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• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents
• Chapter 1: An Introduction
• Part I Space and Life
• Chapter 2: Some Basics
• Biology and the Hierarchies of Life
• Taxonomic Hierarchy
• Ecological Hierarchy
• Trophic Hierarchy
• Physical Geography and the Functioning of the Earth
• Global Climate
• Microclimate
• World Soils
• The Physical Environment of Lakes
• The Physical Environment of Oceans
• Chapter 3: The Physical Environment and the Distribution of Life
• Light
• Temperature
• Plants
• Animals
• Moisture
• Plants
• Animals
• Other Physical Factors
• Interacting Physical Controls on Geographic Distributions
• Environmental Gradients and Species’ Niches
• Chapter 4: Biological Interactions and the Distribution of Life
• Predation
• Competition
• Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, and Mimicry
• Combined Physical and Biological Controls on Distribution
• Biological Interactions, Gradients, and Niches
• Chapter 5: Disturbance
• Fire
• Wind
• Flooding
• Other Physical Disturbances
• Pathogens
• Marine Disturbances
• Chapter 6: Communities, Formations and Biomes
• Communities
• Plant Physiognomy, Vegetation Structure, and Formations
• Ecological Equivalents, Life Zones, and the Biomes
• Tropical Rainforest
• Tropical Seasonal Forest
• Tropical Savanna
• Desert
• The Mediterranean Biome
• Temperate Grassland
• Temperate Forests
• Temperate Rainforest
• Coniferous Boreal (Taiga) and Montane Forests
• Tundra
• Part II Time and Life
• Chapter 7: Changing Continents and Climates
• Life and the Geologic Time Scale
• Shifting Continents
• Quaternary Climatic Change
• Future Changes in Continents and Climate
• Chapter 8: Dispersal, Colonization, and Invasion
• Dispersal
• Colonization, Seasonal Migrations, and Irruptions
• Diffusion Versus Jump Dispersal
• Barriers, Corridors, Filters, Stepping Stones, and Sweepstakes
• Recent Invasions by Exotic Species
• Chapter 9: Evolution, Speciation, and Extinction
• Evolution and Speciation
• Some Basic Genetics
• Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory
• Isolation and Speciation
• The Temporal Pattern of Evolution
• Direction in Evolution
• Perfection in Evolution
• Increasing Species Diversity
• Geography and Evolution: Founder Effects, Bottlenecks, Vicariance Events, Adaptive Radiation, and Ev
• Extinction
• The Relationship Between Evolution and Extinction
• Chapter 10: Realms, Regions, and Provinces: The Biogeographic Subdivisions of the Earth
• Defining Biogeographic Realms, Regions, and Provinces
• Determining the Boundaries Between Regions
• Factors Behind the Modern Biogeographical Regions
• Evolution of the Mammals
• Evolution of the Flowering Plants
• The Modern Biogeographic Regions
• Nearctic and Palearctic Regions—The Holarctic
• Neotropical Region
• Ethiopian (African) Region
• Oriental Region
• Australian Region
• Chapter 11: Biogeography and Human Evolution
• The Primate Linkage
• Early Primates
• The Hominids: Australopithecus
• The Hominids: Early Homo
• The Hominids: Homo Sapiens
• The Geographic Expansion of Modern Humans
• Chapter 12: Humans as a Force in Evolution and Extinction
• Humans as an Evolutionary Force
• Animal and Plant Domestication
• Questions of the Origin and Spread of Agriculture
• Humans as a Force of Extinction
• Prehistoric Extinctions
• Historic Extinctions
• Part III Theory and Practice
• Chapter 13: Description and Interpretation of Biogeographic Distributions
• Mapping Biogeographic Distributions
• Biogeography of Range Size and Range Shape
• Common Biogeographical Distributional Patterns
• Endemic and Cosmopolitan Distributions Revisited
• Continuous Zonal Biogeographic Distributions
• Amphiregional Disjunct Distributions
• Dispersal Disjunctions
• Climatic Disjunctions
• Geologic Disjunctions
• Evolutionary Disjunctions
• Biogeographic Relicts
• Biogeographic Distributions and the Reconstruction of Evolutionary History
• Centers of Origin and the Dispersalist Model
• Cladistic Biogeography
• Panbiogeography and Vicariance Models
• Beyond Vicariance Biogeography: The Phylogeographic Revolution
• Chapter 14: The Geography of Biological Diversity
• What is Biological Diversity?
• How Many Different Species are there on the Earth?
• Latitudinal and Altitudinal Diversity Gradients
• Controls on Geographic Gradients of Species Diversity
• Historical Theories
• Equilibrium Theories
• Island Biogeography
• Geographic Patterns of Island Biodiversity
• The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography
• The Theory of Island Biogeography Today
• Chapter 15: Biogeography and the Conservation Challenge
• The Value of Conservation
• Endangered and Threatened Species
• Biogeography and Endangered Species
• Biogeography and Conservation Planning
• General Strategies for Species Conservation and Biodiversity Conservation
• Habitat Restoration and Conservation
• The Global Warming Challenge
• Some Reflections
• Glossary
• Photo Credits
• Illustration Credits
• Index