summary
• Eighteenth-century evolutionism compared with the German historical approach
• The Austrian school and spontaneous order
• Hayek’s restatement of evolutionary theory
• Kirzner and market evolution
• Scientific explanations
• Role of purposive action in legal evolution: the contribution of institutional theory
• JR Commons and artificial selection in legal evolution
• Evolution of organisations
• Evolution of commercial law
• Evolution of liability rules concerning tort and crime
• Pathways of legal evolution: the lessons from new institutionalism
• Normative implications
• Recommended further reading
• Part 4 Rights and justice
• 13 Fundamental legal conceptions
• Bentham and the classification of legal mandates
• Liberties and powers
• Liberty 1: Where liberty does not affect any other person
• Liberty 2 (power): Where liberty affects the rights of another
• Corroborated and uncorroborated liberties and powers
• 1. The law does not assist in the exercise of power
• 2. Law imposes a duty not to oppose the exercise of power
• 3. Law imposes a duty not to oppose and also a positive duty to assist
• Hohfeld’s analysis of jural relations: the exposition of fundamental legal conceptions
• Jural correlatives
• Jural opposites
• Jural contradictories
• The interconnectedness of the fundamental legal conceptions
• Each legal relation is a relation between two individuals concerning a single action or omission
• Right–duty correlation
• Liberty–no-right correlation
• Power–liability correlation
• The special meaning of liability
• Change of legal relations by natural causes and by the exercise of legal powers
• Do unlawful acts involve the exercise of Hohfeldian power?
• Kinds of powers
• Immunity–disability correlation
• Connecting the two ‘boxes’ in Hohfeld’s system
• Some logical puzzles in Hohfeld’s system
• Are there duties that do not correlate to rights?
• Liberties without rights
• Is liberty divisible?
• The value of Hohfeld’s system
• Recommended further reading
• 14 Justice
• Justice according to law and justice of the law
• Justice as virtue
• Platonic justice
• Aristotle’s theory of justice as virtue
• Universal and particular justice
• Distributive and rectificatory justice
• Political justice
• Aristotelian justice in contemporary democracy
• Legal justice
• Substantive legal justice
• Procedural legal justice
• Procedural due process
• Substantive due process
• Distributive justice as social justice
• Distributive justice and legal justice
• Distributive justice and equality
• Distributive justice and social security
• Justice as just desert
• Justice as fairness: Rawls’ theory of justice
• Why distribute at all?
• The new social contract: two principles of justice
• The meaning of the Second Principle
• Fair equality of opportunity
• The difference principle
• Priority of basic liberties
• Entitlement theory of justice: Nozick’s response to Rawls
• The night-watchman state
• Entitlement theory of justice
• Nozick’s criticism of Rawls’ theory of justice
• The principles that people settle on in the original position are not necessarily fair
• The problem of procedural principles in Rawls
• Immorality of taking natural assets into account
• Nozick and social security
• Evolutionary theory of justice
• Hume’s theory of justice
• Passion, experience and the moral sense
• Justice – the foundation of social order
• Coevolution of society and its rules of justice
• Fundamental rules of justice
• Adam Smith on justice
• Original passions and the role of sympathy
• The impartial spectator
• Emergence of the rules of justice
• The central implications of the evolutionary view of justice
• Recommended further reading
• References
• Index