Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• About the Companion Website
• Part I The Ocean Domain: Introduction to Planet Ocean
• 1 The Life Aquatic
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Comparison Between Sea and Land
• 1.3 Fractal Complexity of Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 2 The Seabed
• 2.1 Ocean Basins
• 2.2 Ocean Bottom: A (Mostly) Static Habitat of Ocean Life
• 2.3 Characteristics of Sediments
• 2.4 Boundary Layers and Their Characteristics
• 2.5 Sediment Movement
• 2.6 Characteristics of Hard Substrata
• 2.7 Characteristics of Soft Sediments
• 3 The Water Column
• 3.1 Properties and Characteristics of Seawater
• 3.1.1 Hydrogen Bonds
• 3.1.2 Salinity
• 3.1.3 Temperature
• 3.1.4 Density
• 3.1.5 Viscosity
• 3.1.6 Pressure
• 3.1.7 Sound
• 3.1.8 Light
• 3.1.9 Inorganic Nutrients and Trace Elements
• 3.1.10 Oxygen
• 3.1.11 Dissolved Gases
• 3.2 An Ocean In Motion
• 3.2.1 Ocean Currents
• Part II Life in Seas and Oceans: Fundamentals of Marine Biology
• 4 General Adaptations in Marine Organisms I: From the Ocean Surface to the Seabed
• 4.1 Adaptations to Temperature
• 4.2 Adaptations to Low Oxygen Concentrations
• 4.3 Adaptation to Salinity
• 4.4 Adaptation to Pressure
• 4.5 Adaptations to Light
• 4.5.1 Photosynthesis
• 4.5.2 Vision and Bioluminescence
• 4.6 Adaptations to Nutrients
• 4.7 Electrical Conductivity Adaptations
• 4.8 Ectocrine Adaptations
• 4.9 Adaptations to Produce Sound and Communicate in Water
• 5 Adaptations in Marine Organisms II: Life in a Fluid Habitat
• 5.1 Adaptions to Life in the Water Column
• 5.1.1 Density, Shape, and Buoyancy
• 5.1.2 Swimming and Dispersal
• 6 Adaptations in Marine Organisms III: Benthic Biota between a Rock and a Soft Place
• 6.1 Adaptations to Life on the Seafloor
• 6.2 Support and Protection Structures
• 6.2.1 Bioconstructors
• 6.3 Adaptation to Waves and Energy
• 6.4 Feeding and Nutrition
• 6.5 Adaptation to Aerial Exposure
• 6.6 Adaptation to Extreme Temperatures and Potentially Toxic Chemicals
• Part IIB Life in Seas and Oceans: Fundamentals of Marine Biology
• 7 Marine Biodiversity
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Origin and Evolution of Marine Life
• 7.2.1 Theories on the Origin of Life
• 7.2.2 Evolution of Marine Biodiversity
• 7.3 Mechanisms of Marine Speciation
• 7.4 Quantifying Marine Organism Biodiversity
• 7.4.1 Definition of Biodiversity
• 7.4.2 Defining Different Ways of Measuring Biodiversity: Species Richness
• 7.4.3 Comparison Between Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
• 7.4.4 Measures of Biodiversity
• 7.4.5 Composite Measures of Species Diversity
• 8 Biodiversity Patterns
• 8.1 Broad-Scale Biodiversity Patterns
• 8.2 Processes Controlling the Distribution of Marine Biodiversity
• 8.2.1 Biodiversity Hotspots
• 8.2.2 Latitudinal Gradient of Biodiversity
• 8.2.3 Longitudinal Gradients in Tropical Biodiversity
• 8.2.4 Bathymetric Patterns in Marine Biodiversity
• 8.3 Marine Biogeography
• 8.3.1 Terrestrial and Marine Biogeography
• 8.3.2 Biogeographical Regions
• 8.3.3 Species Distributions Within Biogeographic Regions
• 8.3.4 Biogeography of the Mediterranean
• 8.4 Theories on Evolution and Maintenance of Biodiversity: The Deep-Sea as Examplar
• 9 Biodiversity of the Benthos
• 9.1 Introduction: Benthos and Plankton
• 9.2 Benthic Biota
• 9.3 Classification of Benthos Based on Size
• 9.3.1 Femtobenthos
• 9.3.2 Picobenthos
• 9.3.3 Nanobenthos
• 9.3.4 Microbenthos
• 9.3.5 Meiobenthos (Meiofauna)
• 9.3.6 Macrobenthos
• 9.3.7 Megabenthos
• Part IIC Life in Seas and Oceans: Fundamentals of Marine Biology
• 10 Ecology of Benthos
• 10.1 Ecology of the Benthos: From Microbes to Megafauna
• 10.2 Trophic Groups: Classification of Benthos Based on Diet
• 10.3 Comparison Between Hard and Soft Bottom Benthos
• 10.4 Ecology of Benthos Inhabiting Soft Bottoms
• 10.5 Changes in Benthos in Space and Time
• 10.6 Organization of Benthic Assemblages
• 10.7 Zonation of Benthic Organisms
• 11 Biodiversity of the Plankton
• 11.1 Introduction to the Plankton
• 11.2 Planktonic Organisms
• 11.3 Planktonic Classification Based on Water Column Distributions
• 11.4 Plankton Classification Based on Life Cycles
• 11.5 Plankton Size Classes
• 11.5.1 Virioplankton
• 11.5.2 Picoplankton
• 11.5.3 Nanoplankton
• 11.5.4 Microplankton
• 11.5.5 Mesozooplankton
• 11.5.6 Macro and Mega-zooplankton
• 11.6 Abundance Comparisons Among Different Planktonic Components
• 12 Ecology of the Plankton
• 12.1 Plankton Distribution
• 12.1.1 Physical Control of Macro-scale Plankton Distribution: The Case of El Niño
• 12.1.2 Small-scale Plankton Distribution: The Vertical Migration Example
• 12.2 Ecology of Plankton
• 12.3 How Many Phytoplankton Species Coexist in a Volume of Water? “Homage to Santa Rosalia”
• 12.4 Zooplankton Nutritional Mode
• Part IID Life in Seas and Oceans: Fundamentals of Marine Biology
• 13 Biodiversity of the Nekton
• 13.1 Species Contributing to the Nekton
• 13.2 Main Organisms and Characteristics of Nekton
• 13.3 Fishes
• 13.3.1 Osteichthyes – The Bony Fishes
• 13.3.2 Chondricthyes – The Cartilaginous Fishes
• 13.3.3 Agnatha – The Jawless Fishes
• 13.4 Marine Mammals
• 13.5 Cephalopods
• 13.6 Reptiles – The “Land-based” Marine Species
• 13.7 Seabirds
• 13.7 Patterns of Biodiversity in Nekton
• 14 Ecology of the Nekton
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Fishes and Formation of Fish Shoals
• 14.3 Ecology of Chondrichthyes
• 14.4 Sharks at Risk of Extinction from Indiscriminate Hunting
• 14.4.1 Measuring Abundance of Sharks
• 14.4.2 Shark Attacks – How Often Do Sharks Attack Humans?
• 14.5 Ecology of Cephalopods
• 14.6 Marine Reptile Ecology
• 14.7 Ecology of Seabirds
• 14.8 Ecology of Marine Mammals
• 14.9 Great Migrations of Nekton
• 14.10 Role of Top Predators in Food Webs
• 15 Life Cycles and Larval Ecology
• 15.1 Life Cycles and Reproduction
• 15.2 Larval Ecology
• 15.3 Life History Strategies
• 15.4 Supply Side Ecology
• 15.5 Forms of Resistance and Benthic-pelagic Coupling
• Part III Comparative Marine Ecology: Habitat Types, Their Biodiversity, and Their Functioning
• 16 Ecosystem Functioning I: Primary and Secondary Production
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Primary Production
• 16.3 Chemosynthetic Primary Production in the Ocean
• 16.4 Photosynthetic Primary Production
• 16.4.1 Primary Producers
• 16.5 Secondary Production
• 16.5.1 Methods of Measurement of Secondary Production in the Sea
• 16.6 Respiration
• 17 Ecosystem Functioning II: Organic Matter Recycling
• 17.1 Introduction – Extra-Specific Processes
• 17.2 Organic Matter and Detritus in the Ocean
• 17.3 Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean (DOM)
• 17.4 Pelagic-Benthic Coupling
• 17.4.1 Organic Aggregates in the Ocean
• 17.5 Consequences of Organic Matter Export to the Seabed
• 18 Interspecific Interactions and Trophic Cascades
• 18.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
• 18.2 Facilitation and Cooperation – Positive Interactions
• 18.3 Symbiosis
• 18.4 Complex Biotic Interactions: Trophic Networks and Cascades
• 18.4.1 Trophic Networks
• 18.4.2 Detrital Trophic Network
• 18.4.3 Trophic Networks Based on Dissolved Organic Matter
• 18.4.4 Microbial Loop
• 18.4.5 Viral Shunt
• 18.4.6 Bottom-Up Control of Trophic Food Webs
• 18.4.7 Top-Down Control on Trophic Food Webs
• 18.4.8 Mixed Wasp-Waist Control
• 18.5 Keystone Species
• 18.6 Trophic Cascades
• Part IIIB Comparative Marine Ecology: Habitat Types, Their Biodiversity, and Their Functioning
• 19 Interspecific Interactions II: Negative Interactions
• 19.1 Predation
• 19.2 Methods to Escape Predation
• 19.3 Competition
• 19.4 Parasitism
• 19.5 Diseases of Marine Organisms
• 19.5.1 Coral Diseases
• 20 Intertidal Ecosystems and Lagoons
• 20.1 Rocky Intertidal Habitats
• 20.1.1 Survival Strategies for Rocky Intertidal Environments
• 20.1.2 Rocky Intertidal Zonation
• 20.1.3 Rocky Intertidal Primary Producers
• 20.1.4 Rocky Intertidal Consumers
• 20.1.5 Competition in Rocky Intertidal Environments
• 20.1.6 Predation in Intertidal Habitats and the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
• 20.1.7 Keystone Species
• 20.1.8 Rocky Intertidal Trophic Food Webs
• 20.1.9 Comparison Between Soft and Hard Bottom Intertidal Environments
• 20.1.10 Niche Displacement to Reduce Competition
• 20.2 Transitional Environments Between Land and Ocean
• 20.2.1 Lagoons
• 20.2.2 Ecology of Coastal Lagoons
• 20.2.3 Lagoon Functioning
• 20.2.4 Models of Functional Zonation of Coastal Lagoons
• 20.2.5 Lagoon Biodiversity
• 20.3 Mangroves
• 20.3.1 Biodiversity Associated with Mangals
• 20.3.2 Mangal Ecosystem Functioning
• 20.4 Salt Marshes
• 20.4.1 Biodiversity Associated with Salt Marshes
• 20.4.2 Salt Marsh Ecosystem Functioning
• 20.5 Summary
• 21 Subtidal Hard Substrata Ecosystems
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 Subtidal Distributions
• 21.2.1 Effect of Physical Variables and Disturbance on Benthic Communities
• 21.2.2 Biotic Factors
• 21.3 Kelp Forests
• 21.3.1 Biodiversity Associated with Kelp
• 21.3.2 Trophic Networks
• 21.3.3 Macroalgal Forests in the Mediterranean
• 21.4 Coral Reefs
• 21.4.1 Zonation within Coral Reefs
• 21.4.2 Types of Coral Reef
• 21.4.3 Theory of Coral Reef Formation
• 21.4.4 Characteristics of Reef Building (Bioconstructor) Corals
• 21.4.5 Coral Reproduction
• 21.4.6 Coral Feeding and Symbiosis with Zooxanthellae
• 21.4.7 Primary Factors Limiting Coral Growth
• 21.4.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity
• 21.4.9 Coral Reefs Functioning and Trophic Food Webs
• 21.4.10 Primary Consumers
• 21.4.11 Deposit Feeders / Scavengers
• 21.4.12 Secondary Consumers
• 21.4.13 Tertiary Consumers
• 21.4.14 Competition for Space in Coral Reefs
• 21.4.15 Interactions Between Coral Reefs and Adjacent Ecosystems
• 21.5 Coralligenous Habitats
• 21.6 Rhodolith Beds (Maërl)
• 21.7 Underwater Caves
• 21.7.1 Cave Biodiversity
• 21.7.2 Adaptations in Marine Invertebrates to Life in Caves
• 21.7.3 Food Webs and Functioning in Caves
• 21.8 Summary
• Part IIIC Comparative Marine Ecology: Habitat Types, Their Biodiversity, and Their Functioning
• 22 Estuarine, Seagrass, and Sedimentary Habitats
• 22.1 Estuaries
• 22.1.1 The Complexity of Estuarine Environments
• 22.1.2 Survival Strategies for Living in Estuaries
• 22.1.3 Estuarine Food Webs
• 22.1.4 Why are Estuaries Important?
• 22.1.5 Pressures on Estuaries
• 22.2 Seagrass Beds
• 22.2.1 Biodiversity Associated With Seagrasses
• 22.2.2 Seagrass Functioning
• 22.3 Sedimentary Habitats
• 22.3.1 Food Sources for Sedimentary Fauna
• 22.3.2 Sedimentary Environments and Ecosystem Functioning
• 23 Polar Ecosystems
• 23.1 Biogeography and Characteristics
• 23.2 Biodiversity
• 23.3 Biodiversity Within Sea Ice
• 23.4 Pelagic Biodiversity
• 23.5 Fishes
• 23.6 Marine Mammals
• 23.7 Benthic Biodiversity
• 23.8 Food Webs and Functioning
• 23.9 Antarctica
• 23.9.1 Zonation, Extent, and Distribution
• 23.9.2 Antarctic Habitats
• 23.9.3 Biodiversity
• 23.9.4 Birds and Mammals
• 23.9.5 Trophic Webs and Functioning
• 23.10 Summary
• 24 Neritic Aquatic Ecosystems
• 24.1 Introduction
• 24.2 Zonation, Extent, and Distribution
• 24.3 Biogeography and Characteristics
• 24.4 Biological Characteristics
• 24.4.1 Primary Producers
• 24.4.2 Zooplankton
• 24.4.3 Nekton
• 24.5 Ecosystem Functioning in the Neritic Zone
• 24.6 Fisheries Production
• 24.7 Factors Influencing Functioning of Neritic Systems
• 24.7.1 Intertwining of Vertical and Horizontal Currents
• 24.7.2 Physical and Chemical Factors
• 24.7.3 Large-Scale Currents
• 24.7.4 Terrestrial Inputs
• 24.7.5 Coastal Upwelling
• 24.7.6 Large-Scale Changes in Water Masses
• 24.7.7 River Plumes
• 24.7.8 Fronts
• 24.7.9 Neritic Food Webs
• 24.8 Summary
• Part IIID Comparative Marine Ecology: Habitat Types, Their Biodiversity, and Their Functioning
• 25 Deep-Sea Ecosystems along Continental Margins
• 25.1 Introduction to the Deep Sea
• 25.1.1 Is the Deep Sea on a Diet?
• 25.1.2 Extreme and Harsh Conditions?
• 25.1.3 Are Deep-Sea Ecosystems Depauperate?
• 25.1.4 Metabolism and Functioning of Deep Ecosystems
• 25.2 Deep-Sea Biodiversity
• 25.2.1 Oases or Biological Deserts?
• 25.2.2 Deep Faunal Origins
• 25.2.3 Mechanisms of Generation and Maintenance of Deep-Sea Biodiversity
• 25.3 Deep-Sea Habitats
• 25.4 Submarine Canyons
• 25.4.1 Canyon Biodiversity
• 25.4.2 Canyon Functioning
• 25.5 Deep-Water Corals
• 25.6 Cold Seep (Hydrocarbon-Based) Ecosystems
• 25.7 Cold Seep Biodiversity and Symbiotic Organisms
• 25.7.1 Functioning of Cold Seep Ecosystems
• 25.8 Hypoxic and Anoxic Systems (Dead Zones)
• 25.9 Oxygen Minimum Zones, OMZs
• 25.10 Summary
• 26 Deep Ocean Basins
• 26.1 Introduction
• 26.2 Abyssal Plains
• 26.3 Abyssal Biodiversity and Adaptations
• 26.4 Abyssal Gigantism and Dwarfism
• 26.5 Functioning of Abyssal Systems
• 26.5.1 Seamounts
• 26.5.2 Seamount Biodiversity
• 26.6 Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
• 26.6.1 Biodiversity Associated with Deep–Sea Hydrothermal Vents
• 26.6.2 Ecosystem Functioning at Hydrothermal Vents
• 26.7 Whale Carcasses
• 26.7.1 Whale Carcass Biodiversity
• 26.7.2 Functioning of Whale Carcass Systems
• 26.8 Affinities Between Vent and Seep Communities
• 26.9 Anoxic Basins
• 26.9.1 Hypersaline Anoxic Systems
• 26.10 Ocean Trenches
• 26.10.1 Hadal Biodiversity
• 26.11 Summary
• 27 Oceanic Ecosystems
• 27.1 Introduction
• 27.2 Factors Influencing the Life and Distribution of Pelagic Organisms
• 27.2.1 Light, Darkness, and Nutrients
• 27.2.2 Pressure
• 27.2.3 Shallow-Deep Connectivity
• 27.2.4 Vertical Migrations
• 27.2.5 Feeding and Recruitment in the Deep
• 27.2.6 Body Size
• 27.2.7 Biodiversity
• 27.3 Classification of Pelagic Regions
• 27.4 Functional Classification of Pelagic Systems
• 27.5 Vertical Zonation in Pelagic Ecosystems
• 27.6 Biodiversity of Pelagic Systems
• 27.6.1 Epipelagic Biodiversity
• 27.6.2 Mesopelagic Biodiversity
• 27.6.3 Bathypelagic Biodiversity
• 27.6.4 Abyssopelagic Biodiversity
• 27.6.5 Hadopelagic Biodiversity
• Part IV Human Impacts and Solutions for Planet Ocean: Applied Marine Biology
• 28 Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems
• 28.1 Historical Data
• 28.1.1 Marine Animal Populations in Human History
• 28.2 Biodiversity Loss
• 28.3 The Main Threats to Marine Life and Ecosystems
• 28.3.1 Contamination
• 28.3.2 Habitat Degradation, Fragmentation, and Destruction
• 28.3.3 Overfishing
• 28.3.4 Extraction of Abiotic Resources
• 28.3.5 Non-indigenous or Alien Species
• 28.3.6 Global Climate Change
• 28.4 Synergistic Impacts on Marine Ecosystems
• 29 Marine Biodiversity Conservation
• 29.1 Introduction
• 29.2 Conservation Objectives
• 29.3 The Third Dimension of Marine Conservation
• 29.4 Conservation Strategies
• 29.4.1 Access to Fisheries: Who and How
• 29.4.2 When to Fish: Time-Based Approaches
• 29.4.3 Where to Fish: Area-Based Tools
• 29.5 Marine Protected Areas
• 29.5.1 Criteria for Prioritizing Marine Areas to Protect
• 29.5.2 What Have We Learned from Existing Marine Protected Areas?
• 29.6 Cumulative Impacts and Biodiversity Conservation
• 29.7 Conservation Frameworks
• 29.8 Legal Instruments
• 29.9 Science Challenges and Solutions – Moving Science to Policy?
• 29.10 How Science Can Contribute
• 30 Restoring Marine Habitats
• 30.1 A Decade For Ecosystem Restoration
• 30.2 Defining Ecological Restoration
• 30.3 A Global Plan for Marine Ecosystem Restoration
• 30.4 Restoring Fragile Marine Habitats
• 30.5 Restoration of Coral Reefs
• 30.6 Restoration of Seagrass Meadows
• 30.7 Restoration of Macroalgal Forests
• 30.7.1 Restoration of Kelp Forests
• 30.7.2 Restoration of Cystoseira spp. Forests
• 30.8 Restoring Ecosystem Engineers: The Case of Coralligenous Outcrops
• 30.9 Restoration of Deep-Sea Habitats
• 30.10 Perspectives of Marine Ecosystem Restoration
• 31 How Far We Have Come: Past, Present, and Future Research on the Marine Biology of Planet Ocean
• 31.1 Introduction
• 31.2 The Birth of Marine Biology
• 31.3 The History of Ocean Exploration
• 31.4 Present and Future of Marine Biology
• 31.4.1 Sampling Platforms
• 31.4.2 Implementation of Technologies Enabling Biological Observations At Sea
• 31.4.3 Sensors
• 31.5 Application of Marine Technologies
• 31.6 Marine Biology Research in the Next Decade
• Glossary
• Index
• End User License Agreement