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• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface to the first edition
• Preface to the second edition
• Preface to the third edition
• Introduction
• The organisation of the book
• Selecting material
• Part I Preliminaries and Early History
• 1 Criminology, crime and deviance: some preliminaries
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Good old common sense
• Setting the scene
• Criminology
• A range of disciplines
• Competing focuses
• Competing agenda
• Rival theories
• Varieties of methodology
• Political orientations
• Crime
• Measuring crime
• Varieties of crime
• Varieties of crime rise
• Varieties of criminal
• Deviance
• Other terms and concepts
• Selected further reading
• 2 Measuring crime and criminality
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Official statistics
• The ‘dark figure’ of crime
• Public reporting
• Changes in the law
• The role of the police
• Ways of seeing
• The implications for criminal statistics
• Victim surveys
• Victimology
• Surveying victims
• Findings
• Local victim surveys
• Victim surveys: limitations and problems
• The usefulness of criminal statistics
• Local crime surveys and left realism
• Recent crime trends
• Selected further reading
• 3 Criminology and criminologists up to World War Two
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Tree of sin, tree of knowledge
• The criminological tree of knowledge: separating the tree from the wood
• Classicism and positivism
• Positivist criminology
• The turn of the century to the 1930s
• Eugenics
• Selected further reading
• Part II World War Two to the Mid-1960s
• 4 The discipline of criminology and its context – 1
• Key themes
• Introduction
• The emergence of criminology
• Institutional roots
• Main characteristics
• An ‘everything’ of crime
• Sociological criminology
• Sociological criminology in Britain from the 1950s to the mid-1960s
• Sociological criminology in the United States
• The Chicago School
• Early ‘strain theory’
• Strain theory and crime policy
• Selected further reading
• 5 Social disorganisation and anomie
• Key themes
• Introduction
• The sociology and criminology of Emile Durkheim (1858–1917)
• Durkheim’s sociology
• Achieving social order
• Mechanical and organic solidarity
• Crime as inevitable and necessary
• The Chicago School
• The Chicago School: an assessment
• Mertonian strain theory
• Merton’s anomie
• Criticisms
• Selected further reading
• 6 Strain, subcultures and delinquency
• Key themes
• Introduction
• A. K. Cohen: developments in strain theory
• R. Cloward and L. Ohlin: opportunity knocks
• Opportunity structures in the world of delinquency
• Selected further reading
• 7 Criminological theory in Britain
• Key themes
• Introduction
• American influences
• Sociological criminology in Britain
• Developing a British perspective
• Cultural diversity theory
• Schools and the ‘problem of adjustment’
• Subcultural theory: taking stock
• Matza and Sykes: dissenting voices
• Selected further reading
• Part III The Mid-1960s to the Early 1970s
• 8 The discipline of criminology and its context – 2
• Key themes
• Introduction
• The Development of Sociological Criminology in Britain
• The Break with Orthodoxy: The New Deviancy
• Wider societal factors: the counter-culture
• The New Left
• Radicals and the New Deviancy: The Impact on British Criminology
• Divisions and disputes
• Selected further reading
• 9 New deviancy theory: the interactionist approach to deviance
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Labelling theory
• Learning to become ‘deviant’
• Primary and secondary deviation
• The amplification of deviance
• Conceptualising deviance
• Criticisms of the new deviancy
• A quality of the act?
• Underdogs
• ‘Nuts, sluts and preverts’
• Selected further reading
• Part IV The 1970s
• 10 The discipline of criminology and its context – 3
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Deviance and politics
• The sociology of law: making laws, making deviants
• Self-interested rule makers
• Cynical rule breakers
• Criminology in the 1970s: other directions
• Feminism and criminology
• Interactionism, phenomenology and ethnomethodology
• Orthodox criminology
• Radical critiques and the growth of the New Right
• Radical criticism on a general level
• Radical criticism within criminology
• Divisions within radical thought
• Selected further reading
• 11 Post-new deviancy and the new criminology
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Deviance and power
• American conflict theory
• Politicising deviance
• Critical criminology
• Critical responses
• Marx and Engels on crime
• Taylor, Walton and Young and the politicisation of deviance
• Politicising deviance: nuts, sluts, preverts … and revolutionaries?
• Youth subcultures and politics
• Critical criminology: deviance, crime and power
• The powerful as law makers
• Structural Marxist approaches
• Policing the crisis
• Powerful law breakers
• Phenomenology and criminology
• Ethnomethodology
• Control theory
• Extending the model
• Control theory in the 1970s
• Feminist perspectives and criminology
• Invisibility
• Distortion
• Criminal justice
• Victimisation
• Selected further reading
• Part V The 1980s to the Mid-1990s
• 12 The discipline of criminology and its context – 4
• Key themes
• Introduction
• The shift to the right in British politics
• 1979: a political turning point
• Good old common sense – again
• Criminology’s external history
• Social organisation
• The growth of policy-oriented research
• Mapping the terrain
• Research topics
• The nature and context of research
• An expanding academic base
• The research focus
• Policy and pragmatism
• Some factors influencing the course of research
• Policy-oriented research and the left
• British criminology in the late twentieth century
• The backdrop
• Some of the main features of British criminology in the late twentieth century
• Selected further reading
• 13 Criminological theory
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Mainstream criminology
• Longitudinal research and criminal careers
• Age and criminality
• Socio-economic status and criminality
• Anti-social tendencies
• Family context
• Moral panics?
• Persistent offenders
• The historical roots
• Feminism and criminology
• Making females visible
• Challenging ‘distortion’
• The criminal justice system
• The police
• Sentencing
• Imprisonment
• Victimisation
• Gender and crime
• Masculinities and crime
• The causes of crime
• Power
• Administrative criminology
• Right-wing classicism
• Neo-positivism and right realism
• Leniency and permissiveness
• Human nature
• Neo-positivism and free will
• Radical criminology
• What were left realists saying?
• Crime and its impact
• Explanations
• Policies
• Critical criminology and left realism
• The left realist criticism of ‘left idealism’
• Criticisms of left realism by critical criminology
• Final remarks on this period
• Conventional crime
• Winning the fight against crime?
• Selected further reading
• Postscript
• Part VI The Mid-1990s into the New Millennium
• 14 The discipline of criminology and its context – 5
• Key themes
• Introduction
• New Labour, old problems
• A political transformation
• Getting tough
• A conceptual framework
• Restorative justice
• Imprisonment
• Social policy and New Labour
• Crime prevention, crime reduction and community safety
• From community safety to community crime reduction
• Crime and criminal justice: the wider context
• Globalisation, social change and late modernity
• Risk and security
• Surveillance
• Actuarial justice
• Criminology in the new millennium
• Selected further reading
• 15 Theorectical perspectives: recent developments
• Key themes
• Introduction
• Postmodernist perspectives
• Feminist perspectives
• Criminology and feminisms
• Offending and punishment
• Offenders
• Perspectives on masculinities
• Control perspectives
• Cultural perspectives
• Critical perspectives
• A changing context
• The agendas of critical criminology
• Critical perspectives on concepts of crime and deviance
• Social censures
• Victims and criminalisation: left realism
• Dispensing with legalism
• Dispensing with crime
• Dispensing with criminology
• Left realism and the ‘crime problem’
• Morality, tolerance and the ‘crime problem’
• Critical criminology, globalisation and neo-liberal markets
• Vertiginous late modernity
• Green perspectives
• The future of critical criminology
• Final remarks
• Selected further reading
• Postscript to the 2nd Edition
• Postscript to the 3rd Edition
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index