Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title page
• Copyright
• Foreword 7th Edition
• Foreword 6th Edition
• Preface
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Contents
• Section 1 The Adversaries – Pathogens
• 1 Pathogens as parasites
• Introduction
• THE VARIETIES OF PATHOGENS
• LIVING INSIDE OR OUTSIDE CELLS
• SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
• 2 The bacteria
• Introduction
• Structure
• Nutrition
• Growth and Division
• Gene Expression
• Survival Under Adverse Conditions
• Mobile Genetic Elements
• Mutation and Gene Transfer
• The Genomics of Medically Important Bacteria
• 3 The viruses
• Introduction
• MAJOR GROUPS OF VIRUSES
• INFECTION OF HOST CELLS
• REPLICATION
• OUTCOME OF VIRAL INFECTION
• 4 The fungi
• Introduction
• MAJOR GROUPS OF DISEASE-CAUSING FUNGI
• 5 The protozoa
• Introduction
• Protozoa can infect all the major tissues and organs of the body
• Protozoa have evolved many sophisticated strategies to avoid host responses
• Protozoa use a variety of routes to infect humans
• 6 The helminths
• Introduction
• LIFE CYCLES
• HELMINTHS AND DISEASE
• 7 The arthropods
• Introduction
• 8 Prions
• Introduction
• A SPECTRUM OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS—TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
• ROGUE PROTEIN PATHOGENESIS
• DEVELOPMENT, TRANSMISSION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES
• PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PRION DISEASES
• 9 The host–parasite relationship
• Introduction
• THE MICROBIOTA AND MICROBIOME
• SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS
• THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARASITISM
• THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITISM
• Section 2 The adversaries – host defences
• 10 The innate defences of the body
• Introduction
• DEFENCES AGAINST ENTRY INTO THE BODY
• DEFENCES ONCE THE MICROORGANISM PENETRATES THE BODY
• 11 Adaptive immune responses bring specificity
• Introduction
• LYMPHOID TISSUES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
• SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
• SUBSETS OF T CELLS
• ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• RECIRCULATION OF T AND B CELLS
• 12 Cooperation leads to effective immune responses
• Introduction
• COOPERATION MEANS GREATER EFFICIENCY AND SPECIFICITY
• OPSONIZATION BY ANTIBODY ENHANCES PHAGOCYTOSIS AND LEADS TO COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
• BENEFICIAL INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS CAN ALSO BE ENHANCED BY ANTIBODIES
• ACTIVATION OF T CELLS INVOLVES ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS AND ADDITIONAL COSTIMULATORY SIGNALS
• B-CELL ACTIVATION
• CLONAL EXPANSION
• ANTIBODY PRODUCTION INVOLVES A SERIES OF STEPS WITHIN THE GERMINAL CENTRE
• CYTOKINES PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THESE CELL–CELL INTERACTIONS
• IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY ENABLES A SECOND INFECTION WITH THE SAME MICROBE TO BE DEALT WITH MORE EFFECTIVELY
• ARMIES MUST BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL
• Section 3 The Conflicts
• 13 Background to the infectious diseases
• Introduction
• HOST–PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS
• CAUSES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• THE BIOLOGIC RESPONSE GRADIENT
• 14 Entry, exit and transmission
• Introduction
• SITES OF ENTRY
• EXIT AND TRANSMISSION
• TYPES OF TRANSMISSION BETWEEN HUMANS
• TRANSMISSION FROM ANIMALS
• 15 Immune defences in action
• Introduction
• COMPLEMENT
• ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AND PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS
• FEVER
• NATURAL KILLER CELLS
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
• CYTOKINES
• ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• RECOVERY FROM INFECTION
• 16 Spread and replication
• Introduction
• FEATURES OF SURFACE AND SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
• MECHANISMS OF SPREAD THROUGH THE BODY
• GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF SPREAD AND REPLICATION
• OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING SPREAD AND REPLICATION
• 17 Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections
• Introduction
• PARASITE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES
• CONCEALMENT OF ANTIGENS
• ANTIGENIC VARIATION
• IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
• PERSISTENT INFECTIONS
• 18 Pathologic consequences of infection
• Introduction
• PATHOLOGY CAUSED DIRECTLY BY MICROORGANISMS
• DIARRHOEA
• PATHOLOGIC ACTIVATION OF NATURAL IMMUNE MECHANISMS
• PATHOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
• SKIN RASHES
• VIRUSES AND CANCER
• Section 4 Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Infections by Body System
• 19 Upper respiratory tract infections
• Introduction
• RHINITIS
• PHARYNGITIS AND TONSILLITIS
• PAROTITIS
• OTITIS AND SINUSITIS
• ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS
• ORAL CAVITY INFECTIONS
• 20 Lower respiratory tract infections
• Introduction
• LARYNGITIS AND TRACHEITIS
• DIPHTHERIA
• WHOOPING COUGH
• ACUTE BRONCHITIS
• ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• BRONCHIOLITIS
• RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION
• HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME
• PNEUMONIA
• BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
• VIRAL PNEUMONIA
• HUMAN CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS
• PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION
• ADENOVIRUS INFECTION
• HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS INFECTION
• HUMAN BOCAVIRUS INFECTION
• INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION
• MEASLES VIRUS INFECTION
• CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
• TUBERCULOSIS
• CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• LUNG ABSCESS
• FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• PARASITIC INFECTIONS
• 21 Urinary tract infections
• Introduction
• ACQUISITION AND AETIOLOGY
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS
• LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• TREATMENT
• PREVENTION
• 22 Sexually transmitted infections
• Introduction
• STIs AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
• SYPHILIS
• Gonorrhoea
• Chlamydial Infection
• OTHER CAUSES OF INGUINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
• Mycoplasmas and Nongonococcal Urethritis
• OTHER CAUSES OF VAGINITIS AND URETHRITIS
• Genital Herpes
• HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION
• Monkeypox, previously a rare viral zoonosis, emerged in 2022 as aN STI
• HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
• Opportunist STIs
• Arthropod Infestations
• 23 Gastrointestinal tract infections
• Introduction
• DIARRHOEAL DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION
• FOOD POISONING—BACTERIALTOXIN–ASSOCIATED DIARRHOEA
• VIRAL CAUSES OF DIARRHOEA
• HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND GASTRIC ULCER DISEASE
• PARASITES AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• MICROSPORIDIA
• OTHER INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
• SYSTEMIC INFECTION INITIATED IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• 24 Obstetric and perinatal infections
• Introduction
• INFECTIONS OCCURRING IN PREGNANCY
• CONGENITAL INFECTIONS
• INFECTIONS OCCURRING AROUND THE TIME OF BIRTH
• 25 Central nervous system infections
• Introduction
• INVASION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO INVASION
• MENINGITIS
• ENCEPHALITIS
• NEUROLOGIC DISEASES OF POSSIBLE VIRAL AETIOLOGY
• SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES CAUSED BY SCRAPIE-TYPE AGENTS
• CNS DISEASE CAUSED BY PARASITES
• BRAIN ABSCESSES
• TETANUS AND BOTULISM
• 26 Infections of the eye
• Introduction
• CONJUNCTIVITIS
• INFECTION OF THE DEEPER LAYERS OF THE EYE
• 27 Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems
• Introduction
• BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN, SOFT TISSUE AND MUSCLE
• MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN
• FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
• PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
• MUCOCUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
• MEASLES VIRUS INFECTION
• RUBELLA VIRUS INFECTION
• OTHER MACULOPAPULAR RASHES ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS
• OTHER INFECTIONS PRODUCING SKIN LESIONS
• KAWASAKI DISEASE
• VIRAL INFECTIONS OF MUSCLE
• POSTVIRAL FATIGUE SYNDROME
• PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF MUSCLE
• JOINT AND BONE INFECTIONS
• INFECTIONS OF THE HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM
• 28 Vectorborne infections
• Introduction
• ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS
• INFECTIONS CAUSED BY RICKETTSIAE
• BORRELIA INFECTIONS
• PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS
• HELMINTH INFECTIONS
• 29 Multisystem zoonoses
• Introduction
• Viral haemorrhagic fever is a multisystem syndrome triggered by a group of viruses that cause severe damage to the vascular system
• ARENAVIRUS INFECTIONS
• EBOLA AND MARBURG HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
• Q FEVER
• ANTHRAX
• PLAGUE
• YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA INFECTION
• TULARAEMIA
• PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA INFECTION
• LEPTOSPIROSIS
• RAT-BITE FEVER
• BRUCELLOSIS
• HELMINTH INFECTIONS
• 30 Fever of unknown origin
• Introduction
• DEFINITIONS OF FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
• CAUSES OF FUO
• INVESTIGATION OF CLASSIC FUO
• TREATMENT OF FUO
• FUO IN SPECIFIC PATIENT GROUPS
• INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
• 31 Infections in the compromised host
• Introduction
• THE COMPROMISED HOST
• INFECTIONS OF THE HOST WITH DEFICIENT INNATE IMMUNITY DUE TO PHYSICAL FACTORS
• INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SECONDARY ADAPTIVE IMMUNODEFICIENCY
• OTHER IMPORTANT OPPORTUNIST PATHOGENS
• Section 5 Diagnosis and Control
• 32 Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defence mechanisms
• Introduction
• AIMS OF THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY
• SPECIMEN PROCESSING
• CULTIVATION (CULTURE) OF MICROORGANISMS
• IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS GROWN IN CULTURE
• NONCULTURAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
• ANTIBODY DETECTION METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
• ASSESSMENT OF HOST DEFENCE SYSTEMS
• PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY
• 33 Epidemiology and control of infectious diseases
• Introduction
• WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY?
• OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS
• TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
• TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• VACCINE EFFICACY
• 34 Attacking the enemy: antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
• Introduction
• SELECTIVE TOXICITY
• DISCOVERY AND DESIGN OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
• CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
• RESISTANCE TO ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
• CLASSES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
• INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
• INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
• ANTIMETABOLITES AFFECTING NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
• OTHER AGENTS THAT AFFECT DNA
• INHIBITORS OF CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE FUNCTION
• URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS
• ANTITUBERCULOSIS AGENTS
• ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN PRACTICE
• ANTIBIOTIC ASSAYS
• ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
• ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
• ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS
• CONTROL BY CHEMOTHERAPY VERSUS VACCINATION
• CONTROL VERSUS ERADICATION
• USE AND MISUSE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
• 35 Protecting the host: vaccination
• Introduction
• VACCINATION—A 400-YEAR HISTORY
• Edward Jenner (1749–1823)
• AIMS OF VACCINATION
• VACCINES CAN BE OF DIFFERENT TYPES
• Live attenuated vaccines
• Nonliving vaccines
• Genetically engineered vaccines
• NONSPECIFIC BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF VACCINES
• Vaccines in current use
• New vaccines in development
• 36 Specific and nonspecific immunotherapy
• Introduction
• ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH T CELLS
• PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH ANTIBODIES
• NONSPECIFIC CELLULAR MODULATION
• CORRECTION OF HOST IMMUNODEFICIENCY
• 37 Infection control
• COMMON HOSPITAL INFECTIONS
• IMPORTANT CAUSES OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
• Urinary tract infections
• Surgical wound infections
• Pneumonia
• Bloodstream infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• SOURCES AND ROUTES OF SPREAD OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
• HOST FACTORS AND HOSPITAL INFECTION
• CONSEQUENCES OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
• PREVENTION OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
• INVESTIGATING HAI
• STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
• Index
• Pathogen parade
• Viruses
• Hepatitis Viruses
• Bacteria
• Beta-Haemolytic Streptococci
• Alpha-Haemolytic Streptococci
• Gram-Positive Rods
• Gram-Negative Rods
• Other Bacteria
• Fungi
• Helminths
• Vaccine parade
• Section 1: The Adversaries—Pathogens
• Section 2: The Adversaries—Host Defences
• Section 3: The Conflicts
• Section 4: Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Infections by Body System
• Section 5: Diagnosis and Control
• Online Cases
• Bibliography – list of useful websites