Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Author Biography
• Part I Introduction
• Organic Chemistry
• Context: Miraculous Chemicals from Plants
• References
• Nomenclature
• Botanical names
• Scope of chemistry
• Part II Medical Marvels
• Introduction
• Central America’s Humble Potato!
• Steroids
• The Search for the Modern Birth Control Pill
• Isolation of Natural Diosgenin from the Mexican Potato
• Chemical Magic in the Laboratory—Synthesis of Norethindrone
• Biological Studies of Progesterone to Prevent Ovulation
• Medical Approval and Social Acceptance
• The Profound Social, Cultural and Economic Impacts of Reliable Oral Contraception
• Transformation of Production
• Hydrocarbons
• Saturated Hydrocarbons—Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
• Crude Oil and Industrial Fractional Distillation
• Benzene and Aromatic Compounds—Physical and Chemical Properties
• Theory of the Molecular Structure of Benzene
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Europe Solves a Headache! Emergence of Aspirin
• Salicin and Salicyclic Acid
• Carboxylic Acids
• Phenol and Phenolic Compounds
• Acetylation of the Hydroxyl Group of Salicylic Acid to Form Aspirin
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Attacking Malaria: a South American Treasure and a Chinese Miracle
• Malaria
• Cinchona
• Isolation of Quinine
• Synthesis of Quinine in the Laboratory
• Uses of Quinine
• Artemisinin
• Carbon–Oxygen Single Bonds and Oxygen–Oxygen Single Bonds in Organic Compounds
• The Peroxide Link and the Peroxide Bridge in Artemisinin
• Suggested Further Reading
• References
• A Steroid in Your Garden
• The Foxglove and Digoxigenin
• Esters are Formed from Alcohols and Acids
• Properties and Uses of Esters
• Introducing Cyclic Esters Known as Lactones
• Lactones as Building Blocks in Nature
• Vitamins
• Vitamin C, Ascorbic Acid
• Commercial Uses of Lactones
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Africa’s Gift to the World
• Discovery of the Periwinkle Plant and Its Properties
• Serendipity
• Modern Research and Therapeutic Value
• The Alkaloids, Vincristine and Vinblastine
• Isolation of Vincristine and Vinblastine from Plants
• Suggested Further Reading
• Saving the Pacific Yew Tree
• The Nature of Paclitaxel
• Medical Value of Paclitaxel
• Modern-Day Preparation of Paclitaxel
• Terpenes and Isoprene as Building Blocks in Nature
• Isomers
• Isomers and Stereo-Chemistry
• Isomers and Chirality
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure
• References
• Vaccines, Adjuvants and Organic Chemistry
• How the Chemistry of Natural Products Enhances Vaccines
• Vaccines
• Adjuvants
• The Development of Adjuvants
• A Vaccine Against Covid-19
• Saponins
• Natural Sources of Saponin
• New Biochemical Approaches
• Molecular Biochemistry
• Summary
• References
• Part III Nutrition—Ancient and Modern Miracles
• Introduction
• Rediscovering Traditional Grains of the Americas—Chia and Quinoa
• Chia
• Quinoa
• Gluten Sensitivity
• Lipids
• Fats, Oils and Human Health
• Waxes
• Vegetable Oil and Biodiesel
• Suggested Further Reading
• Wheat—Ancient and Modern
• Possible Origins of Ancient Wheat
• Modern Wheat Varieties
• Nutritional Importance and the Grinding of Wheat
• Importance of Proteins
• Peptide Bond
• The Condensation Reaction
• Proteins and Amino Acids
• Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
• Fascinating Influence of Chirality on Life Systems on Earth
• The Shikimic Acid Pathway in Phyto-Chemistry—a Route to Aromatic Amino Acids
• Sustainability and Society’s Challenges in Enhancing Agricultural Production
• Suggested Further Reading
• References
• Asian Staple—Rice
• Carbohydrates and Saccharides; Oxygen in the Organic Ring
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• The Glycoside Link
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates—Monosaccharides
• The Value of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides to Living Organisms
• Human Nutrition
• Optical Isomerism
• Optical Isomerism and the Pharmaceutical Industry
• Suggested Further Reading
• Chinese Cordyceps—Winter Worm, Summer Grass
• The Life Cycle of Cordyceps Sinensis
• The Perceived Health Benefits of Cordyceps Sinensis
• What Is Fermentation?
• Industrial Production of Bio-Ethanol
• Suggested Further Reading
• Part IV Beverages
• Introduction
• Tea: from Legend to Healthy Obsession!
• The Tea Plant
• Historical Notes on Tea as a Beverage
• The Growing and Processing of Tea
• Tea and Possible Health Benefits
• The Properties of Phenol and Phenols
• Catechins—Key Phenolic Compounds in Green Tea
• Selected further reading
• Cocoa (Cacao)—Food of the Gods
• Origins
• Processing Cacao Beans
• Cocoa and Cardiac Health
• Cocoa and Diabetes
• Chemical Constituents of Cocoa
• Suggested Further Reading
• Coffee—Wake Up and Smell the Aroma!
• Early Use
• Coffee and Caffeine
• Zwitterions
• Cyclic Aromatic Amines
• The Process of Decaffeination of Coffee
• Suggested Further Reading
• Maca from the High Andes in South America
• The Maca Plant
• Maca as a Beverage and a Food
• The Medicinal Value of Maca
• Chemical Composition of Maca
• Indole
• Key Chemical Properties of Indole
• Acid-Base Extraction
• Purification of Indole Alkaloids by Acid-Base Extraction
• Indole Alkaloids
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Part V Euphorics
• Introduction
• Suggested Further Reading
• Morphine: A Double-Edged Sword
• The Double-Edged Sword
• The Production of Morphine in the Natural World
• Purification, Chemical Composition and Properties of Morphine
• Chemical Composition and Properties of Codeine
• Chemical Composition and Properties of Heroin
• Medicinal Uses of Morphine
• Summary
• Suggested Further Reading
• Cannabis and Marijuana
• Cannabis
• Introducing Cannabinoids
• Terpenes
• Classification of Terpenes
• Terpenes and Elimination Reactions
• The Condensation Reaction
• Suggested Further Reading
• Coca and Cocaine
• Coca and the Coca Plant
• Cocaine
• Chemical Properties of Cocaine
• Isolation of Cocaine
• Legitimate Applications of Cocaine
• Suggested Further Reading
• Tobacco: A Profound Impact on the World
• Tobacco
• Nicotine
• Amines
• Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
• Properties of Nicotine
• Uses of Nicotine
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Part VI Exotic Potions, Lotions and Oils
• Introduction
• Suggested Further Reading
• A Plant from the East Indies, Camphor
• The Classification and Structure of Camphor
• Diverse Uses of Camphor
• Extraction of Camphor by Steam Distillation
• The Carbonyl Group and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
• Infra-Red Spectroscopy and the Determination of the Structure of Organic Molecules
• Atmospheric Absorption of Infra-Red Radiation; Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
• Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
• Suggested Further Reading
• Biblical Resins: Frankincense and Myrrh
• Sources and Uses of Frankincense and Myrrh
• Frankincense
• Myrrh
• Classification of Cyclic Terpenes
• Steric Hindrance
• Suggested Further Reading
• References
• European Lavender
• European Lavender
• Distribution
• Value of Lavender
• Essential Oils—Hydrosol from Lavender
• Hydrosols and Colloids
• Vegetable Oils and Fats
• Hydrolysis of Esters
• Soap
• How Soap Works
• Suggested Further Reading
• Global Aloe
• Aloe Vera
• Aloe Vera and Skin Treatment
• Aloe Vera and Polysaccharides
• Galactomannans
• Hydraulic ‘Fracking’
• Anthraquinones Found in Aloe Vera
• Chromatography
• Thin Layer and Column Chromatography
• Gas Chromatography and Gas-Liquid Chromatography
• High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
• Ion Exchange Chromatography
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Part VII Colorful Chemistry, a Natural Palette of Plant Dyes and Pigments
• Introduction
• Selected Reading
• Our World of Green Plants—Human Survival
• Green Plants
• The Vital Process of Photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll and Color
• Chromophores
• Molecular Interaction with Electromagnetic Radiation
• Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy and Organic Chemistry
• Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure
• Green Plants, Sustainability and Limiting Climate Change
• Suggested Further Reading
• References
• Saffron and Carotenoids—Yellow and Orange Dyes
• Saffron—the Plant
• Crocin
• Carotenoids and Autumnal Color
• Carotene Carotenoids
• Xanthophyll Carotenoids
• The Allyl Functional Group
• Human Health; Vitamin A, Retinol and Retinal
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Woad (Isatis Tinctoria) and Indigo
• Indigo through the Ages
• Indigo from Plants
• Extraction of Indigo
• Indigo and Dyeing Textiles
• Azo Dyes
• Suggested Further Reading
• Reference
• Red Dyes from Henna, Dyer’s Bugloss and Madder
• Quinones as Building Blocks in Nature
• Naphthoquinones
• Anthraquinones
• Textile Dyes—Color Fastness and Mordants
• Suggested Further Reading
• References
• Reversible Colors in Flowers, Berries and Fruit
• The Inestimable Value of Color in Flowers, Berries and Fruit
• The Beautiful Color of Autumn Leaves
• Flavonoids
• Flavonoids and Anthocyanins
• Anthocyanins—Reversible Dyes
• Reversible Dyes and Acid/Base Indicators
• Phytochrome—a Reversible Pigment and a Biological Light Switch
• Phytochrome in Photoperiodism and in Phototropism
• Suggested Further Reading
• References
• Part VIII Plant Materials
• Introduction
• The Wonderful World of Wood
• What Is Wood?
• Carbohydrates That Are Non-Sugars
• The Value of Cellulose
• The Value of Starch
• Lignin—the Structural Partner of Cellulose
• Distribution of Trees across the World
• Conservation and Environmental Significance
• References
• Secrets of a Sticky Secretion
• Latex
• Natural Rubber
• Historical Intrigue
• Summary
• References
• Suggested Further Reading
• The Green Credentials of Bioplastic
• Polymerization and Plastics
• Bioplastics
• Recycling Terminology—Let’s Be Clear
• Bioplastics and the Environment
• Summary
• References
• Suggested Further Reading
• Part IX Plants and the Natural Environment
• Introduction
• Seaweed and ‘Blue’ Carbon
• Seaweed and Algae
• Important Natural Products Derived from Algae
• Value to Man
• Farming
• Mitigation of Climate Change
• ‘Blue’ Carbon Storage
• Soil Chemistry and Seaweed Fertilizer
• Summary
• References
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• Garlic and Pungent Smells
• Garlic
• Organo-Sulfur Compounds
• Amino Acids That Contain Sulfur
• Fossil Fuels and Acid Rain
• Scrubbing Gaseous Effluent Gases at Industrial Plants
• An Alternative Method of Reducing Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
• Suggested Further Reading
• Learning to Love Legumes
• Legumes
• Nitrogen Fixing
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Industrial Production of Nitrogen Fertilizer
• Alternative, Sustainable Routes for Synthesizing Nitrogen Fertilizer
• Summary
• References
• Glossary
• Organic Chemistry: Miracles from Plants
• Acknowledgments
• Index