Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• The Author
• Table of Contents
• List of Abbreviations
• Acknowledgments
• General Introduction
• §1. Concept of Environmental Law
• §2. Growth of International Environmental law
• §3. Challenges to Environment
• §4. Artificial Intelligence and Pollution
• I. Energy Efficiency
• II. Waste Management
• III. Climate Change
• IV. Agriculture
• V. Protecting Oceans
• VI. System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Ecosystem Accounting
• A. ARIES for SEEA
• §5. COVID-19 and Environment
• I. Effect on Normal Human Life
• II. Improvement in Environment
• Part I. International Environmental Law: Evolution and Sources
• Chapter 1. Historical Evolution of International Environmental Law
• §1. Stockholm Conference
• I. Declaration on Environment
• II. Preparatory Committee
• III. Intergovernmental Working Group
• §2. Stockholm Declaration
• I. Preamble and Principles
• II. Principles
• III. Legal Status
• IV. Legal Value and Practical Significance
• V. International Court of Justice
• VI. Duty to Consult and Duty to Inform
• VII. Declaration as Prime Mover
• §3. Rio Conference
• I. Origin, Purpose, and Meaning
• II. Rio Principles
• A. Sustainable Development
• B. Environment Protection with Economic Development
• C. Development of Principles of Environmental Law
• III. Legal Status
• IV. Legal and Practical Significance
• §4. The Emergence of Concept of Sustainable Development
• I. Development Agenda
• §5. The Kyoto Protocol
• I. Introduction
• II. Carbon Credits
• §6. Paris Agreement
• I. Nationally Determined Contribution
• II. Talanoa Dialogue
• III. Transparency System
• IV. U.S. Stand on Paris Agreement
• §7. COP28
• I. Global Stocktake
• II. Different Funds
• III. COP29
• Chapter 2. Sources of International Environmental Law
• §1. International and Domestic Law Interaction
• I. Characteristics of International Law
• §2. Hard and Soft Law
• I. Soft Law
• II. Hard Law
• A. Distinction Between Hard and Soft International Law
• §3. Customary International Law
• §4. International Treaties and Agreements
• I. International Conferences
• II. Bilateral Treaties
• III. Regional Agreements
• IV. Global Multilateral Environmental Treaties/Agreements
• A. Conferences of the Parties
• B. Framework Agreements and Protocols
• C. COP Technical Work, Amendments, and Decisions
• §5. Judicial Decisions as a Source
• I. Trail Smelter and Other Cases
• II. Responses of Judges
• III. The Birmingham Corporation Case
• IV. Oposa Case in Philippines
• V. Protecting Mother Earth
• VI. Environmental Justice
• §6. Scholarly Writing
• Chapter 3. Role of State and Non-state Actors in Development of International Environmental Law
• §1. States
• §2. Private Individual
• §3. Nongovernmental Organizations
• §4. International Institutions
• §5. Scientific Developments
• §6. Financial Institutions
• I. Surveys on Risk Perception
• II. Banking Transactions
• III. Financial Institutions and Banks: Environmental Risk
• A. United Nations Environment Programme
• B. World Bank
• §7. Financial Institution and Harmonization of Environmental Regulation
• Chapter 4. Environmental Agreements
• §1. Common Provisions and Characteristics
• §2. Environmental Clauses in Trade Agreements
• I. The Tuna/Dolphin Ruling
• II. GATT Group on Environmental Measures
• III. NAFTA and the Environment
• IV. The Environmental Issues and WTO
• A. WTO Rules Setting Framework
• V. Other Trade Agreements
• §3. The Concern of DC and Issues
• §4. Environmental Clauses in Trade Agreements
• Part II. Pollution and Climate Change
• Chapter 1. Environmental Pollution/Climate Change
• §1. Nature of Environmental Problems
• I. Environmental Problems and Scientific Uncertainties
• II. Problems Are Dynamic
• III. Environmental Problems: Interconnected
• IV. Interdependence
• §2. Climate Change
• I. Climate Extremes
• II. Marginalized People
• III. Adaptation
• §3. Freshwater Resources and Climate Change
• I. Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems
• II. Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas
• III. Marine Systems
• §4. Food Security and Food Production Systems
• §5. Impact on Urban areas
• §6. Impact on Rural Areas
• §7. Impact on Human Health
• Part III. Law Relating to Air and Atmospheric Pollution
• Chapter 1. Air Pollution
• §1. Multilateral Agreements and Atmosphere
• §2. Laws to Promote Air Quality
• §3. Air Quality Standards
• §4. Air Quality Information
• §5. Role of United Nations
• I. United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)
• II. United Nations Environment Programme
• III. Montevideo Programme Mandate
• Part IV. Law Relating to Water Pollution
• Chapter 1. Water Pollution
• §1. Fresh Water Availability and Pollution
• §2. Trans-boundary Waters
• I. Trans-boundary Water Convention
• II. Trans-boundary Cooperation
• §3. Precautionary Principle and Protection of Rivers
• §4. Water Quality and Treatment Standards
• I. Technological Standards
• II. Effluent Standards
• III. Uniform Effluent Standards
• §5. Maximum Allowable Pollutants
• Part V. Law Relating to Pollution of Sea
• Chapter 1. Law of Sea
• §1. Conventions and Programs
• §2. Law of Sea Convention
• §3. Law of Sea: U.N. and Related Bodies
• §4. United Nations Convention on Law of Sea
• I. UNCLOS and Rights of Coastal States
• A. Jurisdiction
• B. Rights in Different Zones
• C. Territorial Waters
• D. Contiguous Zone
• E. Exclusive Economic Zone
• F. Continental Shelf
• G. Ocean Pollution
• H. Port State
• I. International Seabed Authority
• J. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
• §5. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
• §6. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the UNESCO
• §7. UNEP’s Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities
• §8. United Nations Agreement on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995
• §9. Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas, 1991
• §10. Treaties Developed by IMO Dealing with Marine Pollution
• §11. The High Seas Treaty 2023
• Chapter 2. The Regulation of Oil Spills from Ships and Offshore Installations
• §1. Introduction
• §2. Treaties and Conventions
• I. The MARPOL Convention
• II. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
• III. International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watch Keeping for Seafarers, 1978 (STCW)
• IV. Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG)
• V. Loadline International Convention, 1966
• VI. OPRC International Convention on Oil
• VII. International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969
• VIII. The International Convention on Salvage
• IX. CLC International Conventions on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 and 1992
• X. FUND, 1971 and 1992, and the Supplementary Fund Protocol, 2003
• §3. Quality and Risk Assessment Study
• §4. IMO Conventions/Port State Requirements/Local, National, and Regional Response Plans
• §5. Blowout and Oil Spill Liability
• I. Piper Alpha Disaster
• II. Macondo Blowout
• A. Likely Consequences
• 1. Huge Liability
• 2. Exclusion of Liability
• B. Responses in U.S.
• 1. Administrative Reforms
• 2. Clean Water Act
• 3. Oil Pollution Act
• C. Liability in Some Other Countries
• 1. Canada
• 2. United Kingdom
• 3. Position in Norway
• III. Countries with Underdeveloped or No Legislation
• Part VI. Chemical and Radiological Pollution
• Chapter 1. Chemical Pollutants
• §1. Accidental Release of Toxic Chemicals
• §2. Use of Pesticides
• §3. Persistent Organic Pollutants
• §4. International Efforts for Regulation
• I. Impact of Stockholm Convention
• §5. Commercial Use
• I. Use of DDT
• §6. Long-Range Transport
• §7. POP and the Stockholm Convention
• I. Role of the Parties
• II. Intentionally and Unintentionally Produced Chemicals
• A. Unintentionally Produced POPs
• B. Exemptions/Exceptions for Intentionally Produced POPs
• III. Sites Contaminated with POPs
• IV. Financial and Technical Assistance
• V. Process for Adding New Chemicals
• Chapter 2. Radiological Pollution
• §1. Nuclear Proliferation
• I. Non-Proliferation Treaty
• A. The NPT Origins and Objectives
• B. Parties to NPT
• C. Objectives of NPT
• §2. Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes
• I. International Atomic Energy Agency
• A. Inspection
• B. Nuclear Material Accountability
• C. Safeguards Problems
• II. Undeclared Nuclear Activities: The Additional Protocol
• A. Model Additional Protocol
• III. Limitations of Safeguards
• IV. Safeguards in Countries with Nuclear Weapons
• V. Other IAEA Developments
• VI. EURATOM and the IAEA
• §3. Sensitive Nuclear Technologies
• §4. Responsibility for Wastes
• I. International Repositories
• II. Achieving High-Security Means
• Part VII. Trans-boundary Pollution
• Chapter 1. Trans-boundary Air Pollution
• §1. Agreements on Trans-boundary Air Pollution
• §2. International Efforts
• I. Trans-boundary Damage
• §3. Trans-boundary Air Pollution and Law
• §4. Legal Yardsticks
• I. Territorial Integrity and States Rights
• §5. Principles of Environmental Law and Trans-boundary Pollution
• I. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas
• II. Environmental Information
• III. Liability and Compensation
• IV. Precautionary Principle
• V. Environmental Impact Assessment
• VI. Prior Information and Consultation
• VII. The Effectiveness of Procedure
• §6. The Customary Law of Trans-boundary Pollution from Hazardous Activities
• §7. The Customary Law on Trans-boundary Pollution Control Within Shared Resources
• §8. Treaty Regimes and Regulation of Trans-boundary Pollution
• §9. State Responsibility
• §10. Problems and Issues
• I. Inadequate Geographical Coverage
• II. Ad Hoc Approach
• III. Unregulated Industrial Development
• Chapter 2. Trans-boundary Marine Pollution
• §1. Legal Protection of Oceans
• §2. Precautionary Principles and Marine Pollution
• §3. The 2003 Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (Article 5)
• §4. OSPAR Convention
• §5. United Nations Convention on Law of Sea
• Part VIII. Forest, Wild Life, and Fisheries
• Chapter 1. Forests, Plants, and Ecosystem
• §1. The United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030
• §2. International Conventions and Forests
• I. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
• II. Kyoto Protocol and Forests
• III. Convention on Biological Diversity
• §3. UNCCD in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
• §4. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
• §5. Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)
• §6. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
• I. Protection of Wild Fauna and Flora
• II. COVID-19 and Exploitation of Animals
• §7. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna Convention)
• §8. Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO Convention No. 169)
• §9. International Tropical Timber Agreement
• §10. Agreement Establishing the WTO
• §11. Amendment of Existing Conventions
• I. Non-legally Binding Instrument
• II. Ecosystem
• Chapter 2. Wildlife Conservation
• §1. Wildlife Trade
• §2. Overexploitation
• §3. Geographical Trouble Spots and Role of WWF
• §4. Enforcing Legislation
• §5. Public Education
• §6. Wildlife Crime Control
• I. Large-Scale Shipment
• II. Law Enforcement Operational Capacity
• III. Species Identification
• IV. Prevention of Poaching
• Chapter 3. Fisheries
• Part IX. Soil Erosion, Waste Management
• Chapter 1. Soil Erosion and Land Degradation
• §1. Soil Erosion
• §2. Land Degradation
• I. Loss of Productivity
• II. Land Sensitive to Degradation
• III. Economic Impact of Land Degradation
• IV. Land Degradation Processes
• V. Assessment of Land Degradation
• §3. Assessing Impact of Land Degradation
• §4. Desertification
• Chapter 2. Waste Management
• §1. Methods for Dumping off Waste
• I. Landfill
• II. Incineration
• III. Recycling
• IV. Biological Reprocessing
• §2. Recovery of Energy by Combustion
• §3. Reduction and Avoidance Methods
• §4. Waste Handling and Transportation
• §5. Waste Management Law
• I. Development of Waste Management Law
• §6. Treaties Concerning Waste Management
• I. The Basel Convention
• A. The Waigani Convention
• II. London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
• Part X. Sustainable Development, Global Commons
• Chapter 1. Sustainable Development
• §1. Earth Summit
• §2. Defining Sustainable Development
• §3. Basic Objectives of Sustainable Development
• §4. Scope and Extent of Sustainable Development
• §5. Principles of Sustainable Development
• §6. Sustainable Development Law
• §7. Laws for a Green Economy
• §8. Black Carbon and Short-Lived Climate Forcers
• Chapter 2. The Common Heritage of Mankind and Global Commons
• §1. The Common Heritage of Mankind
• I. Emergence of the Principle
• II. Influenced Law of Sea
• §2. UNCLOS III
• §3. 1979 Moon Treaty
• §4. Range of CHM
• §5. Global Commons
• I. Environmental Degradation in Antarctica
• II. Environmental Issues of Global Commons
• III. Regulatory Issues of Global Commons
• Part XI. Environmental Crimes, Wars, and Risks
• Chapter 1. Transnational Environmental Crime
• §1. Environmental Crimes
• I. Wild Animal Traffic
• II. Indiscriminate Logging
• III. Electronic Waste Mismanagement
• IV. Finning
• V. Dumping in Rivers and Aquifers
• §2. UNEP and INTERPOL on Environmental Crime
• §3. Organized Criminal Cartels
• §4. White-Collar Crime
• §5. Environmental Crime and Response
• Chapter 2. Impact of War on Environment
• §1. Collateral Damage to Environment
• §2. Rise in Temperature
• §3. Direct and Indirect Impact
• §4. UNEP Study
• I. Environmental Diplomacy
• II. Environmental Cleanup and Mitigation
• III. UNEP Intervention
• §5. Peace Building Commission
• Chapter 3. Environmental Risk Management
• §1. Types of Environmental Risks
• I. Difficult to Cover
• II. Affect the Working Conditions
• III. Impacting Supply Chain
• §2. Methods of Environmental Risk Management
• I. Environmental Risk Management Culture
• II. Screening
• §3. Environmental Business Risk Appraisal
• §4. Shifting of Environmental Risk
• §5. Monitoring Environmental Risk
• I. Review of Individual Transaction
• II. Watch on Laws and Regulations
• §6. Environmental Policy
• Part XII. Environment and Human Rights
• Chapter 1. Pollution Free Environment: A Human Right
• §1. Healthy Environment
• §2. Stockholm and Rio Declarations
• §3. Human Rights Council
• I. Human Rights and Climate Change
• II. Implementation of Human Rights Obligations
• Chapter 2. Investment, Human Rights and Environment Protection
• §1. International Investment Agreements Addressing Environmental Issues
• §2. Issue of Environmental Protection in IA
• I. Corporations: Subject of International Law
• II. Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunal
• III. International Law Includes Environmental Norms
• IV. Environmental Protection Being Subject Matter of Dispute
• §3. Human Rights and Stabilization Clauses
• Part XIII. Management of Natural Resources and Environmental Law
• Chapter 1. Global Energy Growth and Environment
• §1. Energy Use and Impact on Environment
• I. Position of China
• II. Position of India
• §2. Role of Natural Gas in Pollution Control
• §3. Global Energy Transition
• §4. Subsidies for Renewables
• Chapter 2. Coal and Pollution
• §1. Environmental Impact of Coal
• §2. Environmental Concerns and Falling Coal Use
• I. Coal to Renewables
• §3. Coal and Pollution Problems
• I. Mining and Radioactivity
• A. Problem of Radioactive Fly Ash
• II. Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide
• §4. Rights of Indigenous People Against Environmental Degradation
• I. Treaty of Point Elliot
• II. Earth Justice Case
• Chapter 3. Nuclear Energy and Environmental Liability
• §1. Treaties on Use of Nuclear Energy
• I. Antarctic Treaty 1959
• II. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test-Ban Treaty), 1963
• III. Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), 1967
• IV. Outer Space Treaty
• V. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 1968
• VI. Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (Sea-Bed Treaty), 1971
• VII. South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga), 1985
• VIII. Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Bangkok), 1995
• IX. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba), 1996
• X. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, 1996
• XI. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (Nuclear Terrorism Convention), 2005
• XII. Central Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Semipalatinsk), 2006
• §2. Environmental Friendly Source of Energy
• Chapter 4. Electricity and Pollution
• §1. Coal Used for Electricity Generation
• §2. Nuclear Power Stations
• I. Nuclear Waste
• II. Nuclear Power Plant Accident
• A. Three Mile Island (1979)—U.S.A.
• B. Chernobyl (1986)—Ukraine (USSR)
• C. Fukushima Daiichi (2011)—Japan
• §3. Pollution and Preference of Energy Source
• §4. Coal-Fired Electricity Generation
• §5. Radiation
• Part XIV. Environmental Jurisprudence
• Chapter 1. Precautionary Principle
• §1. Precaution in Response to the Limitations of Science
• §2. Methodological Observations
• §3. The Formulations of the Principle in the Different Environmental Sectors
• I. Policy Documents
• §4. Better Safe Than Sorry
• §5. Assimilative Capacity Principle
• I. Shift from Assimilative Capacity to Precautionary Principle
• §6. Origin and History of the Precautionary Principle
• §7. Basic Features of Precautionary Principle
• I. Anticipatory Action
• II. Right to Know
• III. Alternatives Assessment
• IV. Full Cost Accounting
• V. Participatory Decision Process
• §8. Need of Precautionary Principle
• §9. Precautionary Principle in Practice
• I. Multilateral Environmental Agreements
• II. National Experiences
• A. Asia
• B. Africa
• C. Latin America
• D. Australia
• Chapter 2. Polluter Pays
• §1. Basic Concept
• §2. Polluter Pays: Interpretation
• §3. Taxing All Consumption and Production Activities
• §4. Who Should Be Paid
• Chapter 3. Prevention
• §1. Problems with Prevention
• §2. Prevention Embodied in Rio Principle 2
• §3. Formulations of the Principle in the Different Environmental Sectors
• Chapter 4. Integration Principle
• Chapter 5. Sustainable Development Principle
• Chapter 6. The Public Participation Principle
• Chapter 7. Proximity Principle
• Part XV. Means of Implementation and Compliance
• Chapter 1. Implementation and Enforcement
• §1. Command and Control
• §2. Environmental Assessment Mandates
• §3. Compliance Through Bans and Incentives
• §4. Set-Aside Schemes
• Chapter 2. Institutions and Bodies for Enforcement
• §1. Agreements Establishing Institutions
• §2. Commission on Sustainable Development
• §3. European Environmental Agency
• §4. Jurisdiction for Disputes
• §5. Difference in Compliance
• Chapter 3. Environmental Impact Assessment
• §1. Enforcement of EIA
• §2. Nature of EIA
• §3. Screening
• §4. Scope of EIA Study
• §5. Preparations, Approval, and Supervision
• §6. Public Participation and Public Disclosure
• §7. Prerequisite Factors for EIA
• §8. Advantages and Limitations of EIA
• I. Public Discussion and Participation
• II. EIA and Achieving Environmental Management Objectives
• III. Time-Intensive Process
• IV. Potential for Rent-Seeking
• V. Interaction with Other Tools and Possible Substitutes
• Selected Bibliography
• Index