Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• List of figures
• List of maps
• List of tables
• Preface to sixth edition
• Preface to fifth edition
• Preface to fourth edition
• Preface to third edition
• Preface to second edition
• Preface to first edition
• Authors’ acknowledgements
• The online companion
• 1 What do sociolinguists study?
• What is a sociolinguist?
• Why do we say the same thing in different ways?
• What are the different ways we say things?
• Social factors, dimensions, and explanations
• Social factors
• Social dimensions
• The solidarity–social distance scale
• The status scale
• The formality scale
• The referential and affective function scales
• Looking for explanations
• Some guidelines for reading this book
• References
• Part I Multilingual speech communities
• 2 Language choice in multilingual communities
• Choosing your variety or code
• What is your linguistic repertoire?
• Domains of language use
• Modelling variety or code choice
• Other social factors affecting code choice
• Diglossia
• A linguistic division of labour
• Attitudes to H vs. L in a diglossia situation
• Diglossia with and without bilingualism
• Extending the scope of diglossia
• Polyglossia
• Changes in a diglossia situation
• Code-switching or code-mixing and translanguaging
• Participants, solidarity and status
• Topic
• Switching for affective functions
• Metaphorical switching
• Lexical borrowing
• Linguistic constraints
• Attitudes to code-switching
• Translanguaging
• References
• 3 Language maintenance and shift
• Language shift in different communities
• Migrant minorities
• Non-migrant communities
• Migrant majorities
• Language death and language loss
• Factors contributing to language shift
• Economic, social and political factors
• Demographic factors
• Attitudes and values
• How can a minority language be maintained?
• Language revival
• References
• 4 Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations
• Vernacular languages
• Standard languages
• World Englishes
• Lingua francas
• Pidgins and creoles
• Pidgins
• Why do pidgins develop?
• What kind of linguistic structure does a pidgin language have?
• Attitudes to pidgins
• Lifecycle and origins of pidgins
• Creoles
• Structural features
• Functions
• Attitudes
• Origins and endings
• References
• 5 National languages, language policy, and language planning
• National and official languages
• Official status and minority languages
• What price a national language?
• Planning for a national official language
• Form, functions and attitudes
• Case study: Tanzania
• Selecting a code
• Codifying and elaborating Swahili
• Attitudes to Swahili
• Developing a standard variety in Norway
• Selecting a code
• Codification and elaboration
• Acceptance
• Linguistic landscapes in social and political context
• The linguist’s role in language planning
• Codification of orthography
• Developing vocabulary
• Acceptance
• Acquisition planning
• Conclusion
• References
• Part II Language variation: focus on users
• 6 Regional and social dialects
• Regional variation
• International varieties
• Intra-national or intra-continental variation
• Cross-continental variation: dialect chains
• Social variation
• Received Pronunciation: a social accent
• Social dialects
• Standard English
• Caste dialects
• Social class dialects
• Vocabulary
• Pronunciation
• Grammatical patterns
• A note about methodology
• Conclusion
• References
• 7 Gender and age
• Gender-exclusive speech differences: highly structured communities
• Gender-preferential speech features: variationist sociolinguistics
• Gender and social class
• Explanations for women’s linguistic behaviour
• The social status explanation
• Woman’s role as guardian of society’s values
• Subordinate groups must be polite
• Vernacular forms express machismo
• Some alternative explanations
• How are women categorised?
• The influence of the interviewer and the context
• Age-graded features of speech
• Age and social dialect data
• Age grading and language change
• Conclusion
• References
• 8 Ethnicity and social networks
• Ethnicity
• African American Language (AAL)
• Black British English
• Ma—ori English
• New Englishes
• Ethnolects in languages other than English
• Social networks
• Communities of practice and the construction of social identity
• Conclusion
• References
• 9 Language change
• Variation and change
• Post-vocalic [r] – its spread and its status
• The spread of vernacular forms
• Koines and koineisation
• How do language changes spread?
• From group to group
• From style to style
• From word to word – lexical diffusion
• How do we study language change?
• Apparent-time studies of language change
• Language change in real time
• Reasons for language change
• Contact-induced change
• Social status and language change
• Gender and language change
• Interaction and language change
• Conclusion
• References
• Interlude: identity in sociolinguistics
• Sociolinguistics and identity
• Indexicality
• References and further reading
• Part III Language variation: focus on uses
• 10 Style, context, and register
• Addressee as an influence on style
• Age of addressee
• Social background of addressee
• Accommodation theory
• Speech convergence
• How do speakers accommodate?
• Speech divergence
• Stylisation
• Accommodation problems
• Context, style, and social class
• Formal contexts and social roles
• Different styles within an interview
• Colloquial style or the vernacular
• The interaction of social class and style
• Hypercorrection
• Stereotypes, markers and indicators
• Third-wave variationist approaches to the concept of style
• Style in non-English speaking societies
• Register
• Sports commentator talk
• Syntactic reduction
• Syntactic inversion
• Heavy noun modification
• Routines and formulas
• Conclusion
• References
• 11 Speech functions, politeness, and cross-cultural communication
• The functions of speech
• Directives
• Identity construction: a more abstract function of interaction
• Politeness and address forms
• Linguistic politeness in different cultures
• Greetings
• Conclusion
• References
• 12 Gender, politeness, and stereotypes
• “Women’s language” and confidence
• Features of “women’s language”
• Lakoff’s linguistic features as politeness devices
• Interaction
• Interrupting behaviour
• Conversational feedback
• Explanations for gender differences in interaction
• Gossip
• The linguistic construction of gender identity
• The linguistic construction of sexuality
• Sexist language
• Can a language be sexist?
• Conclusion
• References
• 13 Language, cognition, and culture
• Language and perception
• Verbal hygiene
• Whorf: the relationship between language and thought
• Vocabulary and cognition
• Linguistic determinism: the medium is the message
• Grammar and cognition
• Linguistic categories and culture
• The cost of language loss
• Discourse patterns and culture
• Language, social class, and cognition
• Conclusion
• References
• 14 Analysing discourse
• Pragmatics and politeness theory
• What is pragmatics?
• Conversational maxims and implicatures
• Conversational maxims and politeness
• Sociolinguistics, politeness and rapport management
• Ethnography of speaking
• Insiders and outsiders
• Interactional sociolinguistics
• Contextualisation cues
• Miscommunication
• Conversation Analysis (CA)
• Preferred and dispreferred second pair parts
• Conversational feedback
• Interruptions and overlaps
• Keeping just to the text
• Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
• Power and CDA
• Ideology and CDA
• Multimodal analysis
• Conclusion
• References
• 15 Attitudes and applications
• Attitudes to language
• Overt and covert prestige
• Attitudes to standard British English and RP
• Attitudes to vernacular forms of English
• African American Language
• Vernacular forms of English: users and contexts
• A note on methodology
• Societal treatment
• Direct measures
• Indirect measures
• Sociolinguistics and education
• Vernacular dialects and educational disadvantage
• Linguistic deficit
• Sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics
• Microaggression
• Conclusion
• References
• 16 Conclusion
• Sociolinguistic competence
• Dimensions of sociolinguistic analysis
• Solidarity/social distance
• Status/power
• Formality
• Function
• Sociolinguistic universals
• Tailpiece
• References and sources
• References
• Appendix: phonetic symbols
• Sociolinguistics: key words and concepts
• Index