Efnisyfirlit

• Forest Management and Planning
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources
• I. Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources
• II. Challenges Related to the Management of Forests
• III. Planning for the Management of Natural Resources
• IV. Characterizing Decision-Making Processes
• A. The View from the Management Sciences
• B. A Broad View on Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations
• C. A Hierarchy of Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations
• D. Community or Cooperative Planning of Forests
• E. Adaptive Management and Planning of Forests
• V. Challenges Related to Forest Planning
• VI. Information Movement within a Typical Natural Resources Management Organization
• VII. Summary
• References
• Chapter 2: Valuing and Characterizing Forest Conditions
• I. The Need to Evaluate Resources for Natural Resource Planning
• II. Structural Evaluation of Natural Resources
• A. Trees per Unit Area
• B. Average Diameter of Trees
• C. Diameter Distribution of Trees
• D. Basal Area
• E. Quadratic Mean Diameter of Trees
• F. Average Height
• G. Timber Volume
• H. Mean Annual Increment, Periodic Annual Increment
• I. Snags
• J. Down Woody Debris
• K. Crown or Canopy Cover
• L. Age
• M. Biomass and Carbon
• N. Pine Straw
• O. Other Nontimber Forest Products
• P. Site Quality
• Q. Stocking and Density
• III. Economic Evaluation of Natural Reasouces
• A. Basic Concepts: Present and Future Values
• B. Net Present Value
• C. Internal Rate of Return
• D. Benefit/Cost Ratio
• E. Equal Annual Equivalent
• F. Soil Expectation Value
• G. Other Mixed-Method Economic Assessments
• H. Selecting Discount Rates
• I. Forest Taxation
• IV. Environmental and Social Evaluation of Natural Resources
• A. Habitat Suitability
• B. Recreation Values
• C. Water Resources
• D. Stream Habitat Values
• E. Air Quality
• F. Employment and Income
• V. Summary
• References
• Chapter 3: Geographic Information and Land Classification in Support of Forest Planning
• I. Geographic Information Systems
• A. Geographic Data Collection Processes
• B. Geographic Data Structures
• C. Geographic Data Used in This Book
• D. Geographic Information Processes
• II. Land Classification
• A. Strata-based Land Classifications
• B. Land Classification Based on Units of Land
• C. Land Classification Based on Spatial Position
• III. Summary
• References
• Chapter 4: Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions
• I. The Growth of Forests
• A. Growth of Even-Aged Stands
• B. Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands
• C. Growth of Two-Aged Stands
• D. Growth Transition through Time
• II. Projecting Stand Conditions
• A. Growth and Yield Tables
• B. Growth and Yield Simulators
• C. Brief Summary of Some Growth and Yield Simulators
• III. Output from Growth and Yield Models
• IV. Model Evaluation
• V. Summary
• References
• Chapter 5: Optimization of Tree- and Stand-Level Objectives
• I. Optimization
• II. Tree-level Optimization
• III. Stand-level Optimization
• A. Optimum Timber Rotation
• B. Optimum Thinning Timing
• C. Optimum Stand Density or Stocking
• IV. Mathematical Models for Optimizing Stand-level Management Regimes
• V. Dynamic Programming
• A. Recursive Relationships
• B. Caveats of Dynamic Programming
• C. Disadvantages of Dynamic Programming
• D. Dynamic Programming Example-An Evening Out
• E. Dynamic Programming Example-Western Stand Thinning, Fixed Rotation Length
• F. Dynamic Programming Example-Southern Stand Thinning, Varying Rotation Lengths
• VI. Summary
• References
• Chapter 6: Graphical Solution Techniques for Two-Variable Linear Problems
• I. Translating Forestry and Natural Resource Problems from Word Problems into Mathematical Relations
• II. Example Problems in Natural Resource Management
• A. A Road Construction Plan
• B. A Plan for Developing Snags to Enhance Wildlife Habitat
• C. A Plan for Fish Habitat Development
• D. A Hurricane Clean-up Plan
• III. Optimality, Feasibility, and Efficiency
• IV. Summary
• Chapter 7: Linear Programming
• I. Introduction
• II. Four Assumptions Inherent in Standard Linear Programming Models
• A. The Assumption of Proportionality
• B. The Assumption of Additivity
• C. The Assumption of Divisibility
• D. The Assumption of Certainty
• III. Objective Functions for Linear Programming Problems
• IV. Accounting Rows for Linear Programming Problems
• A. Accounting Rows Related to Land Areas Scheduled for Treatment
• B. Wood Flow-Related Accounting Rows
• C. Habitat-Related Accounting Rows
• V. Constraints for Linear Programming Problems
• A. Resource Constraints
• B. Policy Constraints
• VI. Detached Coefficient Matrix
• VII. Model I, II, and III Linear Programming Problems
• VIII. Interpretation of Results Generated from Linear Programming Problems
• A. Objective Function Value, Variable Values, and Reduced Costs
• B. Slack and Duel Prices
• IX. Assessing Alternative Management Scenarios
• X. Case Study: Western Forest
• XI. Summary
• References
• Chapter 8: Advanced Planning Techniques
• I. Extensions to Linear Programming
• A. Mixed Integer Programming
• B. Integer Programming
• C. Goal Programming
• II. Binary Search
• III. Heuristic Methods
• A. Monte Carlo Simulation
• B. Simulated Annealing
• C. Threshold Accepting
• D. Tabu Search
• E. Genetic Algorithms
• F. Other Heuristics
• IV. Forest Planning Software
• A. Spectrum
• B. Habplan
• C. Magis
• D. Woodstock/Stanley
• V. Summary
• References
• Chapter 9: Forest and Natural Resource Sustainability
• I. Sustainability of Forests and Other Natural Resources
• II. Sustainability of Production
• III. Sustainability of Multiple Uses
• IV. Sustainability of Ecosystems and Social Values
• V. Incorporating Measures of Sustainability into Forest Plans
• VI. Sustainability beyond the Immediate Forest
• VII. Summary
• References
• Chapter 10: Models of Desired Forest Structure
• I. The Normal Forest
• II. The Regulated Forest
• III. Irregular Forest Structures
• IV. Structures Guided by a Historical Range of Variability
• V. Structures Not Easily Classified
• VI. Summary
• Chapter 11: Control Techniques for Commodity Production and Wildlife Objectives
• I. Controlling the Area Scheduled
• II. Controlling the Volume Scheduled
• A. The Hanzlik Formula for Volume Control
• B. The Von Mantel Formula for Volume Control
• C. The Austrian Formula for Volume Control
• D. The Hundeshagen Formula for Volume Control
• E. The Meyer Amortization Method for Volume Control
• F. The Heyer Method for Volume Control
• G. Structural Methods for Volume Control
• III. Application of Area and Volume Control to the Putnam Tract
• A. Area Control
• B. Volume Control-Hanzlik Formula
• C. Volume Control-Von Mantel Formula
• D. Volume Control-Austrian Formula
• E. Volume Control-Hundeshagen Formula
• F. Volume Control-Meyer Formula
• IV. Area-Volume Check
• V. Wildlife Habitat Control
• VI. The Allowable Cut Effect
• VII. Summary
• References
• Chapter 12: Spatial Restrictions and Considerations in Forest Planning
• I. Adjacency and Green-up Rules as They Relate to Clearcut Harvesting
• II. Adjacency and Green-up of Group-Selection Patch Harvests
• III. Habitat Quality Considerations
• A. Case 1: Elk Habitat Quality
• B. Case 2: Bird Species Habitat Considerations
• C. Case 3: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Considerations
• D. Case 4: Spotted Owl Habitat Quality
• IV. Road and Trail Maintenance and Construction
• A. Case 1: Road Management Problem
• B. Case 2: Trail Development Problem
• V. Summary
• References
• Chapter 13: Hierarchical System for Planning and Scheduling Management Activities
• I. Strategic Planning
• II. Tactical Planning
• III. Operational Planning
• IV. Vertical Integration of Planning Processes
• V. Blended, Combined, and Adaptive Approaches
• VI. Your Involvement in Forest Planning Processes
• VII. Summary
• References
• Chapter 14: Forest Supply Chain Management
• I. Components of a Forestry Supply Chain
• II. Association with the Hierarchy of Forest Planning
• III. Mathematical Formulations Associated with Forestry Supply Chain Components
• IV. Sources of Variation in the Forestry Supply Chain
• V. Summary
• References
• Chapter 15: Forest Certification and Carbon Sequestration
• I. Overview of Forest Certification
• II. Forest Certification Programs
• A. Sustainable Forestry Initiative
• B. Forest Stewardship Council
• C. American Tree Farm System
• D. Green Tag Forestry System
• E. Canadian Standards Association
• F. International Organization for Standardization, Standard 14001
• G. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes
• III. Cost and Benefits of Forest Certification
• IV. Forest Carbon Sequestration
• V. Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing Forest Carbon Storage
• VI. Emission Trading
• VII. Selected U.S. Carbon Reporting and Trading Schemes
• VIII. Forest Carbon Implications for Forest Management
• IX. Summary
• References
• Appendix A: Databases Used Throughout Forest Management and Planning
• I. A Douglas-Fir Stand from Western Oregon
• II. The Lincoln Tract
• III. The Putnam Tract
• Reference
• Appendix B: The Simplex Method for Solving Linear Planning Problems
• I. An Overview of the Simplex Method
• II. Ten Steps That Represent the Simplex Method
• III. A Two-Variable, Two-Constraint Problem Solved with the Simplex Method
• References
• Appendix C: Writing a Memorandum or Report
• I. Memorandums
• II. Reports
• Index