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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Table of Contents
• Expanded Table of Contents
• Preface
• 1 Introduction to Social Psychology
• Introduction
• What Is Social Psychology?
• A Formal Definition
• Core Concerns of Social Psychology
• Sociology, Psychology, or Both?
• Theoretical Perspectives in Social Psychology
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Group Processes
• Social Structure and Personality
• Cognitive Perspectives
• Evolutionary Theory
• Five Complementary Perspectives
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: An Introduction to Critical Thinking
• 2 Research Methods in Social Psychology
• Introduction
• Characteristics of Empirical Research
• Objectives of Research
• Research Hypotheses
• Validity of Findings
• Populations and Samples
• Research Methods
• Surveys
• Diary Research
• Experiments
• Qualitative Methods
• Comparison of Research Methods
• Meta-Analysis
• Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research
• Potential Sources of Harm
• Potential Benefits
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Sampling
• 3 Socialization and the Life Course
• Introduction
• Perspectives on Socialization
• The Developmental Perspective
• The Social Learning Perspective
• The Interpretive Perspective
• The Impact of Social Structure
• Agents of Childhood Socialization
• Family
• Peers
• School
• Mass Media
• Processes of Socialization
• Instrumental Conditioning
• Observational Learning
• Internalization
• Outcomes of Socialization
• Gender Roles
• Linguistic and Cognitive Competence
• Moral Development
• Work Orientations
• The Life Course
• Components of the Life Course
• Influences on Life Course Progression
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Truth and Validity
• 4 The Self
• Introduction
• The Nature and Genesis of Self
• The Self as Source and Object of Action
• Self-Differentiation
• Role-Taking
• The Social Origins of Self
• Identities: The Self We Know
• Role Identities
• Social Identities
• Personal Identities
• Research on Self-Concept Formation
• The Situated Self
• Identities: The Self We Enact
• Identities and Behavior
• Choosing an Identity to Enact
• Identities as Sources of Consistency
• Self-Awareness and Self-Discrepancies
• Self-Esteem
• Assessment of Self-Esteem
• Sources of Self-Esteem
• Self-Esteem and Behavior
• Protecting Self-Esteem
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Influences on Your Self-Esteem
• 5 The Self in Interaction
• Introduction
• Self-Presentation in Everyday Life
• Definition of the Situation
• Self-Disclosure
• Impression Management Tactics
• Managing Appearances
• Ingratiation
• Aligning Actions
• Altercasting
• Is Impression Management Different Online?
• Detecting Deceptive Impression Management
• Ulterior Motives
• Nonverbal Cues of Deception
• Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities
• Embarrassment and Saving Face
• Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation
• Stigma
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Organizational Impression Management
• 6 Emotions
• Introduction
• Defining Emotions
• Classical Ideas about the Origins of Emotion
• Facial Expressions and the Universality of Emotions
• Facial Expressions as Emotions
• Criticisms and Limitations
• Cultural Differences in Basic Emotions and Emotional Display
• Emotional Socialization
• Emotional Display
• The Social Psychology of Emotions
• Theories of Emotion
• Emotion Work
• Social Emotions
• Guilt
• Shame
• Love
• Jealousy
• Embarrassment
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Effortful Consideration of Ideas
• 7 Social Perception and Cognition
• Introduction
• Schemas
• Types of Schemas
• Schematic Processing
• Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes
• Person Schemas
• Group Stereotypes
• Impression Formation
• Trait Centrality
• Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
• Heuristics
• Attribution Theory
• Dispositional versus Situational Attributions
• Inferring Dispositions from Acts
• Bias and Error in Attribution
• Overattribution to Dispositions
• Focus-of-Attention Bias
• Actor–Observer Difference
• Motivational Biases
• Observing Success and Failure
• Locus of Control
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Stereotyping
• 8 Attitudes
• Introduction
• The Nature of Attitudes
• The Components of an Attitude
• Attitude Formation
• The Functions of Attitudes
• Attitude Organization
• Attitude Structure
• Cognitive Consistency
• Balance Theory
• Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
• The Relationship between Attitudes and Behavior
• Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?
• Accessibility and Activation of the Attitude
• Characteristics of the Attitude
• Attitude–Behavior Correspondence
• Situational Constraints
• Reference Groups
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Analyzing Attitudes
• 9 Symbolic Communication and Language
• Introduction
• Language and Verbal Communication
• Linguistic Communication
• The Encoder–Decoder Model
• The Intentionalist Model
• The Perspective-Taking Model
• Nonverbal Communication
• Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Digital/Computer-Mediated Communication
• What Is in a Face?
• Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication
• Social Structure and Communication
• Gender and Communication
• Social Stratification and Speech Style
• Communicating Status and Intimacy
• Normative Distances for Interaction
• Normative Distances
• Conversational Analysis
• Initiating Conversations
• Regulating Turn-Taking
• Feedback and Coordination
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Clear Communication
• 10 Social Influence and Persuasion
• Introduction
• Forms of Social Influence
• Persuasion
• Communication–Persuasion Paradigm
• The Source
• The Message
• The Target
• Compliance with Threats and Promises
• Effectiveness of Threats and Promises
• Obedience to Authority
• Experimental Study of Obedience
• Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority
• Resisting Influence and Persuasion
• Inoculation
• Forewarning
• Reactance
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Evaluating Persuasive Messages
• 11 Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
• Introduction
• Key Concepts
• Motivation to Help
• Egoism
• Altruism and Empathetic Concern
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Characteristics of the Needy That Foster Helping
• Acquaintanceship and Liking
• Similarity
• Deservingness
• Normative Factors in Helping
• Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity
• Personal Norms
• Gender Norms
• Situational Influences
• The Presence of Others
• Mood
• Costs
• Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations
• The Decision to Intervene
• The Bystander Effect
• Threats to Self-Esteem
• Similarity of Help Provider
• Other Forms of Prosocial Behavior
• Philanthropy
• Volunteering
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Creative Thinking
• 12 Aggression
• Introduction
• Aggression and the Motivation to Harm
• Aggression as Instinct
• Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis
• Aversive Emotional Arousal
• Social Learning and Aggression
• Characteristics of Targets That Influence Aggression
• Gender and Race
• Attribution of Intent
• Retaliatory Capacity
• Situational Impacts on Aggression
• Potential Rewards
• Modeling
• Norms
• Stress
• Aggressive Cues
• Reducing Aggressive Behavior
• Reducing Frustration
• Catharsis
• Punishment
• Nonaggressive Models
• Aggression in Society
• Sexual Assault
• Pornography and Violence
• Media Violence and Aggression
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Scientific Research to Policy Decisions
• 13 Deviant Behavior and Social Order
• Introduction
• The Phenomenon of Order
• The Violation of Norms
• Anomie Theory
• Control Theory
• Differential Association Theory
• Routine Activities Perspective
• Reactions to Norm Violations
• Reactions to Rule Breaking
• Determinants of the Reaction
• Consequences of Labeling
• Labeling and Secondary Deviance
• Societal Reaction
• Secondary Deviance
• Formal Social Controls
• Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance
• Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Stigmatizing Labels Critically
• 14 Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships
• Introduction
• Who Is Available?
• Routine Activities
• Proximity
• Familiarity
• Who Is Desirable?
• Social Norms
• Physical Attractiveness
• Exchange Processes
• The Determinants of Liking
• Similarity
• Shared Activities
• The Growth of Relationships
• Self-Disclosure
• Trust
• Interdependence
• Love and Loving
• Liking versus Loving
• Passionate Love
• The Romantic Love Ideal
• Love as a Story
• Committed Relationships
• Breaking Up
• Progress? Chaos?
• Unequal Outcomes and Instability
• Differential Commitment and Dissolution
• Responses to Dissatisfaction
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: (Relationship) Decision-Making and Problem-Solving
• 15 Understanding Groups
• Introduction
• What Is a Group?
• Group Cohesion
• The Nature of Group Cohesion
• Sources and Consequences of Cohesion
• Group Goals
• Group Goals and Individual Goals
• Group Norms
• Functions of Norms
• Conformity and Influence
• Increasing Conformity
• Intergroup Conflict
• Effects of Intergroup Conflict on Within-Group Processes
• Sources of Intergroup Conflict
• Opposition of Interest
• Discrimination and Bias against Out-Groups
• Aversive Events
• Persistence of Intergroup Conflict
• Out-Group Homogeneity
• Group Stereotypes and Images
• Ultimate Attribution Error
• Biased Evaluation of Group Performance
• Resolving Intergroup Conflict
• Superordinate Goals
• Intergroup Contact
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Promoting Higher-Order Cognitive Skills
• 16 Group Processes
• Introduction
• The Systematic Study of Groups
• Robert Bales
• Role Differentiation
• Status and Expectations
• Status Characteristics
• Status Generalization
• Overcoming Status Generalization
• Status Construction and Status Value
• Group Decision-Making
• Groupthink
• Group Polarization
• Social Exchange
• Power and Dependence
• Commitment and Trust
• Forms of Exchange
• Contemporary Exchange Theories
• Equity and Justice
• Distributive Justice Principles
• Responses to Inequity
• Procedural Justice
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Theory as a Bridge
• 17 Social Structure and Personality
• Introduction
• Status Attainment
• Occupational Status
• Intergenerational Mobility
• Individual Values
• Occupational Role
• Education
• Social Influences on Health
• Physical Health
• Mental Health
• Alienation
• Self-Estrangement
• Powerlessness
• Summary
• Critical Thinking Skill: Thinking as Hypothesis Testing
• Glossary
• References
• Index