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• Cover
• At a Glance…
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Contents
• I Basic Principles of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
• 1   General Aspects of Medical Microbiology
• The History of Infectious Diseases
• The Past
• The Henle–Koch Postulates
• The Present
• Pathogens
• Subcellular Infectious Entities
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms
• Bacteria
• Fungi and Protozoa
• Animals
• Host–Pathogen Interactions
• Basic Terminology of Infectiology
• Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence
• Adhesion
• Invasion and Spread
• Strategies against Nonspecific Immunity
• Strategies against Specific Immunity
• Clinical Disease
• Regulation of Bacterial Virulence
• The Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenicity
• Defenses against Infection
• Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
• Specific Defense Mechanisms
• Defects in Immune Defenses
• Normal Flora
• General Epidemiology
• Epidemiological Terminology
• Transmission, Sources of Infection
• Transmission
• Sources of Infection
• The Fight against Infectious Diseases
• Legislation
• Exposure Prophylaxis
• Immunization Prophylaxis
• Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection
• Terms and General Introduction
• Terms
• The Kinetics of Pathogen Killing
• Mechanisms of Action
• Physical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection
• Heat
• Radiation
• Filtration
• Chemical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection
• Practical Disinfection
• 2   Basic Principles of Immunology
• Introduction
• The Immunological Apparatus
• The B-Cell System
• Immunoglobulin Structure
• Diversity within the Variable Domains of the Immunoglobulins
• The Different Classes of Immunoglobulins
• The T-Cell System
• T-Cell Receptors (TCR) and Accessory Molecules
• T-Cell Specificity and the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
• T-Cell Maturation: Positive and Negative Selection
• T-Cell Subpopulations
• Immune Responses and Effector Mechanisms
• B Cells
• B-Cell Epitopes and B-Cell Proliferation
• Monoclonal Antibodies
• T-Independent B Cell Responses
• T Cells
• T-Cell Activation
• T-Cell Activation by Superantigens
• Interactions between Cells of the Immune System
• T Helper Cells (CD4+ T Cells) and T-B Cell Collaboration
• Subpopulations of T Helper Cells
• Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T Cells)
• Cytokines (Interleukins) and Adhesion
• Antibody-Dependent Cellular Immunity and Natural Killer Cells
• Humoral, Antibody-Dependent Effector Mechanisms
• The Complement System
• Immunological Cell Death
• Immunological Tolerance
• T-Cell Tolerance
• B-Cell Tolerance
• Immunological Memory
• B-Cell Memory
• T-Cell Memory
• Immune Defenses against Infection and Tumor Immunity
• General Rules Applying to Infection Defenses
• Immune Protection and Immunopathology
• Influence of Prophylactic Immunization on the Immune Defenses
• Tumor Immunity
• The Pathological Immune Response
• Type I: IgE-Triggered Anaphylaxis
• Type II: Cytotoxic Humoral Immune Responses
• Autoantibody Responses
• Anti-blood Group Antibody Reactions
• Type III: Diseases Caused by Immune Complexes
• Type IV: Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity
• Transplantation Immunity
• Immune Defects and Immune Response Modulation
• Immune Defects
• Immunoregulation
• Immunostimulation
• Immunosuppression
• Adaptive Immunotherapy
• Immunological Test Methods
• Antigen and Antibody Assays
• Immunoprecipitation in Liquids and Gels
• Agglutination Reactions
• Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
• Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence
• Radioimmunological and Enzyme Immunological Tests
• In-Vitro Cellular Immunity Reactions
• Isolation of Lymphocytes
• Lymphocyte Function Tests
• Glossary
• II Bacteriology
• 3   General Bacteriology
• The Morphology and Fine Structure of Bacteria
• Bacterial Forms
• Fine Structures of Bacteria
• Nucleoid (Nucleus Equivalent) and Plasmids
• Cytoplasm
• The Cytoplasmic Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Capsule
• Flagella
• Attachment Pili (Fimbriae), Conjugation Pili
• Biofilm
• Bacterial Spores
• The Physiology of Metabolism and Growth in Bacteria
• Bacterial Metabolism
• Types of Metabolism
• Catabolic Reactions
• Anabolic Reactions
• Metabolic Regulation
• Growth and Culturing of Bacteria
• Nutrients
• Growth and Cell Death
• The Molecular Basis of Bacterial Genetics
• The Structure of Bacterial DNA
• DNA Replication
• Transcription and Translation
• Regulation of Gene Expression
• The Genetic Variability of Bacteria
• Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Variability
• Spontaneous Mutation
• Recombination
• Intercellular Mechanisms of Genetic Variability
• Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation
• Restriction, Modification, and Gene Cloning
• Bacteriophages
• Definition
• Morphology
• Composition
• Reproduction
• Lysogeny
• The Principles of Antibiotic Therapy
• Definitions
• Spectrum of Action
• Efficacy
• Mechanisms of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• The Problem of Resistance
• Definitions
• Incidence, Significance
• Resistance Mechanisms
• Evolution of Resistance to Anti-Infective Agents
• Resistance Tests
• Combination Therapy
• Chemoprophylaxis
• Immunomodulators
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Preconditions, General Methods, Evaluation
• Preconditions
• General Methods and Evaluation
• Sampling and Transport of Test Material
• Microscopy
• Culturing Methods
• Identification of Bacteria
• Molecular Methods
• Direct Detection of Bacterial Antigens
• Diagnostic Animal Tests
• Bacteriological Laboratory Safety
• Taxonomy and Overview of Human Pathogenic Bacteria
• Classification
• Nomenclature
• 4   Bacteria as Human Pathogens
• Staphylococcus
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS)
• Streptococcus and Enterococcus
• Streptococcus pyogenes (A Streptococci)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococci)
• Streptococcus agalactiae (B Streptococci)
• Oral Streptococci
• Enterococcus (Enterococci)
• Gram-Positive, Anaerobic Cocci
• Bacillus
• Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
• Clostridium
• The Pathogens That Cause Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis) and Anaerobic Cellulitis
• Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
• Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
• Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous Colitis)
• Listeria, Erysipelothrix, and Gardnerella
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
• Gardnerella vaginalis
• Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
• Actinomyces
• Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria
• Mycobacterium
• Tuberculosis Bacteria (TB)
• Leprosy Bacteria (LB)
• Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
• Nocardia
• Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter
• Neisseria gonorrheae (Gonorrhea)
• Neisseria meningitidis (Meningitis, Sepsis)
• Moraxella and Acinetobacter
• Enterobacteriaceae, Overview
• Salmonella (Gastroenteritis, Typhoid Fever, Paratyphoid Fever)
• Shigella (Bacterial Dysentery)
• Yersinia (Plague, Enteritis)
• Yersinia pestis
• Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
• Escherichia coli
• Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae
• Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas
• Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
• Other Vibrio Bacteria
• Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
• Haemophilus and Pasteurella
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Haemophilus ducreyi and Haemophilus aegyptius
• Pasteurella
• Gram-Negative Rod Bacteria with Low Pathogenic Potential
• Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Spirillum
• Campylobacter
• Helicobacter pylori
• Spirillum minus
• Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Other Pseudomonas species, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia
• Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease)
• Brucella, Bordetella, Francisella
• Brucella (Brucellosis, Bang’s Disease)
• Bordetella (Whooping Cough, Pertussis)
• Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
• Gram-Negative Anaerobes
• Treponema (Syphilis, Yaws, Pinta)
• Treponema pallidum, subsp. pallidum (Syphilis)
• Treponema pallidum, subsp. endemicum (Nonvenereal Syphilis)
• Treponema pallidum, subsp. pertenue (Yaws)
• Treponema carateum (Pinta)
• Borrelia (Relapsing Fever, Lyme Disease)
• Borrelia That Cause Relapsing Fevers
• Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
• Leptospira (Leptospirosis, Weil Disease)
• Rickettsia, Coxiella, Orientia, and Ehrlichia (Typhus, Spotted Fever, Q Fever, Ehrlichioses)
• Bartonella and Afipia
• Bartonella
• Afipia felis
• Chlamydia
• Overview and General Characteristics of Chlamydiae
• Chlamydia psittaci (Ornithosis, Psittacosis)
• Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum)
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
• Mycoplasma
• Nosocomial Infections
• Definition
• Pathogens, Infections, Frequency
• Sources of Infection, Transmission Pathways
• Control
• III Mycology
• 5   General Mycology
• General Characteristics of Fungi
• Definition and Taxonomy
• Morphology
• Metabolism
• Reproduction in Fungi
• General Aspects of Fungal Disease
• Fungal Allergies and Fungal Toxicoses
• Mycogenic Allergies
• Mycotoxicoses
• Mycoses
• Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Diagnosis
• Therapy
• 6   Fungi as Human Pathogens
• Primary Mycoses
• Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)
• Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis)
• Blastomyces dermatitidis (North American Blastomycosis)
• Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (South American Blastomycosis)
• Opportunistic Mycoses
• Candida (Soor)
• Aspergillus (Aspergillosis)
• Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis)
• Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus (Mucormycoses)
• Phaeohyphomycetes, Hyalohyphomycetes, Opportunistic Yeasts, Penicillium marneffei
• Pneumocystis carinii (Pneumocystosis)
• Subcutaneous Mycoses
• Cutaneous Mycoses
• Dermatophytes (Dermatomycoses or Dermatophytoses)
• Other Cutaneous Mycoses
• IV Virology
• 7   General Virology
• Definition
• Morphology and Structure
• Classification
• Replication
• Viral Protein Synthesis
• Genetics
• Host-Cell Reactions
• Cell Destruction (Cytocidal Infection, Necrosis)
• Virus Replication without Cell Destruction (Noncytocidal Infection)
• Latent Infection
• Tumor Transformation
• Carcinogenic Retroviruses (“Oncoviruses”)
• DNA Tumor Viruses
• Pathogenesis
• Defense Mechanisms
• Nonspecific Immune Defenses
• Specific Immune Defenses
• Prevention
• Chemotherapy
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Virus Isolation by Culturing
• Direct Virus Detection
• Virus Detection Following Biochemical Amplification
• Serodiagnosis
• 8   Viruses as Human Pathogen
• DNA Viruses
• Viruses with Single-Stranded DNA Genomes
• Parvoviruses
• Viruses with Double-Stranded DNA Genomes
• Papillomaviruses
• Polyomaviruses
• Adenoviruses
• Herpesviruses
• Poxviruses
• Hepadnaviruses: Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus
• RNA Viruses
• Viruses with Single-Stranded RNA Genomes, Sense-Strand Orientation
• Picornaviruses
• Astrovirus and Calicivirus; Hepatitis E
• Astroviruses
• Caliciviruses
• Hepatitis E Virus
• Togaviruses
• Flaviviruses
• Coronaviruses
• Retroviruses
• Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)
• Viruses with Double-Stranded RNA Genomes
• Reoviruses
• Viruses with Single-Stranded RNA Genomes, Antisense-Strand Orientation
• Orthomyxoviruses
• Bunyaviruses
• Arenaviruses
• Paramyxoviruses
• Rhabdoviruses
• Filoviruses (Marburg and Ebola Viruses)
• Subviral Pathogens: Viroids and Prions
• Viroids
• Prions
• V Parasitology
• 9   Protozoa
• Giardia intestinalis
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Trypanosoma
• Leishmania
• Entamoeba histolytica and Other Intestinal Amebas
• Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Isospora
• Cyclospora cayetanensis
• Sarcocystis
• Cryptosporidium
• Plasmodium
• Babesia
• Microspora
• Balantidium coli
• 10   Helminths
• Platyhelmintha (syn. Platyhelminthes)
• Trematoda (Flukes)
• Schistosoma (Blood Flukes)
• Fasciola species
• Dicrocoelium
• Opisthorchis and Clonorchis (Cat Liver Fluke and Chinese Liver Fluke)
• Paragonimus (Lung Flukes)
• Cestoda (Tapeworms)
• Taenia Species
• Echinococcus
• Morphology and development
• Hymenolepis
• Diphyllobothrium
• Nematoda (Roundworms)
• Intestinal Nematodes
• Ascaris lumbricoides (Large Roundworm)
• Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
• Ancylostoma and Necator (Hookworms)
• Strongyloides
• Enterobius
• Nematodal Infections of Tissues and the Vascular System
• Filarioidea (Filariae)
• Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia Species
• Loa
• Mansonella Species
• Onchocerca
• Trichinella
• Infections Caused by Nematodal Larvae
• Larva Migrans Externa or Cutaneous Larva Migrans (“Creeping Eruption”)
• Larva Migrans Interna or Visceral Larva Migrans
• 11   Arthropods
• Arachnida
• Ticks (Ixodida)
• Mites
• Insects
• Lice (Anoplura)
• Bugs (Heteroptera)
• Mosquitoes and Flies (Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera)
• Fleas (Siphonatera)
• Appendix to Chapters 9–1
• Shipment of Materials
• Stool
• Blood
• Serum
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Bronchial Specimens
• Urine
• Cultivation
• Material for Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Tissue Specimens and Parasites
• Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Techniques
• VI Organ System Infections
• 12   Etiological and Laboratory Diagnostic Summaries in Tabular Form
• Upper Respiratory Tract
• Lower Respiratory Tract
• Urogenital Tract
• Genital Tract (Venereal Diseases)
• Gastrointestinal Tract
• Digestive Glands and Peritoneum
• Nervous System
• Cardiovascular system
• Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular System
• Skin and Subcutaneous Connective Tissue (Local or Systemic Infections with Mainly Cutaneous Manifestation)
• Bone, Joints, and Muscles
• Eyes and ears
• Literature
• Medical Microbiology and the Internet
• Index