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• Contents
• Series Preface
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Acknowledgments
• One: Introduction to Psychological Tests and Their Uses
• PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
• Other Terms Used in Connection With Tests and Test Titles
• PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS AS TOOLS
• Testing Standards and Guidelines
• PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS AS PRODUCTS
• HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
• Antecedents of Modern Testing in the Occupational Realm
• Antecedents of Modern Testing in the Field of Education
• Antecedents of Modern Testing in Clinical Psychology
• Antecedents of Modern Testing in Scientific Psychology
• The Rise of Modern Psychological Testing
• OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
• Standardized Testing in Educational Settings
• Personnel Testing and Vocational Guidance
• Clinical Testing
• CURRENT USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
• Decision Making
• Psychological Research
• Self-Understanding and Personal Development
• PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT VERSUS PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
• Steps in the Assessment Process
• TEST USER QUALIFICATIONS
• SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS
• Internet Resources
• Print Resources
• Two: Essential Statistics for Testing
• MEASUREMENT
• VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS
• THE MEANING OF NUMBERS
• Nominal Scales
• Ordinal Scales
• Interval Scales
• Ratio Scales
• Why Is the Meaning of Numbers Relevant to Psychological Testing?
• What Can We Conclude About the Meaning of Numbers in Psychological Measurements?
• TYPES OF STATISTICS
• Descriptive Statistics
• Numerical Description of Data
• The Importance of Variability
• THE NORMAL CURVE MODEL
• Definition
• Properties of the Normal Curve Model
• USES OF THE NORMAL CURVE MODEL
• Descriptive Uses
• Inferential Uses of the Normal Curve Model
• Estimating Population Parameters
• Nonnormal Distributions
• ESSENTIALS OF CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
• Linear Correlation
• Scatterplots
• The Discovery of Regression
• CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS
• Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
• CONCLUSION
• Three: Essentials of Test Score Interpretation
• RAW SCORES
• FRAMES OF REFERENCE FOR TEST SCORE INTERPRETATION
• NORM-REFERENCED TEST INTERPRETATION
• Developmental Norms
• Within-Group Norms
• Scores Used for Expressing Within-Group Norms
• INTERTEST COMPARISONS
• Equating Procedures
• Item Response Theory (IRT)
• Test Revisions
• CRITERION-REFERENCED TEST INTERPRETATION
• Varieties of Criterion-Referenced Test Interpretation
• Testing Knowledge of Content Domains
• Performance Assessment
• Predicting Performance
• Relationship Among the Frames of Reference
• Criterion-Referenced Test Interpretation in Clinical Assessment
• Item Response Theory as a Basis for Combining Frames of Reference
• Social Considerations in Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Testing
• Four: Essentials of Reliability
• TRUTH AND ERROR IN PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT
• The Concept of the True Score in Individual Data
• True Scores in Group Data
• THE RELATIVITY OF RELIABILITY
• A Note About Truth and Error
• SOURCES OF ERROR IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
• Interscorer Differences
• Time Sampling Error
• Content Sampling Error
• Interitem Inconsistency
• Content Heterogeneity
• Time Sampling and Content Sampling Error Combined
• RELIABILITY IN TEST USE
• Reliability Considerations in Test Selection
• Evaluation of Error From Multiple Sources
• The Item Response Theory Approach to Reliability
• RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN TEST INTERPRETATION
• Quantifying Error in Test Scores: The Standard Error of Measurement
• Interpreting the Significance of Differences Between Scores
• The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity
• CONCLUSION
• Five: Essentials of Validity
• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON VALIDITY
• The Classic Definition of Validity
• CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON VALIDITY
• The Integrative Function of Constructs in Test Validation
• SOURCES OF VALIDITY EVIDENCE
• Evidence Based on Test Content
• Evidence Based on Response Processes
• Evidence Based on Internal Structure
• Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables
• Consequences of Testing
• CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• Six: Essential Test Item Considerations
• THE CONTEXT OF ITEM ANALYSIS: TEST DEVELOPMENT
• Steps in the Test Development Process
• TEST ITEM TYPES
• Selected-Response Items
• Constructed-Response Items
• CLASSICAL METHODS OF ITEM ANALYSIS
• Quantitative Methods of Item Analysis
• Item Difficulty
• Item Validity
• Combining Item Difficulty and Item Discrimination
• ITEM RESPONSE THEORY
• Classical Test Theory Versus Item Response Theory
• Essential Features of Item Response Theory
• Item Fairness
• Qualitative Analysis of Item Bias
• Quantitative Analysis of Item Bias
• Assessing Differential Item Functioning
• EXPLORATIONS IN ITEM DEVELOPMENT AND SCORING
• Recent Developments in Item Generation
• Automated Scoring
• Seven: Essentials of Ethical Test Use
• SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON ETHICAL USE OF TESTS
• Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
• Additional Resources
• ESSENTIALS OF TEST SELECTION
• To Use or Not to Use (Psychological Tests), That Is the (First) Question
• Test Utility
• Other Assessment Tools
• Searching for and Evaluating Tests
• ESSENTIALS OF TEST ADMINISTRATION AND SCORING
• Preparing the Testing Environment
• Preparing the Test Taker
• Preparation of the Examiner
• Test Administration in the Digital Age
• ESSENTIALS OF TEST SCORE INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING
• A Particular Perspective on Test Interpretation
• Communicating Test Results and Assessment Findings
• Safeguarding Test Data
• CONCLUSION
• Appendix A: Commercially Available Tests Mentioned in the Text
• Appendix B: Internet Addresses of Test Publishers and Distributors
• Appendix C: Table of Areas and Ordinates of the Normal Curve
• References
• Index
• About the Author
• End User License Agreement