Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half title
• Reviews
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface to the Fifth Edition
• Table of International Cases
• Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
• European Court of Human Rights
• European Court of Justice
• Extraordinary African Chambers
• Human Rights Committee
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• International Criminal Court
• International Court of Justice
• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (and the International Residual Mechanism)
• International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (and the International Residual Mechanism)
• International Military Tribunals
• Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Kosovo Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
• Gucati and Haradinaj (KSC-BC-2020–07)
• Salih Mustafa (KSC-BC-2020–05)
• Hashim Thaçi, Kadri Veseli, Rexhep Selimi, and Jakup Krasniqi (KSC-BC-2020–06)
• Permanent Court of International Justice
• Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone
• Special Court for Sierra Leone
• Special Criminal Court for Central African Republic
• Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)
• Special Tribunal for Lebanon
• Table of National Cases
• Argentina
• Australia
• Austria
• Belgium
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Cambodia
• Canada
• Chile
• Denmark
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Iraq
• Israel
• Italy
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Peru
• South Africa
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• United Kingdom
• United States
• Abbreviations
• Abbreviations of Book Titles
• Part I Introduction
• 1 Introduction: What Is International Criminal Law?
• 1.1 Meaning of International Criminal Law
• 1.2 Other Concepts of International Criminal Law
• 1.2.1 Transnational Criminal Law
• 1.2.2 International Criminal Law As a Set of Rules to Protect the Values of the International Order
• 1.2.3 Involvement of a State
• 1.2.4 Crimes Created by International Law
• 1.3 Sources of International Criminal Law
• 1.3.1 Treaties
• 1.3.2 Customary International Law
• 1.3.3 General Principles of Law and Subsidiary Means of Determining the Law
• 1.4 International Criminal Law and Other Areas of Law
• 1.4.1 International Criminal Law and Human Rights Law
• 1.4.2 International Criminal Law and International Humanitarian Law
• 1.4.3 International Criminal Law and State Responsibility
• 1.5 A Body of Criminal Law
• 1.5.1 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege
• 1.5.2 Nulla Poena Sine Lege
• 1.6 International Criminal Law and Legal Theory
• 1.6.1 International Criminal Law and the International Legal Theory
• 1.6.2 International Criminal Law and the Theory of Criminal Law
• 1.6.3 A Separate (?) Theory of International Criminal Law
• Further Reading
• 2 The Aims, Objectives, and Justifications of International Criminal Law
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 What International Criminal Justice Is For
• 2.2.1 Retribution
• 2.2.2 Deterrence
• 2.2.3 Incapacitation
• 2.2.4 Rehabilitation
• 2.2.5 Expressivist and Didactic Function
• 2.3 Other Goals
• 2.3.1 Vindicating the Rights of Victims
• 2.3.2 Recording History
• 2.3.3 Post-Conflict Reconciliation
• 2.3.4 Other Asserted Benefits of International Trials
• 2.4 Other Critiques of Criminal Accountability
• Further Reading
• Part II Prosecutions in National Courts
• 3 Jurisdiction
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Forms of Jurisdiction
• 3.2.1 Legislative Jurisdiction
• 3.2.2 Adjudicative Jurisdiction
• 3.2.3 Executive Jurisdiction
• 3.3 Conceptual Matters
• 3.3.1 Question of Proof
• 3.3.2 Treaties and Jurisdiction
• 3.4 Traditional Heads of Jurisdiction
• 3.4.1 Territoriality Principle
• 3.4.2 Nationality Principle
• 3.4.3 Passive Personality Principle
• 3.4.4 Protective Principle
• 3.5 Universal Jurisdiction
• 3.5.1 Introduction
• 3.5.2 Approaches to Universal Jurisdiction
• 3.5.3 Rise of Universal Jurisdiction
• 3.5.4 Retrenchment of Universal Jurisdiction?
• The Yerodia Case
• Limiting Universality
• The Expansion of Universal Jurisdiction
• 3.5.5 Universal Jurisdiction’s Practical Problems
• 3.5.6 Policy-Based and Political Criticisms of Universal Jurisdiction
• Further Reading
• 4 National Prosecutions of International Crimes
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Overview of Practice
• 4.3 State Obligations to Prosecute or Extradite
• 4.3.1 Treaty Obligations
• 4.3.2 Human Rights Law Obligations
• 4.3.3 Customary Law Obligations?
• 4.4 Domestic Criminal Law and Jurisdiction
• 4.4.1 Domestic Legislation
• 4.4.2 ICC As a Catalyst for Domestic Legislation
• 4.4.3 Impact of Domestic and International Case Law
• 4.5 Statutory Limitations
• 4.6 Non-Retroactivity
• 4.7 Ne Bis in Idem or Double Jeopardy
• 4.7.1 Application between States
• 4.7.2 Application vis-à-vis International Criminal Jurisdictions
• 4.8 Political and Practical Obstacles
• Further Reading
• 5 State Cooperation with Respect to National Proceedings
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 International Agreements and Other Bases of Cooperation
• 5.3 Basic Features
• 5.3.1 Traditional Assistance and ‘Mutual Recognition’
• 5.3.2 Double Criminality, Rule of Speciality, and Statutory Limitations
• 5.3.3 Ne Bis in Idem or Double Jeopardy
• 5.3.4 Human Rights and Legal Cooperation
• 5.4 Extradition
• 5.4.1 Extradition Agreements and the European Arrest Warrant
• 5.4.2 Extradition Procedures
• 5.4.3 Extraditable and Non-Extraditable Offences
• 5.4.4 Non-Extradition of Nationals
• 5.4.5 Death Penalty, Life Imprisonment, and Other Human Rights Grounds
• 5.4.6 Re-Extradition
• 5.4.7 Abduction, Rendition, or Expulsion
• 5.5 Mutual Legal Assistance
• 5.6 Transfer of Proceedings
• 5.7 Enforcement of Penalties
• Further Reading
• Part III International Prosecution
• 6 The History of International Criminal Prosecutions: Nuremberg and Tokyo
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 1919 Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War
• 6.3 Nuremberg International Military Tribunal
• 6.3.1 Creation of the Tribunal
• 6.3.2 The Tribunal and the Trial
• 6.3.3 Assessment of the Nuremberg IMT
• 6.4 Tokyo International Military Tribunal
• 6.4.1 Creation of the Tribunal
• 6.4.2 The Tribunal and the Trial
• 6.4.3 Assessment of the Tribunal
• 6.5 Control Council Law No. 10 Trials and Military Commissions in the Pacific Sphere
• Further Reading
• 7 The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
• 7.2.1 Creation of the ICTY
• 7.2.2 Structure of the ICTY
• 7.2.3 Jurisdiction of the ICTY and Its Relationship to National Courts
• 7.2.4 Milestones in the Practice of the ICTY
• Beginnings and the Tadić Case
• Kosovo, Milošević, and NATO
• Completion Strategy and the Process of Closing Down
• 7.2.5 Appraisal of the ICTY
• 7.3 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
• 7.3.1 Creation of the ICTR
• 7.3.2 Structure of the ICTR
• 7.3.3 Jurisdiction of the ICTR and Its Relationship to National Courts
• 7.3.4 Practice of the ICTR
• Troubles at the Start
• Moving Forward
• Completion Strategy and the Process of Winding Down
• 7.3.5 Appraisal of the ICTR
• Further Reading
• 8 The International Criminal Court
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Creation of the ICC
• 8.3 Structure and Composition of the ICC
• 8.4 Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the ICC
• 8.5 Jurisdiction
• 8.5.1 Personal and Territorial Jurisdiction
• Territorial and Active Nationality Jurisdiction
• How States Accept Jurisdiction
• Security Council Referrals
• 8.5.2 Temporal Jurisdiction
• 8.5.3 Persons Over the Age of Eighteen
• 8.6 How the Court Works: An Overview
• 8.6.1 ‘Trigger Mechanisms’: Initiating Proceedings
• State Party Referrals
• Security Council Referrals
• Initiation by the Prosecutor
• 8.6.2 Deferral by the Security Council: Article 16
• 8.6.3 Preliminary Examination, Investigation, and Prosecution
• 8.7 Complementarity
• 8.7.1 First Step: Are There Proceedings at the National Level?
• 8.7.2 Second Step: Unwillingness or Inability to Carry Out Proceedings Genuinely
• 8.7.3 What Is a ‘Case’?
• 8.7.4 Encouraging National Proceedings
• 8.8 Gravity
• 8.9 Interests of Justice
• 8.10 Cooperation
• 8.11 Opposition to the ICC
• 8.11.1 United States
• 8.11.2 African Union
• 8.12 Appraisal
• Further Reading
• 9 Other Hybrid and Special Courts
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Courts Established by Agreement between a State and an International Organization or between States
• 9.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone and Residual Special Court
• 9.2.2 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
• 9.2.3 Special Tribunal for Lebanon
• 9.2.4 Extraordinary African Chambers
• 9.2.5 African Criminal Court: Towards a Regional Jurisdiction
• 9.3 Courts Established by International Administration
• 9.3.1 Special Panels for Serious Crimes in Kosovo and East Timor
• Kosovo
• East Timor
• 9.3.2 War Crimes Chamber in the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• 9.4 Courts Established by a State with International Support
• 9.4.1 Iraqi High Tribunal
• 9.4.2 War Crimes Departments in Serbia
• 9.4.3 Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
• 9.4.4 Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic
• 9.5 Relationship with the ICC
• 9.6 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• Part IV Substantive Law of International Crimes
• 10 Genocide
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.1.1 Overview
• 10.1.2 Historical Development
• 10.1.3 Relationship to Crimes Against Humanity
• 10.1.4 Nature of Genocide
• 10.2 Protected Groups
• 10.2.1 National, Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Groups
• 10.2.2 Identifying the Group and Its Members
• 10.3 Material Elements
• 10.3.1 Prohibited Acts
• Killing
• Causing Serious Bodily or Mental Harm to Members of the Group
• Deliberately Inflicting on the Group Conditions of Life Calculated to Bring About Its Physical Destruction in Whole or in Part
• Imposing Measures Intended to Prevent Births Within the Group
• Forcibly Transferring Children of the Group to Another Group
• 10.3.2 ‘Contextual Element’
• 10.4 Mental Elements
• 10.4.1 Intent
• Proof of Special Intent
• Intention versus Knowledge
• 10.4.2 ‘To Destroy’
• 10.4.3 ‘In Whole or in Part’
• 10.4.4 ‘As Such’
• 10.5 Other Modes of Participation
• Further Reading
• 11 Crimes against Humanity
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.1.1 Overview
• 11.1.2 Historical Development
• 11.1.3 Relationship to Other Crimes
• 11.2 Common Elements (Contextual Threshold)
• 11.2.1 Aspects Not Required
• No Nexus to Armed Conflict
• No Requirement of Discriminatory Animus
• 11.2.2 Widespread or Systematic
• 11.2.3 Attack
• Controversy Concerning the Policy Element
• Divide in the Authorities
• Implications for Jurisdictions Rejecting a Policy Element
• Implications for Jurisdictions Requiring a Policy Element
• State or Organization
• 11.2.4 Any Civilian Population
• 11.2.5 Link Between the Accused and the Attack
• 11.2.6 Awareness of Context
• 11.3 Prohibited Acts
• 11.3.1 List of Prohibited Acts
• 11.3.2 Murder
• 11.3.3 Extermination
• 11.3.4 Enslavement
• 11.3.5 Deportation or Forcible Transfer
• 11.3.6 Imprisonment
• 11.3.7 Torture
• 11.3.8 Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence
• Rape
• Sexual Slavery
• Enforced Prostitution
• Forced Pregnancy
• Enforced Sterilization
• Other Sexual Violence
• 11.3.9 Persecution
• Discriminatory Grounds
• Severe Deprivation of Fundamental Rights
• Gravity or Severity
• Connection to Other Acts?
• Mental Element
• Relationship to Other Crimes
• Examples of Persecutory Acts
• 11.3.10 Enforced Disappearance
• 11.3.11 Apartheid
• 11.3.12 Other Inhumane Acts
• Further Reading
• 12 War Crimes
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.1.1 Overview
• 12.1.2 A Brief History of Humanitarian Law
• 12.1.3 Key Principles of Humanitarian Law
• 12.1.4 The Challenge of Regulating Warfare
• 12.1.5 Relationship Between War Crimes and IHL
• 12.1.6 The Evolution of War Crimes Law
• 12.1.7 War Crimes in Non-International Armed Conflicts
• 12.2 Common Issues
• 12.2.1 Armed Conflict
• 12.2.2 Distinguishing Between International and Non-International Conflicts
• Invitation
• Wars of National Liberation
• Proxy Forces
• Transnational Conflict
• 12.2.3 Distinguishing Armed Conflict from Riots and Disturbances
• 12.2.4 Nexus Between Conduct and Conflict
• 12.2.5 Perpetrator
• 12.2.6 Victim or Object of the Crime
• 12.2.7 ‘Jurisdictional’ Threshold in the ICC Statute
• 12.3 Specific Offences
• 12.3.1 Lists of War Crimes in the Statutes of the Tribunals and the ICC
• 12.3.2 Crimes Against Non-Combatants
• Violence and Mistreatment
• Other Legal Interests of Protected Persons
• 12.3.3 Attacks on Prohibited Targets (Principle of Distinction)
• 12.3.4 Attacks Inflicting Excessive Civilian Damage
• Principle of Proportionality
• First Side of the Equation: Harm to Civilians, Civilian Objects, and the Environment
• Second Side of the Equation: Military Advantage
• Comparing the Two Sides of the Equation: Proportionality Test
• Mental Element
• 12.3.5 War Crimes Against Property
• 12.3.6 Prohibited Means of Warfare (Weapons)
• 12.3.7 Prohibited Methods of Warfare
• 12.3.8 War Crime Provisions Protecting Other Values
• Transfer of Population into Occupied Territory
• Child Soldiers
• Further Reading
• 13 Aggression
• 13.1 Introduction and History: Criminalizing Aggression
• 13.1.1 Overview
• 13.1.2 Historical Development
• International Criminal Court Negotiations
• 13.1.3 Definition in the ICC Statute
• 13.1.4 Relationship to Other Crimes
• 13.2 Material Elements
• 13.2.1 Perpetrators
• 13.2.2 Planning, Preparation, Initiation, or Execution
• 13.2.3 Act of Aggression
• International Law Regarding the Use of Force by a State
• Self-Defence
• Authorization under Chapter VII
• Humanitarian Intervention
• 13.2.4 ‘A Manifest Violation of the UN Charter’
• 13.3 Mental Elements
• 13.4 Prosecution of Aggression in the ICC
• 13.4.1 Jurisdiction of the ICC
• 13.4.2 The Role of the Security Council
• 13.4.3 Implications of the Prosecution of Aggression Before the ICC
• Further Reading
• 14 Other International Crime: Terrorism, Torture, and Ecocide
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.1.1 Overview
• 14.2 Terrorism
• 14.2.1 Introduction
• 14.2.2 Development of International Cooperation Against Terrorism
• Global Counter-Terrorism Agreements
• Regional Counter-Terrorism Agreements
• Security Council Resolutions
• 14.2.3 Definition of Terrorism
• Material Elements
• Mental Elements
• 14.2.4 Prosecution and Other National Measures
• 14.2.5 Terrorism As an International Crime
• Terrorism As a War Crime
• Terrorism as a Crime Against Humanity
• A Customary Law Definition of an International Crime of Terrorism?
• 14.3 Torture
• 14.3.1 Introduction
• 14.3.2 UN Convention Against Torture
• Material Elements
• Mental Elements
• 14.3.3 Prosecution and Other National Measures
• 14.3.4 Torture As an International Crime
• 14.4 Ecocide
• Further Reading
• 15 General Principles of Liability
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Perpetration/Commission
• 15.2.1 Joint Criminal Enterprise
• Actus Reus
• Mens Rea
• Nature of Joint Criminal Enterprise Liability
• 15.2.2 Co-perpetration
• Actus Reus
• Mens Rea
• 15.2.3 Indirect Perpetration/Perpetration Through Another Person
• 15.2.4 Indirect Co-perpetration
• 15.3 Aiding and Abetting
• 15.4 Ordering, Instigating, Soliciting, Inducing, and Inciting
• 15.4.1 Ordering
• 15.4.2 Instigating, Soliciting, Inducing, and Inciting
• 15.5 Common Purpose Liability
• 15.6 Planning, Preparation, Attempt, and Conspiracy
• 15.6.1 Planning and Preparing
• 15.6.2 Attempt
• 15.6.3 Conspiracy
• 15.7 Command/Superior Responsibility
• 15.7.1 Superior/Subordinate Relationship
• 15.7.2 Mental Element
• 15.7.3 Failure to Take Measures
• 15.7.4 Causation
• 15.7.5 Nature of Superior Responsibility
• 15.8 Mental Elements
• Further Reading
• 16 Defences/Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.1.1 Types of Defences
• 16.2 ICC Statute and Defences
• 16.3 Mental Incapacity
• 16.4 Intoxication
• 16.4.1 Voluntary and Involuntary Intoxication
• 16.4.2 Destruction of Capacity
• 16.4.3 A Complete Defence
• 16.5 Self-Defence, Defence of Others, and of Property
• 16.5.1 Imminent, Unlawful Use of Force
• 16.5.2 Reasonable and Proportionate Response
• 16.6 Duress and Necessity
• 16.6.1 Imminent Threat Beyond the Control of the Accused
• 16.6.2 Necessary and Reasonable Actions
• 16.6.3 Causation
• 16.7 Mistake of Fact and Law
• 16.7.1 Mistake of Fact
• 16.7.2 Mistake of Law
• 16.8 Superior Orders
• 16.8.1 Obligation to Obey
• 16.8.2 Knowledge of Unlawfulness
• 16.8.3 Manifest Illegality
• 16.8.4 Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
• 16.8.5 Relationship of Superior Orders to Other Defences
• 16.9 Other Defences
• 16.9.1 Consent
• 16.9.2 Reprisals
• 16.9.3 Military Necessity
• Further Reading
• Part V International Criminal Procedure and Sentencing
• 17 International Criminal Procedure
• 17.1 General Issues
• 17.1.1 Legal Traditions
• 17.1.2 International Models
• 17.2 Actors
• 17.2.1 Judges
• 17.2.2 Prosecutor
• 17.2.3 Defence
• 17.2.4 Victims and Witnesses
• 17.2.5 States and International Organizations
• 17.3 Rights
• 17.3.1 Standards
• 17.3.2 Independence and Impartiality
• 17.3.3 Presumption of Innocence
• 17.3.4 Public, Fair, and Expeditious Proceedings
• 17.4 Jurisdiction and Admissibility Procedures
• 17.5 Investigation
• 17.5.1 Initiation
• 17.5.2 Conduct
• 17.6 Coercive Measures
• 17.6.1 Arrest and Detention
• 17.6.2 Remedying Violations
• 17.7 Prosecution
• 17.7.1 Decision to Prosecute
• 17.7.2 Indictment and Charges
• 17.8 Pre-Trial Process
• 17.8.1 First Appearance and Confirmation of Charges
• 17.8.2 Preparation for Trial
• 17.8.3 Disclosure of Evidence
• 17.9 Evidentiary Rules
• 17.10 Guilty Plea and Admission of Guilt
• 17.11 Trial Stage
• 17.12 Appeals and Review
• 17.12.1 Appeal Against Judgment and Sentence
• 17.12.2 Interlocutory Appeals
• 17.12.3 Review and Revision
• 17.13 Offences Against the Administration of Justice
• 17.14 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• 18 Victims in International Criminal Justice
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Victims and International Criminal Justice
• 18.3 Definition of Victims
• 18.4 Protection of Victims and Witnesses
• 18.5 Victim Participation at the ICC
• 18.5.1 Purposes of Participation
• 18.5.2 Conditions for Participation
• 18.5.3 Legal Representation
• 18.5.4 Participation in Different Procedural Stages
• 18.6 Reparations to Victims
• 18.7 An Assessment
• Further Reading
• 19 Punishment and Sentencing
• 19.1 International Penal Regime
• 19.2 Purposes of Punishment
• 19.3 Sentencing Practice
• 19.3.1 General Approach
• 19.3.2 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
• 19.3.3 Cumulative or Joint Sentences
• 19.4 Sentencing Procedures
• 19.5 Pardon, Early Release, and Review of Sentence
• 19.6 Enforcement
• Further Reading
• Part VI Relationship between National and International Systems
• 20 State Cooperation with the International Courts and Tribunals
• 20.1 Nature of the Cooperation Regimes
• 20.2 Obligation to Cooperate
• 20.2.1 States
• 20.2.2 Conflicting Obligations
• 20.2.3 Individuals
• 20.3 States Not Party, International Organizations, and Other Entities
• 20.4 Authority to Seek Cooperation and Rights of Parties
• 20.5 Arrest and Surrender
• 20.6 Other Forms of Legal Assistance
• 20.6.1 Grounds for Refusal
• 20.6.2 National Security Objections
• 20.6.3 On-Site Investigations and Trials
• 20.6.4 Assistance Regarding Coercive Measures
• 20.7 Domestic Implementation
• 20.8 Non-Compliance and Enforcement
• 20.9 Cooperation and Complementarity
• 20.10 Concluding Remarks
• Further Reading
• 21 Immunities
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.1.1 Overview
• 21.1.2 Functional and Personal Immunity
• 21.1.3 Examples of Immunities
• 21.1.4 Underlying Rationales and Values
• 21.2 Functional Immunity and Its Limits
• 21.2.1 The Pinochet Precedent
• 21.2.2 Other Authorities: No Functional Immunity for Core Crimes?
• Authorities Indicating No Functional Immunities for Core Crimes
• An Open Question?
• 21.3 Personal Immunity: No Exception Based on the Crimes Alleged
• 21.3.1 State Practice and Jurisprudence
• 21.3.2 The Arrest Warrant decision
• Which Ministers Enjoy Personal Immunity?
• Are Personal Immunities Established for Private Visits?
• 21.4 Personal Immunity: Inroads in International Courts
• 21.4.1 Security Council Decisions and the International Tribunals
• 21.4.2 Relinquishment Directly to the ICC
• 21.4.3 Security Council Referrals and the ICC
• 21.4.4 The Taylor Theory: Is Personal Immunity Irrelevant Before International Courts?
• ‘International Courts’ Theory
• Grounds for Scepticism about the ‘International Court’ Theory
• The ICC Al Bashir Decision
• 21.5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• 22 Alternatives and Complements to Criminal Prosecution
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Amnesties
• 22.2.1 International Law and Amnesties
• 22.2.2 ICC and Amnesties
• 22.2.3 Domestic Jurisdictions and Amnesties
• 22.2.4 Appraisal of Amnesties
• 22.3 Truth Commissions
• 22.4 Lustration
• 22.5 Reparations and Civil Claims
• 22.6 Local Justice Mechanisms
• Further Reading
• Index