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• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Acknowledgements
• 1 Introduction
• Defining ‘political party’
• The three faces of party organisations
• The structure of parties
• The role of parties in democratic states
• The crisis of parties
• Outline of the book
• 2 Party Systems
• The importance of understanding party systems
• Early approaches to party systems
• Party system typologies
• The effective number of parties
• Explaining party system variation
• Which party system is best?
• Conclusion
• 3 Theories of Party Development
• The ‘internal’ and ‘external’ origins of parties
• An alternative view of the emergence of political parties
• Understanding party types
• Cadre parties to mass parties
• Challenging the mass party model: the catch-all party
• Organisational consequences of the catch-all party: the electoral-professional party model
• The cartel party
• Conclusion: Beyond the cartel – beyond party types?
• 4 Ideology
• On ideology and party politics
• Political cleavages
• Party families
• Ideology in contemporary European party politics
• Party ideology beyond Europe
• United States
• India
• Africa
• Conclusion
• 5 Party Members, Activists and Supporters
• Defining party member, activist and supporter
• The rise (and fall?) of party members
• Why members?
• Party membership incentives: supply
• Leadership incentives: demand
• The costs of a membership organisation
• Explaining and reversing decline
• The effects of membership decline
• Conclusion
• 6 Candidate Selection
• The importance of candidate selection
• Selecting candidates
• The political system
• National legislation
• The candidate selection process: impact of different methods
• Territorial (de-) centralisation and in/exclusiveness of the selectorate
• Supply and demand
• Supply
• Demand
• Conclusion
• 7 Policy Making
• Who should be involved?
• The normative argument against intra-party democracy
• The normative argument for intra-party democracy
• Pragmatic arguments against intra-party democracy
• Pragmatic argument for intra-party democracy
• Who can be involved in policy making?
• Who wants to be involved in policy making?
• Who are involved in policy making?
• Conclusion
• 8 Campaigning
• How campaigning has changed
• First era
• Second Era
• Third Era
• The limits of change
• Drivers of change
• Social changes
• Technological change
• Party-specific issues
• Impact of changes
• Financing
• Conclusion
• 9 Government
• Deciding to aim for government office
• Getting into government – coalitions
• Factors impacting on coalition formation
• Portfolio allocation
• Conclusion
• 10 The Internationalisation of Party Politics
• Party Internationals
• The First, Second, Fourth and Socialist Internationals
• The Liberal International
• International Democratic Union
• Communist International (Comintern)
• Europarties
• The Development of Europarties
• Limits to the development of Europarties
• Parties and globalization
• The internationalisation of campaign consultancy
• Conclusion
• 11 The Future of Party Politics
• Future direction in the study of political parties
• Are parties in crisis?
• Bibliography
• Index