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• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Praise for Interest Groups and Lobbying: Pursuing Political Interests in America, Third Edition
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures and Tables
• Preface
• Introduction: First Shoot All the Lobbyists?
• Notes
• Part One Origins and Structures
• 1 Interests and Interest Groups
• Defining Interest Groups
• A Culture of Self-Interest
• Democracy and Interests in the Classical World
• Self-Interest and the Social Contract
• Lobbying and the Right of Interest Groups to Petition
• Emergence of the Right to Petition in Great Britain
• The Right to Petition in America
• A Very Brief History of Interest Groups and Lobbying in the United States
• Lobbying in the Early Republic
• The Gilded Age
• The Age of Organization
• The New Deal Burst
• The Postwar Explosion
• In Summary
• Notes
• 2 Collective Action and Interest Group Organization
• Collective Action in an Individualistic Nation
• Incentives and the Free-Rider Problem’s Problems
• Who Joins Interest Groups?
• Starting Them Up
• Types of Organized Interests
• Trade and Professional Associations
• Intergovernmental Groups
• Citizen Groups and Public Interest Groups
• The Politics of Tax Exemption
• State Interest Groups and Population Limits
• The Diversity of Interests
• In Summary
• Notes
• 3 Social Movements and Activism
• Cracking Open, Not Tearing Down, the System
• Recipe for a Successful Social Movement
• Organizational and Societal Support
• Political Opportunity
• Lawmaker Response
• Social Movement or Interest Group?
• Outside to Inside: Organized Labor in American Politics
• The Business Countermovement
• Social Movement Protest in an Online World
• In Summary
• Notes
• 4 Lobbyists and Organization Management
• Information and Representation
• Lobbyists as Informers
• Members’ Response to Information
• Member Participation in Interest Groups
• Burning Out
• Managing Members
• The Lobbyists
• By the Numbers
• Out of Government, into Interest Groups, and Back Again
• Prioritizing Career Interests
• The Politics of Interest Group Maintenance
• Interest Groups and the Iron Law of Oligarchy
• Technology and the Erosion of Control
• In Summary
• Notes
• 5 A Model of Interest Group Advocacy
• Lobbyists in the Middle
• Interest Group Member Pressure
• Policymaker Pressure
• The Alignment of Interests
• Finding a Champion
• A Policy Most Everyone Can Support
• Insights from the Model
• The Strategic Lobbyist
• Issue Selection
• Position Taking
• Framing
• Choosing Tactics
• Conflict and Compromise
• In Summary
• Notes
• Part Two Lobbying and Influence
• 6 Lobbying Congress, the Most Permeable Branch
• A Multiplicity of Pressure Points
• The Constituency Connection
• The Strength of Organized Constituencies
• Information for Access
• Long-Term Investments
• Circles of Friends and Kinds of Influence
• Insider Lobbying: Reciprocity and the Little Things
• Outside Lobbying
• Committees and Parties
• Partisanship in Committee Lobbying
• Party Lobbying
• In Summary
• Notes
• 7 Executive Branch Lobbying
• Lobbying the President
• Different Needs
• Reaching Out
• Formalizing Outreach
• Defunding the Left
• Contemporary Presidents and Interest Groups
• Lobbying the Bureaucracy
• Aligning Interests with Agency Missions
• Notices and Comments
• Advisory Committees
• Regulatory Negotiation
• Limits of Influence
• In Summary
• Notes
• 8 Interest Groups Going to Court
• Shaping the Bench
• Litigating for Change
• Ideology and Interest Group Litigation
• Standing to Advocate
• Who Sues and Why
• Friends of the Court
• Influence or Cheerleading?
• In Summary
• Notes
• 9 Friends and Foes of Convenience
• Competitive Differences and Strange Bedfellows
• Coalition Politics
• Coalitions Are Valuable
• Coalition Politics Carry Costs
• Electoral Coalitions
• Other Partners
• The Timing of Conflict and Cooperation
• Competition and Venue Shopping
• Multiple Venues, Multiple Opportunities
• Venue Shopping and Federalism
• In Summary
• Notes
• 10 Interest Groups, Elections, and Campaign Finance
• A Brief History of Contributing
• Origins and Trends
• Growth, Reform, and Innovation
• Dark Innovations
• Types of PACs
• Why Form a PAC?
• What Does It All Buy?
• Reshaping Congress: Ideological PACs
• Gaining Access and Other Little Things: Accommodationist PACs
• Strategic Giving
• Committee Jurisdiction Matters
• Parties and Leaders
• Giving on Time
• Pressure and Punishment
• Endorsements
• In Summary
• Notes
• Conclusion: Representation in the Interest Group Age
• Ethics in Lobbying
• Lobbying Reform
• The Lobbying Disclosure Act
• Honest Leadership and Open Government Act
• Executive Branch Restrictions
• Reform the Law or Self-Police the Profession?
• Neopluralist Politics
• Final Thoughts
• Notes
• Glossary
• Index