Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contributors
• Preface
• Part I: Dental caries: What is it and what is the magnitude of the problem?
• 1 Dental caries – definitions and clinical features
• The editors’ view on dental caries and introduction to the book
• Terminology
• Examples of dental caries
• Background literature
• 2 Strategic public health considerations for caries control in populations
• Introduction
• The global burden of dental caries
• The role of sugar in the etiology of dental caries
• Public health principles for preventive action
• Overview of upstream, midstream, and downstream strategies to prevent dental caries
• Implications for the dental profession and oral health care systems
• Conclusion
• References
• 3 Dental caries epidemiology
• Introduction
• Probability of an outcome
• Some standard terms used in epidemiology
• Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, mode
• Types of investigation
• Problems of determining the role of specific factors
• Analysis and interpretation of data
• Drawing inferences about associations
• Age and dental caries
• International comparisons of occurrence of dental caries
• Background literature
• References
• Part II: Diagnosis and detection
• 4 Visual–tactile caries diagnosis and the role of bitewing radiography
• Introduction
• The diagnostic process
• Two differing perspectives on caries detection
• Achieving the best health outcome for the patient by classifying caries lesions according to the best management options for each lesion type
• How early should caries lesions be detected?
• What are the best visual–tactile caries diagnostic criteria?
• Commonly used visual–tactile criteria
• Differential diagnosis
• Visual–tactile caries examination: A systematic clinical approach
• Benefits and limitations of visual–tactile caries diagnosis
• Do we need radiographs for caries detection?
• Conclusion
• References
• 5 The foundations of good diagnostic practice
• Introduction
• The making of a dentist
• The dental examination: In the best interest of our patients
• What are we looking for? What is caries?
• The wealth of caries diagnostic methods and criteria
• The evolution in caries diagnostic methods
• Diagnostic test assessment in the essentialistic gold‐standard paradigm
• Evaluating caries diagnostic methods
• Leaps in the essentialistic gold‐standard reasoning
• Diagnostic test evaluation in the nominalistic caries paradigm
• Inter‐ and intra‐examiner errors in caries diagnosis
• How do we deal with the unavoidable diagnostic uncertainty?
• The additional diagnostic yield argument
• Concluding remarks
• References
• Part III: The oral environment and dental caries
• 6 The oral microbiome – composition, acquisition, establishment, and maturation
• The microbiome
• The composition of the oral microbiome
• The composition and structure of oral mucosal and tongue microbiome
• Dental plaque microbiome
• The oral microbiome and immunity
• Acquisition of the oral microbiome
• Establishment of the oral microbiome
• Maturation of the oral microbiome
• Conclusions
• Background literature
• References
• 7 Functions of the oral microbiome in caries and how they can be controlled
• Introduction
• Bacterial metabolism and ecological factors affecting the cariogenic features of dental biofilm
• The ‘ecological plaque hypothesis’ to explain the role of dental biofilm bacteria in the etiology of dental caries
• How to control a cariogenic drift of the oral microbiome
• Clinical approaches to caries control by interference with microbial metabolism
• Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
• Concluding remarks
• References
• 8 The essential role of saliva in dental caries and erosion
• Introduction
• The salivary glands and their secretion
• Neuronal regulation of salivary secretion
• Formation of saliva
• Saliva and its role in maintaining dental health
• The functions of saliva flow and its inorganic and organic electrolytes
• Saliva gland hypofunction and dental caries and erosion
• Evaluation of salivary gland function
• Management of salivary gland hypofunction
• Concluding remarks
• Background literature
• References
• Part IV: What happens in the dental hard tissues and key determinants of caries
• 9 The process of de‐ and remineralization – the key to understanding clinical manifestations of dental caries
• Introduction
• Enamel mineral
• Stability of calcium phosphates
• Crystal dissolution
• Why is apatite solubility increased by acid?
• Effect of carbonate and fluoride on apatite dissolution and growth
• Demineralization and remineralization of the dental hard tissues
• Caries demineralization
• Remineralization of enamel
• Remineralization of dentin
• Background literature
• References
• 10 Initiation and progression of dental caries in dental hard tissues
• Introduction
• Human dental enamel at the time of eruption
• Enamel changes during early caries lesion development
• The approximal white spot lesion
• Progression of the enamel lesion
• Arrest of the caries lesion
• Occlusal caries
• Dentin reactions to caries progression
• Pulpo‐dentinal reactions
• Root surface caries
• Background literature
• References
• 11 Erosion of the teeth
• Introduction
• Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
• Histological and chemical features
• Classification by depth of the lesion
• Classification by etiology
• Erosion caused by food and drinks
• Erosion caused by stomach contents
• Erosion caused by airborne acids
• Idiopathic erosion
• Prophylaxis and treatment of erosion
• Conclusion
• Background literature
• References
• 12 Sugar, diet, and dental caries
• Introduction
• History
• Early ecological studies
• Experimental human studies
• Influence of fluoride on the diet – caries relationship
• Which is of more importance – amount or frequency of sugar consumption?
• Measuring cariogenicity
• Sweeteners
• Protective factors in foods
• Diet and dental erosion
• Dietary advice for dental health promotion
• References
• 13 Oral hygiene – does it matter?
• Introduction
• Some theoretical considerations
• The biological effect of tooth cleaning
• The clinical effect of tooth cleaning
• The effect of professional tooth cleaning
• The effect of dental flossing
• Does tooth cleaning matter?
• References
• 14 Fluorides in caries control
• Introduction
• Fluoride in caries control
• Anticaries mechanisms of fluoride
• Dental fluorosis and metabolism of fluoride
• Fluoride dose and dental fluorosis
• Where is fluoride found in nature?
• Fluoride absorption, distribution, and elimination
• Fluoride concentration in teeth
• Pathogenesis of dental fluorosis
• The efficacy and effectiveness of fluorides in the control of dental caries: Systematic review
• Rational use of fluorides in caries control
• Background literature
• References
• Part V: Caries control in children, adults and elderly
• 15 The caries control concept
• Why the caries control concept should replace caries prevention
• How caries control was managed in the past
• Arrest of active enamel caries
• Arrest of active root caries
• Arrest of active cavitated caries
• Role of fluoride in lesion arrest
• Benefits and limitations of the caries control approach – and some recommendations
• References
• 16 Caries control for the individual patient in all age groups
• Introduction
• How are current caries activity and risk of future caries progression assessed?
• The ‘dental traffic light’
• What non‐operative, treatments are available?
• How is the individual helped to control disease progression?
• When should the patient be recalled?
• Caries control in children and adolescents
• Caries control in the frail elderly
• Failure
• References
• Part VI: Intervention and treatment
• 17 Carious cavities – how to manage the ‘infected’ dentin and the pulpal response
• Introduction
• The caries process in dentin
• Mineral distribution in dentin caries
• Inflammatory reactions to caries in the dental pulp
• How to manage the carious dentin
• How much carious dentin needs to be removed?
• Excavation techniques
• Excavation protocols
• Excavation of deep dentin lesions
• Concluding remarks
• References
• 18 Control of dental caries by minimally invasive restorative intervention
• Introduction
• The strategy for minimally invasive restorative intervention of caries
• Micro‐invasive treatments
• Minimally invasive operative treatment
• Defective restorations: replacement or repair?
• A final word of caution
• References
• Part VII: The implication of caries control for the dental profession
• 19 How accurately can we assess the risk of developing caries lesions?
• Introduction
• The risk of developing caries lesions cannot be observed directly for an individual patient
• The course of a typical study for evaluating the accuracy of a prediction
• A real‐life example of using a single, dichotomous predictor
• Interpretation and use of the measures of prediction accuracy
• What level of accuracy would be sufficient in everyday practice?
• What level of accuracy can be achieved?
• Social factors
• Clinical caries risk assessment: is it possible?
• How valuable are the proposed measures?
• Concluding remarks
• Background literature
• References
• 20 Oral health care – past, present, and future perspectives
• A brief history of the emergence of dentistry
• How many dentists are needed?
• Caries research in the last 50 years
• A possible future for oral health care in the times of COVID‐19
• References
• Index
• End User License Agreement